Erection techniques

⚫ The techniques for erecting tall structures vary based

on the type of structure, its location, and the
resources available. However, some common
methods include:
⚫ Prefabrication: Components are manufactured
off-site and then transported to the site for assembly.
⚫ Slipform method: Concrete is poured continuously
into a mold that is lifted as the structure grows.
⚫ Balance crane method: A large crane is used to lift
and place precast concrete sections or steel
components into place.
⚫ Climb method: Workers climb the structure as it is
being built and place components into place.
⚫ Launching method: The structure is built on the
ground and then pushed into place using hydraulic
jacks.
⚫ Each technique has its advantages and
disadvantages, and the most appropriate method is
typically determined based on a variety of factors
such as cost, speed, safety, and local conditions
 Prefabrication

⚫ Prefabrication is the practice of assembling

components of a structure in a factory or
other manufacturing site, and transporting complete
assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site
where the structure is to be located
 Methods of prefabricated structure

⚫ Plant Pre-construction:
⚫ The process in which various precast
concrete components are manufactured in the
factory itself called plant pre-fabrication.
⚫ In-plant pre-fabrication, precast concrete
components are manufactured under precise quality
control and each precast member is inspected and
tested then transported to the site.
⚫ These members are operated by hoist and crane
equipment, the site requires heavy transport fees to
carry a precast member.
 Site Pre-Construction

⚫ When the process in which various precast concrete

components are manufactured on site called site
pre-fabrication.
⚫ It does not require any transportation fees to carry
the precast member, but does require lifting
equipment to assemble the precast components.
⚫ Laboratory testing for various materials required for
components and precast components cannot be
performed in site pre-fabrication.
 Slipform method

⚫ Slipform is a construction method for reinforced

concrete walls, generally lift and stair core walls, and
is often economical for buildings more than ten
storeys in height. Slipform involves the formwork for
the walls being raised in a continuous process as the
wall concrete is poured
 Benefits

⚫ Reduced Crane time. The slip form rig and wall

construction has minimal requirements for crane time as
is mostly self-lifting
⚫ High production rates can be achieved although careful
planning is critical
⚫ As the slipform operates independently, the construction
of the core, in advance of the rest of the RC structure, can
take it off the critical path.
⚫ Requires a small, highly skilled workforce on site
⚫ Less congestion on site due to minimal scaffolding and
temporary works being required.
 Balance crane method

⚫ Balance lifting is a kind of lifting device with balance

bar system as its main structural feature.
⚫ The lifting device is mainly composed of column,
head frame, arm and transmission part, with
compact structure and beautiful shape
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
TECHNIQUES FOR CABLE
STAYED BRIDGES AND BOW
STRING BRIDGES
⚫ In the harp or parallel design, the cables are nearly
parallel so that the height of their attachment to the
tower is proportional to the distance from the tower
to their mounting on the deck.
⚫ In the fan design, the cables all connect to or pass
over the top of the towers.
⚫ The fan design is structurally superior with
minimum moment applied to the towers but for
practical reasons the modified fan is preferred
especially where many cables are necessary.
⚫ In the modified fan arrangement the cables
terminate near to the top of the tower but are spaced
from each other sufficiently to allow better
termination, improved environmental protection,
and good access to individual cables for
maintenance.

⚫ The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans longer

than cantilever bridges, and shorter than suspension
bridges.
 Bow String Bridges

⚫ Bow string bridge, also known as a Tied-arch bridge,

this type of an arch bridge incorporates a tie between
two opposite ends of the arch.
⚫ The tie is capable of withstanding the horizontal
thrust forces which would normally be exerted on the
abutments of an arch bridge.
⚫ Cable-stayed bridge method uses a form in which the weight of the deck is
supported by a number of nearly straight diagonal cables in tension running
directly to one or more vertical towers.
⚫ The towers transfer the cable forces to the foundations through vertical
compression.
⚫ The tensile forces in the cables also put the deck into horizontal
compression.
⚫ Construction of cable-stayed bridges usually follows the cantilever method,
so their construction begins with the sinking of caissons and the erection of
towers and anchorages.
⚫ After the tower is built, one cable and a section of the deck are constructed
in each direction.
⚫ Each section of the deck is prestressed before continuing.
⚫ The process is repeated until the deck sections meet in the middle, where
they are connected.
⚫ The ends are anchored at the abutments.