GENERALIST DISEASE ON SEVERAL

CROPS (ANNUAL PLANT, CHILI, POTATO)

Teknologi Pengendalian Penyakit Tanaman
Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang
Lutfi Afifah, MSi
 Bacteria
Buzz group assignment!!

Discuss with your neighbours (10 min):

1. What do you know about Puru Mahkota” Crown Gall”
Diseases

2. What do you know about Anthraknose Disease?

3. What do you know about the Irish Potato Famine?

Fungi
ANNUAL PLANT DISEASE
“Puru Mahkota” Crown Gall
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
1. “Puru Mahkota” Crown Gall
Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Pathogen : Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Type of Pathogens: Bacteria

❑ Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the causal agent of

crown gall disease (the formation of tumours) in over
140 species of plant
❑ Host, environment, and pathogen are extremely
important concepts in regards to plant pathology.
❑ Agrobacterium have the widest host range of any plant
pathogen
Call the Scientist!
Virus vs Bacteria BACTERIA

VIRUS
❑ A plasmid is a small, circular, double-
stranded DNA molecule that is
distinct from a cell's chromosomal
DNA.
❑ Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial
cells, and they also occur in some
eukaryotes.
❑ Plasmids encode the genes needed
to survive adverse conditions
Groups of plant pathogens -
viruses
Plant Viral Reproduction
1. Attachment--this requires specialized envelope proteins.
These proteins make viruses specific for different cells.
2. Penetration--viral particles enter the cell, the caspid is
removed and genetic material enters the nucleus.
3. Replication--the virus uses the host replication machinery 6.
to make many copies of itself (mitochondria / nucleus) Release
4. Viral protein production--the virus uses the host’s
translation machinery -copies of the viral proteins - capsid
and new envelope proteins. Envelope proteins move to the
plasma membrane thanks to protein secretion performed by
the host. 5.
5. Assembly--genetic material is packaged into the new Assembly
caspids.
6. Release--the caspids move to the cell membrane, get 3. Replication
wrapped in their envelope proteins and move on to infect a 4. Viral protein
neighboring cell. production-
 Transfer of T-DNA into the plant cell
(the process of plasmid DNA insertion
1. “Puru Mahkota” Crown Gall into the host genome. )
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens
B: Agrobacterium genome
❑ To be virulent, the bacterium contains C: Ti Plasmid : a: T-DNA , b: Vir genes , c:
TUMOUR-INDUCING PLASMID (Ti plasmid Replication origin , d: Opines catabolism
or pTi) which contains the T-DNA and all genes
the genes necessary to transfer it to the D: Plant cell
plant cell. E: Mitochondria
Agrobacterium F: Chloroplast
❑ A. tumefaciens infects the plant through tumefaciens G: Nucleus
its Ti plasmid. The Ti plasmid integrates a
segment of its DNA, known as T-DNA, into
the chromosomal DNA of its host plant
cells
❑ A. tumefaciens has flagella that allow it to
swim through the soil
❑ At least 25 vir genes on the Ti plasmid are
necessary for tumor induction

Plant Cell
1. “Puru Mahkota” Crown Gall
Agrobacterium tumefaciens

❑ The bacteria enter the plant tissue via recent

wounds or natural openings of roots or stems
near the ground.
❑ These wounds may be caused by cultural
practices, grafting, insects, etc.
❑ Once the bacteria have entered the plant,
they occur intercellularly and stimulate
surrounding tissue to proliferate due to cell
transformation.
❑ Agrobacterium performs this control by
inserting the plasmid T-DNA into the plant's
genome.
❑ Excess growth of the plant tissue leads to gall
formation on the stem and roots.
1. “Puru Mahkota” Crown Gall
Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Disease Management
❑ The best way to control this disease is to take
preventative measures, such as sterilizing pruning tools
so as to avoid infecting new plants.
❑ Performing mandatory inspections of nursery stock and
rejecting infected plants
❑ Do not planting susceptible plants in infected fields are
also valuable practices.
❑ Avoiding wounding the roots of the plants during
cultivation is important for preventing disease.
1. “Puru Mahkota” Crown Gall
Agrobacterium tumefaciens

pada Chrysan pada Ficus benjamina pada tanaman keras

 CHILI DISEASE
1. Gemini Virus
2. Anthraknose Disease / busuk buah caused by
(Colletotrichum capsici and C. gloeosporioides)
3. Root knot nematode / Nematoda puru akar (Meloidogyne spp.)
1. Gemini Virus
Pathogen : Gemini Virus
Type of Pathogens: Virus

• One of the constraints of low productivity of chili

caused by a viral infection called Gemini virus.
• Viral infections potentially reduce yields by 20-100%.
• This virus is easily spread because it is carried by the
white flies Bemisia tabaci (or other species) as a vector Vector: White flies Bemisia tabaci
that has many host plants.
• Symptoms of leaf yellowing, shrinking, curling, and
stunted plants
1. Gemini Virus

Disease Management
❑ Soaking the seeds with a PGPR (Plant Growth
Promotion Rhizobacter) solution, or Pf /
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Antagonistic plants
Tagetes erecta X Alternative host:
Ageratum conyzoides “babadotan”

X
❑ PGPR: Soil bacteria that colonize the roots and
enhance plant growth. Alternative host:
❑ Conducting environmental sanitation, especially Physalis angulate “ciplukan”
controlling broad-leaf weed / weed species of
Ageratum conyzoides “babadotan” and Physalis
angulate “ciplukan” which can become virus host
plants.
❑ Use of silver mulch or straw mulch
❑ Planting 4-5 rows of corn barrier / barrier around
the planting of chilies and planting of Tagetes
“bunga tai ayam” especially alongside the chili crop
(as a border crop).
1. Gemini Virus

❑ The release of Menochillus sexmaculatus predators, able

to prey as many as 200-400 B. tabaci per day, 12 thrips per
day, 200 aphids per day.
❑ Control with chemical insecticides wisely, for example
those with active ingredients imidacloprid
❑ To support the success of the efforts to control the gemini
virus disease in chilli plants, it is needed an active role of
farmers in observing / monitoring whitefly infestation and
its control from seeding to planting in order to be known Corn as a border crop to reduce the vector
earlier onset of symptoms and its spread can be
prevented.

Menochillus sexmaculatus
2. Anthraknose Disease / busuk buah caused by
(Colletotrichum capsici and C. gloeosporioides)

Pathogen : Colletotrichum capsici and C. gloeosporioides

Type of Pathogens: Fungi

❑ Some of the important host plants include citrus, papaya,

avocado, coffee, eggplant, sweet pepper, and tomato
❑ In the fruits, black or brown lesions (concentric) are
commonly found
❑ Dispersal of C. capsici spores is heavily reliant on water
splashes onto host plants or wind-driven rain since water
is required for spore germination and penetration into
host
3. Root knot nematode / Nematoda puru akar
(Meloidogyne spp.)
Pathogen : Meloidogyne spp.
Type of Pathogens: Nematode

❑ It is called root knot nematode or Nematoda puru akar

(NPA)
❑ Because it causes the formation of “puru” in the affected
plant parts, especially roots
❑ The roots are not able to absorb water and nutrients
optimally, plants grow miserable and stunted
❑ Aside from the direct effects due to nematode activity, plant
roots are more susceptible to other causes of disease that
live in the soil, P. solanacarum causes bacterial wilt and
fungus F. oxysporum causes fusarium wilt
❑ On lands that have been heavily contaminated by
nematodes nematicide treatment needs to be given
POTATO DISEASE
1. POTATO BLIGHT / BUSUK (HAWAR) Phytophthora
2. Potato root nematodes or potato cyst nematodes (PCN)
1. POTATO BLIGHT / BUSUK (HAWAR)
Phytophthora
people also die from starvation due to plant disease – like the potato blight that caused the Irish
Potato Famine, 1845-1852…

Blighted potato leaves caused by the oomycete
Phytophthora infestans (21) Infection will spread rapidly
through the entire plant. Its name in Greek literally
means Plant Destroyer! (Phyto – plant; -phthora –
destroyer).
Dublin memorial to the 1.5 million killed by
starvation during the Irish Potato Famine
The disease infects leaves, stems and tubers and it
destroyed the potato harvest in Ireland in 1845.
many fled to new lives in America and Canada.
1. POTATO BLIGHT / BUSUK (HAWAR)
Phytophthora

Patogen : Phytophthora infestans

Type of pathogen: Fungi
❑ Phytophthora infestans is a microorganism that causes the
serious potato and tomato disease known as late blight or
potato blight.
❑ P. infestans is intimately associated with its potato host and has
infected potatoes around the world
❑ The symptoms
• Spots generally begin on the edges of the leaves
• Rapidly develops into blight when humidity is high (fog,
rain)
• Plants die, dry out
• Attacking tubers
1. POTATO BLIGHT / BUSUK (HAWAR)
Phytophthora

DISEASE MANAGEMENT
❑ Blight can be controlled by limiting the source of inoculum.
❑ Only good-quality seed potatoes and tomatoes obtained from
certified suppliers should be planted.
❑ Often discarded potatoes from the previous season and self-sown
tubers can act as sources of inoculum
❑ Genetic engineering may also provide options for generating
resistance cultivars.
❑ P. infestans is still a difficult disease to control. There are many
chemical options in agriculture for the control of both damages to
the foliage and infections of the tuber.
❑ Metalaxyl is a fungicide that was marketed for use against P.
infestans, but suffered serious resistance issues when used on its
own.
❑ Plant rotation
 Potato root nematodes or Nematoda
2. Potato root nematodes or puru akar (NPA, Meloidogyne spp.)
potato cyst nematodes (PCN)
Patogen :
▪ Potato root knot nematodes or Nematoda puru akar
(NPA, Meloidogyne spp.)
▪ Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) or Nematoda sista kuning
(Globodera rostochiensis)
Type of pathogen: Nematode
Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) or Nematoda
sista kuning (Globodera rostochiensis)
Life Cycle of Potato root nematodes and
potato cyst nematodes (PCN)

Life cycle of Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) or Life cycle of Potato root nematodes or
Nematoda sita kuning (Globodera rostochiensis) Nematoda puru akar (NPA, Meloidogyne spp.)
“Root Knot Nematode”
(Meloidogyne spp.)

❑ Known as Nematoda Puru Akar

❑ Root-knot nematodes are obligate plant parasites
that are distributed worldwide.
❑ The genus consists of 98 species (as of February
2013)
❑ They parasitize almost every species of vascular
plant.
❑ Their vernacular name comes from the galls (root-
knots) induced by Meloidogyne on the roots of the
host plant
Damage caused to roots of tomato
(Solanum lycopersicum) by the root-
knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
in Ethiopia.
“Root Knot Nematode”
(Meloidogyne spp.)

❑ The most important species are the tropical M.

arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica, and the
temperate M. hapla.
❑ Mature females lay eggs in a protective gelatinous
matrix which forms an egg mass.
❑ Egg masses are found on the root surface or may be
embedded in galls or plant tissue (e.g. potato tubers)
❑ The galls contain up to 1000 eggs.
“Root Knot Nematode”
(Meloidogyne spp.)

❑ Typical symptoms from this nematode stunted

growth, wilting, leaf discoloration and deformation
of the roots.

• Soybean Patch Damage by root knot

nematode
POTATO CYST NEMATODES
(Globodera spp.)

❑ NEMATODA SISTA KENTANG (NSK) Globodera spp.Is

one of the main parasites of potatoes
❑ Sedentary endoparasites, females develop into cysts
(can survive in soil> 20 years) Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida
❑ Making control by rotations is difficult and
eradication, once established, almost impossible.
Syncytium induced by the potato cyst nematode
❑ Produce syncytium. Globodera rostochiensis in the roots of potato.

❑ Interaction with other potato pathogens is more

severe damage to the plant (disease complex)
❑ Symptoms: Dwarfs (kerdil) and their leaves turn
yellow (chlorosis), and wither during the hot
afternoon (layu siang hari)
❑ Rooting is reduced, there are white females and white
cysts, golden yellow, until shiny brown
❑ The surface of the tuber is broken or there are small
curves (lekuk-lekuk kecil)
Dwarf and yellowing plants

Potato plants attacked by cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.),

Dwarf canopy and yellowing
Nematoda sista kentang (NSK)/
POTATO CYST NEMATODE (PCN)
NEMATODAASISTA KENTANG (NSK)/
POTATO CYST NEMATODE (PCN)

B
C
Symptoms of the disease by NSK/PCN:

A. The spread of plants affected by nematodes tends to cluster

B. Dwarf and yellowing and on the root found white cyst, yellowing
cyst, or brownish cyst
NEMATODA SISTA KENTANG (NSK)/ B
POTATO CYST NEMATODE (PCN)

A. Globodera rostochiensis is originates from the Andes

Mountain, South America, A place of co-evolution of potatoes
and NSK
B. Globodera rostochiensis
C. G. pallida (C)
NEMATODE BIOLOGY
OF PLANT PARASITES
❑ Simple life cycle, consisting of the egg phase, four
juvenile / larval phases (J1, J2, J3, and J4), and adults,
❑ Between phases undergoing skin changes
❑ Breeding is generally mated, although some are
parthenogenetic or hermaphrodite
❑ The life cycle generally lasts 4 weeks; depending on
the type of nematode, suitability of the host plant,
and temperature
❑ Survive by entering a dormant phase (silent /
diapause) or by infecting other host plants
❑ The general spread is passively, carried along with
seeds, plant propagation materials, soil, agricultural
equipment, irrigation water, insect vectors, etc.
 Image of females and butt prints / perineal
pattern of nematodes Meloidogyne javanica
Nematode
IDENTIFICATION
❑ Identification / Observation of nematode using
morphological traits, i.e. juvenile 2, male, female, and
FEMALE PERINEAL PATTERN/ BUTT PRINT (SIDIK PANTAT)
❑ Cytology and molecular biology techniques:
electrophoresis, ELIZA, PCR-RFLP.
G. rostochiensis G. pallida

B
Nematode Symptomps
on Plant

Endoparasitic migratory nematodes (Ditylenchus destructor), caused

rotten potato tubers
Nematode Symptomps
on Plant

Endoparasitic sedentary nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita)

caused puru akar (root-knot)
Nematode Symptomps
on Plant

Root knot on potato tubers infected by Meloidogyne, also cause

necrosis of the tuber
Life cycle of nematodes
(SEDENTARY PARASITES) = parasite menetap
❑ Life cycle consists of egg phase, 4 juvenile /
larvae (J1, J2, J3, J4), and adult ( & )
❑ Juvenile hatches as J2, the first skin change
occurs in the egg.
❑ Subsequent skin changes (2, 3, and 4) after
parasitizing the roots
❑ After the 4th skin change, is shaped like a
pear, while is shaped like a worm
❑ Damage to root cells / tissues is adaptive
by forming food transfer cells
(giant cells, syncytium, etc.)

Gambar ilustrasi siklus hidup

nematoda puru akar (Meloidogyne spp.)
The life cycle of nematodes
(MIGRATORY PARASITIC) = parasite berpindah

❑ Nematodes maintain their body shape (like worms),

from juvenile to adult
❑ The only difference is the size of the body and the
development of the genital organs
❑ Damage to root cells / tissues is distructive
damage (cell death / tissue)
❑ The life cycle is similar to ectoparasite and semi-
endoparasitic nematodes

Gambar nematoda ektoparasit dan

endoparasit berpindah Radopholus
Nematode feeding strategies

❑ Nematodes parasitize host plants in various ways: as

ectoparasites, semi endoparasites, or endoparasites
❑ Of the three methods, there are those that are
sedentary parasites or migratory parasites.
❑ Migratory parasites cause destructive
damage and are considered more primitive than
Sedentary parasites
❑ Sedentary parasites which cause adaptive
damage, namely the formation of nematodes food
transfer cells (sel transfer makanan) : foster cells (sel Gambar skematik parasitasi nematoda
asuh), syncytium, or giant cells (sel raksasa) pada akar
How to parasitize plants

❑ How to parasitize by sticking the

stylet and absorbing liquid food
from the host cell
endoparasit
❑ How to parasitize: ectoparasites,
semi-endoparasites, and endo-
parasites both migrating or
sedentary

ektoparasit semi-endoparasit
 sel adaptif (sel raksasa)
How to parasitize plants
❑ Migratory parasites (PARASIT
BERPINDAH), both ectoparasites,
semiendoparasites, and
endoparasites remain worm-
shaped (vermiform) and cause
destructive type damage to plant
cells (dead cells) sel adaptif (sinsitium)
sel rusak / mati
❑ Sedentary parasites (PARASIT
MENETAP), both ectoparasites,
semiendoparasites and
endoparasites, cause adaptive
type damage (forming foster cells
‘sel asuh’, syncytium or giant cells)
in plant cells
THE IRISH POTATO FAMINE- GREAT HUNGER
Individual work:
1. Resume kuliah
2. Learn and Resume the video, the link available in G-Classroom

Note:
✓ Please be creative, make your own
assignment critically, deeply, and
fully clear!
✓ Deadline is about 1 week after the
online lectures