ME-1006: ENGINEERING DRAWING -II

SPRING

Md. Osman Ali

Lecturer
Dept. of ME
DUET, Gazipur
Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707
 DEFINITION
• Springs may be broadly defined as structures or devices that exhibit elastic
deformation when loaded, and recover their initial configuration when the load
is removed.
• A spring is a flexible element used to exert a force or a torque and, at the same
time, to store energy. The force can be a linear push or pull, or it can be
radial, acting similarly to a rubber band around a roll of drawings.
• Springs inherently store energy when they are deflected and return the
energy when the force that causes the deflection is removed. Virtually
any part made from an elastic material has some “spring” to it.

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 TYPES OF SPRINGS
Helical-coil springs are probably more widely used than any other type.

Beam springs (leaf springs) Multileaf springs are usually proportioned to approximate
constant-strength beams

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 APPLICATIONS
• Some applications of springs are
1. To store and return energy, as in a gun recoil mechanism
2. To apply and maintain a definite force, as in relief valves and
governors
3. To reduce vibrations, as in automobile suspensions
4. To return or displace a component, as in a brake pedal or
engine valve.

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 APPLICATIONS

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 SPRING SPECIFICATIONS
Spring specifications include:

■■ Outside or inside diameter,

■■ Wire diameter,
■■ Material,
■■ Type of ends,
■■ Surface finish,
■■ Free and compressed length,
■■ Pitch,
■■ Number of coils,
■■ Helix direction (Right or Left),
■■ Force requirements,
■■ Torque

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 SPRING TERMINOLOGY

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 SPRING TERMINOLOGY

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 SPRING TERMINOLOGY
Deflection
Deflection is the movement from free length to the solid length in a
compression spring. Deflection is the movement of a spring from free
position to maximum open position in an extension spring.

Spring ends
Compression springs have four general types of ends: open or closed
ground ends and open or closed unground ends, shown in Figure.

Helix Direction
The helix direction can be specified as right-hand or left-hand. This is
the direction of the twist used to create the spring.

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 SPRING TERMINOLOGY
Free length. The free length of a compression spring, is the length of the
spring in the free or unloaded condition. It is equal to the solid length plus
the maximum deflection or compression of the spring and the clearance
between the adjacent coils
Solid length. When the compression spring is compressed until the coils
come in contact with each other, then the spring is said to be solid.
Solid Height
The solid height is the maximum compression possible.

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 SPRING TERMINOLOGY
Spring Rate
The relationship between the force exerted by a spring and its deflection is
called its spring rate, k. Any change in force divided by the corresponding
change in deflection can be used to compute the spring rate:

Spring Index
The ratio of the mean diameter of the spring to the wire diameter is called the
spring index, C:

Number of Coils
Helical springs are made in coils. A coil is one 360 degree revolution of the
wire used to make the spring. The total number of coils in a spring will be called
N. But in the calculation of stress and deflections for a spring, some of the coils
are inactive and are neglected.
Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707
 SPRING TERMINOLOGY
Pitch
Pitch, P, refers to the axial distance from a point on one coil to the
corresponding point on the next adjacent coil.

Pitch Angle
Figure shows the pitch angle, λ; note that the larger the pitch angle is, the
steeper the coils appear to be.

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 SPRING MATERIALS
• Strength is one of the most important characteristics to consider when
selecting a spring material.
• Most commercial springs are produced from the group of high-strength,
low-loss-coefficient materials that includes high-carbon steel; cold-
rolled, precipitation-hardened stainless steel; nonferrous
alloys; and a few specialized nonmetallic such as laminated fiberglass.
• Springs are manufactured by either hot- or cold-working processes,
depending on the size of the material, the spring index, and the properties
desired.

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 END CONFIGURATIONS

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 END CONFIGURATIONS

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 DRAWING STEPS
QUESTION: The following steps show how to draw a detailed spring
representation with the following specifications:
Material: 2.5-mm diameter high-carbon spring steel
Outside diameter: 16 mm
Free length: 50 mm
Number of coils: 6
Ends Condition: Squared and Ground ends
STEP 1 | Using construction lines on a construction layer, draw a rectangle equal to the
𝟐.𝟓
mean diameter, Dm = (16 – 2* ) = 13.5 mm wide with free length 50 mm long as
𝟐
shown in Figure.

Dm

Lf

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 DRAWING STEPS
5
STEP 2 | Along length of the rectangle, 4
draw seven equally spaced full circles, 3
each with a 2.5-mm diameter. This 2 P/2
P/2 1
is the wire size. The layout can be
done by dividing the length into six
equal spaces or by using a
command such as ARRAY as shown
in Figure. On the other inside edge, lay
out a half circle at each end. Beginning
at a distance of P/2 away from one end,
draw the first of six full 2.5-mm circles
with equal spaces between them. P

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 DRAWING STEPS
5
STEP 3 | Connect the circles drawn 4
in Step 2 to make the coils. Draw 3
2
lines from a point of tangency on one 1
circle to a corresponding point on a
circle on the other side. Draw the
last element on each side down the
edge of the rectangle for ground
ends. To draw unground ends, make
the last element terminate at the axis
of the spring.

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 DRAWING STEPS
5
STEP 3 | Connect the circles drawn 4
in Step 2 to make the coils. Draw 3
2
lines from a point of tangency on 1
one circle to a corresponding point
on a circle on the other side. Draw
the last element on each side down
the edge of the rectangle for ground
ends. To draw unground ends, make
the last element terminate at the axis
of the spring.

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707

 DRAWING STEPS
STEP 4 | Use a command such as TRIM to clean up unwanted line
segments. Freeze or turn off the construction lines as shown in Figure

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur-1707