Phys 201

Dr. Rashid Hamdan

Chapter 5: Work and Energy
Work Done by a Constant Force
• In physics, work is a measure of energy transfer by an external force that occurs when an object is moved
over a certain distance.
• A force applied to a moving object is said to do positive work, if the force has a component in the direction
of the displacement of the object.
• A force does negative work, if the force has a component opposite to the direction of the displacement.
• The work done by a constant force 𝐹 in a certain interval, is the dot product between the said force and
displacement in that interval Δ𝑟.
𝑊𝐹 = 𝐹 ∙ Δ𝑟 = 𝑑 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐹𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 Δ𝑦
• 𝜃 is angle between the force vector and the displacement vector.
𝑦
𝐹

𝜃 Δ𝑟 𝑥
𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Initial position Final position

• Work only involves the component of the force in the direction of the displacement.
Work Done by a Constant Force
• Work is scalar and could be positive or negative depending on the relative direction of the
force and displacement.
• The SI units of work is Joules (J): 1𝐽 = 1𝑁 ∗ 𝑚 = 1𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠 2
• For an nonzero applied force the work done by this force is zero in two cases:
• The displacement is zero in that certain interval.
• The force is always perpendicular to the displacement.

Example
𝑁
𝑇
𝑓𝑟 𝜃
𝑥

𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑓
Δ𝑥 𝑤

• 𝑊𝑔 = 𝑤𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 𝑤𝑦 Δ𝑦 = 0 • 𝑊𝑓𝑟 = 𝑓𝑟𝑥 Δ𝑥 = −𝑓𝑟Δ𝑥

• 𝑊𝑁 = 𝑁𝑥 Δ𝑥 + 𝑁𝑦 Δ𝑦 = 0 • 𝑊𝑇 = 𝑇𝑥 Δ𝑥 = 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃Δ𝑥
Net work done on an object.
• The net work done on an object in an interval may be calculated as the sum of the work
done by all the forces exerted on the object or directly from the net force.

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∙ Δ𝑟 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + ⋯ ∙ Δ𝑟 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + ⋯
• The sign of the net work indicates whether the object is speeding up or slowing down.
• The displacement Δ𝑟 has the same direction as the velocity 𝑣
• The net force 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 is the same direction as the acceleration 𝑎.
• Hence the sign of the net work indicates the relative direction of 𝑎 and 𝑣.

• If 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 > 0 the speed of the moving body is increasing.

• If 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 < 0 the speed of the moving body is decreasing.
• If 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0 the speed of the body is constant.
Work done by gravity
• An object moving near the surface of Earth, is always acted upon its own weight that is directed
vertical downward. 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔
• The work done by weight of the object only depends on its vertical displacement.
𝑊𝑔 = 𝑤 ∙ Δ𝑟 = −𝑚𝑔Δ𝑦

• Interval 1: on the way up. Δ𝑦 > 0 → 𝑊𝑔1 < 0

• Interval 2: on the way down. Δ𝑦 < 0 → 𝑊𝑔2 > 0
• Interval 3: up and down. Δ𝑦 = 0 → 𝑊𝑔3 = 0

Δ𝑦1 Δ𝑦2

𝑥
Uniform circular motion
• In a uniform circular motion, the object is acted upon by a
centripetal net force.
𝑣
• 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 is radial and directed toward the center.
• The instantaneous velocity is tangent to the circular 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡
trajectory.
• The direction of the velocity indicate the direction of the
displacement at any instant.
• Hence, the displacement is always stay perpendicular to
centrally directed force.
• Whenever a force is perpendicular to displacement, that
force does zero work

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0
Work-Energy theorem
• For a object acted upon by a constant net force 𝐹, the net work done is:

• Newton’s second law:
• Equation of motion: 𝑎𝑥 ∆𝑥 =
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑥 ∆𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 ∆𝑦
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦
1 2 1 2
𝑣𝑥2 − 𝑣0𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑦 ∆𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦2 − 𝑣0𝑦
2 2

1 1 1 1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑚 𝑣0𝑥 + 𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑣02
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2

Kinetic Energy K

• Kinetic energy is a scalar with SI units of joules. It is always positive and depend of the mass and
square of speed of the object.
1
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Δ𝐾 = 𝐾 − 𝐾0
Work energy theorem
Kinetic Energy
• Kinetic energy 𝐾 is energy associated with the state of motion of an object. The faster the object
moves, the greater is its kinetic energy. When the object is stationary, its kinetic energy is zero.
1
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
• Work 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 is energy transferred to or from an object by means of a force acting on it.
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Δ𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖
• Energy transferred to the object is positive work. (kinetic energy increases)
• Energy transferred from the object is negative work. (kinetic energy decreasing)

Small initial 𝐹 Larger final 𝐹

kinetic energy kinetic energy
𝜃 𝜃
𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑘𝑖 𝑘𝑓
𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓

Displacement
A box is sliding on a horizontal floor with initial speed of 2 m/s. if the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
box and the floor is 0.3, how far does it slide till it stops?

𝑣𝑖

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Δ𝐾 𝑓𝑘

1
𝐾𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
2 𝑑
𝐾𝑓 = 0 From newton’s law on the y-axis
1 𝑛 = 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
2
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑔 + 𝑊𝑛 + 𝑊𝑓𝑘
𝑊𝑔 = 0 1
−𝜇𝑘 𝑚𝑔𝑑 = − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
𝑊𝑛 = 0 2
2
𝑊𝑓𝑘 = −𝑓𝑘 Δ𝑥 = −𝜇𝑘 𝑛 +𝑑 𝑣𝑖
𝑑=
2𝜇𝑘 𝑔
 y
A piece of plastic slide on an incline as in the
figure starting from rest. After sliding a
distance 1.5 m the box has a speed of 3m/s.
m=200g Vertical
What is the work done by friction? displacement
What is the coefficient of kinetic friction =dsin20
𝑤𝑥
between the plastic and the incline?
20° x

1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Δ𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 0
2
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑓𝑟 + 𝑊𝑔 + 𝑊𝑛
𝑊𝑓𝑟 = −𝑓𝑟Δ𝑥 = −𝜇𝑘 𝑛𝑑
𝑊𝑛 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 From newton’s law on y-axis
𝑊𝑔 = 𝑤𝑥 Δ𝑥 = +𝑑𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛20 𝑛 = 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠20
1 −0.105 = −𝜇 0.2 9.8 𝑐𝑜𝑠20 1.5
𝑊𝑓𝑟 = 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 − 𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑣 2 − 𝑚𝑔𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛20 = −0.105J
2 𝜇𝑘 = 0.04
A puck make of plastic is pushed up an incline x
with initial speed of 2 m/s.
If friction could be ignored how far up the incline
does the puck travel?

𝑛
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Δ𝐾
1 1 20°
𝑊𝑔 + 𝑊𝑛 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
2 2
1 𝑤
−𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛20 +𝑑 + 0 = 0 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 𝑤𝑥
2
2
𝑣𝑖
𝑑= = 0.6𝑚
2𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛20
Work Done by Variable Force.
 Previously, we only dealt with constant forces that do not depend on the position of the particles.
However; most forces are position dependent and we have to adjust the way of calculating work.
 The formula W = 𝐹. ∆𝑟 still applies only for very small (infinitesimal) displacements in which the
force can be considered constant.
dW = 𝐹. 𝑑 𝑟
𝐹𝑥 d𝑊 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The total work (𝑊) done by a force 𝐹 as the particle moves

from location 𝑟𝑖 to location 𝑟𝑓 is the sum of all the
infinitesimal work (𝑑𝑊) done on the way.

𝑟𝑓
𝑥 𝑊= 𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹. 𝑑 𝑟
𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑓 𝑟𝑖

 Graphically the work is the area under the curve of the

force as a function of the position, between the initial
and final position.
Hook’s law
Hook’s Law
𝑥=0
 The displacement of the spring is directly proportional to the
external applied force exerted on the spring.
𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝,𝑥 = 𝑘∆𝑥 𝑥
∆𝑥 is the displacement of the spring from its un-stretched position
(the x-axis is chosen along the direction of the spring) 𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝
𝑘 is the spring constant measured in 𝑁/𝑚.
𝑥
 The spring exerts a restoring force on the attached object,
opposite to displacement
If the relaxed position is chosen at 𝑥 = 0 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 𝐹𝑠
𝐹𝑠,𝑥 = −𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝,𝑥 = −𝑘𝑥
𝑥
Hook’s law 𝑥=0

 If we start at 𝑥 = 0 and stretch or compress the spring to a

position 𝑥, the work done by the spring force is equivalent to the 𝑥
area of the triangle covered in the force-position graph. 𝐹𝑠

1 1 1 2 𝑥
𝑊𝑠 = 2
𝐹𝑥 𝑥 = 2
−𝑘𝑥 𝑥 = − 𝑘𝑥
2 𝐹𝑠

𝑥
 The work done by the spring is negative since the force opposite to
the displacement.
𝐹𝑠,𝑥
The area under the
curve is negative.

−𝑘𝑥
Work done spring force. 𝑥=0

𝐹𝑠,𝑥
𝑥
𝐹𝑠
𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑓 𝑥
𝑥
𝐹𝑠

 In the interval from 𝑥𝐴 to 𝑥𝐵

𝑊𝑠 = −12𝑘𝑥𝑓2 − −12𝑘𝑥𝑖2 = 12𝑘𝑥𝑖2 − 12𝑘𝑥𝑓2

The work done by the force of the spring does not depend on the direction it is moved (stretched or
compressed), it depend on the distance from its unstarched position:
• If it is moved away from the relaxed position the work done by 𝐹𝑆 is negative.
• If it is moved back toward the relaxed position the work done by 𝐹𝑆 is positive.
A block of mass m=100g is compressed against the spring with k=10N/m
To an initial position x_i=-2cm and then let go. 𝑥=0
What is the speed of the block as it pass the unstarched position and leave the spring?
If friction could be ignored.
Initial position Final position 1 𝑛
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Δ𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 0 𝐹𝑠
x= -2cm x_f= 0 2
𝑊𝑔 = 0
V_i =0 V_f = ? 𝑥
𝑊𝑛 = 0
K_i =0 1 1 1 1 𝑤
𝐾𝑓 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 𝑊𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥𝑖2 − 𝑘𝑥𝑓2 = 𝑘𝑥𝑖2 > 0
2 2 2 2
The spring is going back toward its relaxed position
𝑣𝑓
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑠
1 2 1 2
𝑚𝑣𝑓 = 𝑘𝑥𝑖
2 2
𝑘 10
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 = 0.02 ∗ = 0.2𝑚/𝑠
𝑚 0.1
A block of mass m=100g is compressed against the spring with k=90N/m
To an initial position x_i=-2cm and then let go. 𝑥=0
What is the speed of the block as it pass the unstarched position and leave the spring?
If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.2.
𝑛
1 𝐹𝑠
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Δ𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 0
2
𝑊𝑔 = 0 𝑥
𝑊𝑛 = 0 𝑓𝑘
Initial position Final position 𝑤
𝑊𝑓𝑘 = −𝑓𝑘 Δ𝑥 = −𝑓𝑘 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 < 0
x= -2cm x_f= 0 𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑛 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑚𝑔
V_i =0 V_f = ? 𝑣𝑓
K_i =0 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
𝐾𝑓 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 2 𝑊 𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥𝑖 − 𝑘𝑥𝑓 = 𝑘𝑥𝑖 > 0
2 2 2 2
The spring is going back toward its relaxed position

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑠 + 𝑊𝑓𝑘
1 2 1 2
𝑚𝑣𝑓 = 𝑘𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇𝑘 𝑚𝑔Δ𝑥
2 2
𝑘
𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑥𝑖2 − 2𝜇𝑘 𝑔Δx
𝑚
90
∗ 0.02 2 − 2 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 10 ∗ 0.02 = 0.08 > 0
0.1
The solution is acceptable
• Example

𝑦
A mass m = 100 g is dropped on unstarched spring
From 10 cm above. What is the max compression of the spring when
It stops momentarily. K= 100 N/m
𝑦 = 0 is the location of the unstarched spring. 10 cm F_s
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Δ𝐾 = 0

𝑊𝑔 = −𝑚𝑔 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖
1
𝑊𝑠 = − 2 𝑘(𝑦𝑓2 − 0) the force of the spring
only exist when the block reach the spring w
1 2
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = −𝑚𝑔 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑘𝑦𝑓 = 0
Initial position Final 2
2
50𝑦𝑓 + 𝑦𝑓 − 0.1 = 0
Y= 10cm Y_f <0
𝑦𝑓 = −5.5𝑐𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑓 = 3.5 𝑐𝑚
V_i =0 V_f = 0
K_i =0 K_f =0
Potential Energy
Conservative and Non-conservative Force

The work done moving from A to B equal to the

work done to go to B – the work done to go to A
In dependent of the path followed from A to B
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 𝑓(𝐵) − 𝑓(𝐴)

The work done by a conservative force on an object moving around a closed loop is zero.

The work done by kinetic

friction depends on path taken.
The longer the path the greater
the energy lost due to friction.
Potential Energy
• Potential Energy is the energy that originate from the interaction of the different
particles in the universe. It depends on the position of the particles relative to each
other and other properties of the particles, like mass, charge
• where two objects interact by a conservative force, there is potential energy stored
in the interaction.
• When one of the object moves under the effect of the conservative force alone the
energy is released and positive work is done.
• Thus the work done is the negative of the change in potential energy:

𝑊𝐹 = −Δ𝑈𝐹
• Potential energy the ability of an object to do work due to a conservative force.

The equations so far only defines the difference in potential energy between two
positions. Hence we can choose the position with zero potential energy arbitrary.
Gravitational Potential Energy, near the surface of Earth.

• Weight is a conservative interaction between Earth and an object near its surface.
• The gravitational potential energy associated with a object – Earth system.
• It depends only on the vertical position (or height) of the object.
• The change of gravitational Potential energy 𝑈𝑔 is negative of the work done by
gravity. 𝑦
𝑊𝑔 = −Δ𝑈𝑔 = −𝑚𝑔Δ𝑦

Δ𝑈𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔Δ𝑦
• Choosing 𝑈𝑔 = 0 at 𝑦 = 0 then:
𝑈𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦

• The gravitational potential energy increase as the object moves upward

• And decrease the as the object moves down
2.2 Elastic Potential Energy
𝑥
 When the spring is displaced from its un-stretched position (𝑥 = 0) 𝑈𝑠
to position 𝑥, energy is stored in the system. This energy is referred
to as elastic potential energy.
 The change in the potential energy stored in the spring system is
equal to negative of the work done by the spring’s force as the
spring is stretched or compressed. 𝑥
∆𝑈𝑠 = −𝑊𝑠
 It is convenient to choose the zero of the potential energy at 𝑥 = 0.
 Then, the potential energy stored at 𝑥𝐴 is equal to ∆𝑈𝑠 as the spring The potential energy is
is moved from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥: symmetric. It has a minimum
at 𝑥 = 0. At this position the
∆𝑈𝑠 = 𝑈𝑠 − 0 = +1/2𝑘𝑥 2 force is equal zero.

 Moving from 𝑥𝐴 to 𝑥𝐵 result in a potential energy change The force is zero at the
minimum of the potential
∆𝑈𝑠 = 1/2𝑘𝑥𝐵2 − 1/2𝑘𝑥𝐴2 energy. This is the equilibrium
position of the system.
Conservation of Mechanical Energy:
• When there is no non-conservative forces acting on an object then:
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Δ𝐾 = −Δ𝑈𝑛𝑒𝑡
• 𝑈𝑛𝑒𝑡 is the sum of the potential energy of all the conservative interactions.
• The change in kinetic energy of an object is equal to negative the change in its potential
energy or:
Δ𝐾 + Δ𝑈𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0 = Δ 𝐾 + 𝑈𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 𝐾 + 𝑈𝑛𝑒𝑡
• 𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ is the total mechanical energy and it is conserved when only conservative forces act
on the object.
Δ𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 0
This is known as the principle of conservation of mechanical energy.
External or Non-conservative Forces
• Potential energy can only be defined for conservative forces.
• Force like friction and drag are non-conservative forces.
• Other external forces could be applied to the system.
• Friction and drag forces do negative work reducing the kinetic energy of an object without
increasing its potential energy.
• Other force may provide energy to the system.
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ∆𝐾 + ∆𝑈 = ∆𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐
• Wext is the work done by external forces that does not contribute to the potential energy.
Summary
• When studying a system of one or more object where motion occurs for an interval of
time:
• Work energy theorem is always true:
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Δ𝐾
• 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 is the sum of all work done on the system by all forces.
• When only conservative interactions exists, then mechanical energy is conserved.
Δ𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = Δ(𝐾 + 𝑈𝑛𝑒𝑡 ) = 0
• 𝑈𝑛𝑒𝑡 is the sum of the potential energy of all the conservative interactions.
• If non-conservative or external forces act on the system then:
𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ∆𝐾 + ∆𝑈 = ∆𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐
• 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 is the work done by external forces that does not contribute to the potential energy.
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 + 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡
• Only conservative interactions are associated with potential energy.
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = −Δ𝑈𝑛𝑒𝑡
Power
• The rate at which energy is expended or work is done is called Power (P).
work energy delivered W
P  
time time t
• The SI units for power is watt (W)

1W  1J/s
• Another common unit of power is the horsepower (hp)

1hp  745.7W
• Kilowatt-hour (KWh) is a common unit of energy. It is the energy consumed in 1
hour at a rate of 1 KW.
1KWh  3.6x106 J
Average and Instantaneous Power

• For a certain for 𝐹, the rate at which it does work in an interval is:
𝑊𝐹 𝐹 ∙ Δ𝑟
𝑃= =
Δt Δ𝑡
• The average velocity in that interval is:
Δ𝑟
𝑣=
Δ𝑡
• Hence the average power delivered by 𝐹:
𝑃 =𝐹∙𝑣

• The power of the force at any instant is defined by taking the limit as Δ𝑡 goes to zero.

𝑃 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑣 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑣𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑣𝑦 Instantaneous power
Speed is const -> acceleration is zero
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0
𝑃𝑎𝑝𝑝 = 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 ∙ 𝑣
Project on x –axis
𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 − 𝑓 − 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛17 = 0
𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 = 𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛17
𝑃𝑎𝑝𝑝 = 𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛17 ∗ v = 57.8KW
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0 = Δ𝐾
𝑊𝑎𝑝𝑝 + 𝑊𝑓 + 𝑊𝑔 = 0
𝑃𝑎𝑝𝑝 + 𝑃𝑓 + 𝑃𝑔 = 0
𝑃𝑎𝑝𝑝 = −𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑔 = − 𝑓𝑥 ∗ 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑤𝑥 ∗ 𝑣𝑥
𝑃𝑎𝑝𝑝 = 𝑓 ∗ 𝑣 + 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛17 ∗ 𝑣
• A truck engine can provide a max power of P_max = 1000 hp. What is
the max speed the truck could have up an incline of 20° if it has amss
of 20 metric ton? Ignore friction.
• 1 metric ton is 1000 kg
1hp  745.7W
Max constant speed
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0
𝑊𝑎𝑝𝑝 + 𝑊𝑔 = 0
𝑃𝑎𝑝𝑝 = −𝑃𝑔 = − 𝑤𝑥 𝑣𝑥 = − −𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛20 𝑣𝑥
𝑃𝑎𝑝𝑝 745.7 ∗ 103 10.89𝑚
𝑣𝑥 = = = = 10.89 ∗ 3.6 = 39.2𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛20 20 ∗ 103 ∗ 10 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛20 𝑠