1 Indian Constitution

106 5

The Indian Constitution originally contained 395 Articles, 8 Schedules, and 22 Parts of
Indian Constitution. Later, three parts were added as modifications, namely 9A
Municipalities, 9B Cooperative societies, and 14A tribunals, bringing the total to 25. The
Indian Constitution now consists of 448 Articles, 25 Parts, and 12 Schedules.

Schedules contain information that is not included in an Article or Part. It should be

noted that anytime a new Article or Part is added to the Indian Constitution, it is done
alphabetically (for example, Article 21 A) so that the structure of the Constitution is
not disturbed.
2 Indian Constitution

Preamble of Indian Constitution:

What is a Preamble?

▪ A preamble is an introductory statement in a document that explains the

document’s philosophy and objectives.
▪ In a constitution, it presents the intention of its framers, the history behind
its creation, and the core values and principles of the nation.
▪ The preamble basically gives idea of the following things/objects:
o Source of the Constitution
o Nature of Indian State
o Statement of its objectives
o Date of its adoption
3 Indian Constitution

Parts of the Indian Constitution Overview

The constitution is all about the legal form of the document as well as the highest law of
India. It primarily discusses in detail the many people in positions of authority, as well as
the limitations on their power. The Indian constitution is the supreme form of Indian
legislation. It defines all essential rights, powers, procedures, and principles, as well as
the duties of the government and citizens. Its primary emphasis is on the supremacy of
the constitution rather than the supremacy of the legislature. Check the Parts of the
Indian Constitution Overview below in the table:

• Constitution formed on 26th November 1949

• Parts of the Indian Constitution Originally 22 Parts
• Parts of the Indian Constitution at Present 25 Parts

New Parts Added to the Constitution

• Part IX A of the Constitution was inserted by the Constitution (74th Amendment)

Act, 1992. It contains provisions for local self-government at the urban level.
• Part IXB of the Constitution grants constitutional status to cooperative societies
and contains provisions for their democratic functioning. It was inserted by the
Constitution (97th, Amendment) Act, 2011.
• Part XIVA of the Indian Constitution provides for the appointment of tribunals
for administrative and other disputes. It was not a part of the Constitution of
India in 1950 but was added by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act,
1942.
4 Indian Constitution

List of Parts of the Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution is a written document that includes the supreme legislation of
the land. The Constituent Assembly, which included Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Rajendra Prasad,
Jawaharlal Nehru, and others, created the constitution. It was formally adopted on
January 26, 1950. The constitution is divided into sections that split the agenda into
particular items. The Indian Constitution is divided into 25 parts, learn more about the
Parts of the Indian Constitution listed below:
5 Indian Constitution

Parts of the Indian Constitution in Detail

All the 25 Parts of the Indian Constitution have been discussed here in detail. Check for
a better understanding of the Parts of the Indian Constitution below:

Part I: the Union and its territory

• It is covered under Articles 1 to 4 of the Indian Constitution.

• India is referred to in the Constitution as a Union of States, indicating that its
unity cannot be broken.
• The Indian Union cannot split in two.
• The Constitution specifies not only the structure of the Union Government but
also the structure of the state governments.
• The country is divided into numerous regions known as states or union territories.

Part II : Citizenship

• Articles 5 to 11 of the Indian Constitution address citizenship under Part II.

• In contrast to Articles 9 to 11, which define how citizenship is obtained and lost,
Articles 5 to 8 describe who was eligible for Indian citizenship at the time the
Constitution was enacted.

Part III: Fundamental Rights

• Several Fundamental Rights are guaranteed under Part III of the Indian
Constitution (Articles 12 to 35), as well as remedies if they are violated.
• The main justification for adding these rights to a democratic constitution is that
people occasionally need to be protected from collective action by others who
might not fully comprehend their desires and positions.
• The US Bill of Rights clauses have been heavily referenced and impacted by the
fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.

Part IV: Directive Principles of State Policy

• The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are incorporated into Articles 36
to 51 of the Indian Constitution, however, Article 37 declares that these DPSP
are not subject to legal action in a court of law.
• Due to the inherent inability of these principles to be upheld through legal
channels and the potential inadequacy of the nation’s economic resources, they
were declared non-justiciable in court.
6 Indian Constitution

Part IVA: Fundamental Duties

• The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act of 1976 inserted Part IV-A

based on the Swaran Singh Committee’s recommendation during the state of
emergency.
• The Amendment changed the Constitution to include a new Part IV-A that only
contained Article 51-A.
• The Indian Constitution stipulates 11 Fundamental Duties.

Part V: The Union

Union has been covered under Articles 52 to 151. It can be divided into the following:

• Union Executive (Article 52 – 78)

• Union Legislature (Articles 79-122)
• Union Judiciary (Articles 124-147)

Part VI: The States

• It has been covered under Articles 153-237.

• The states can be discussed under three broadheads, which are provided below.
• The State Executive (Articles 153-167)
• The State Legislature (Articles 168-212)
• The State Judiciary (Articles 214-237)

Part VIII: The Union Territories

• The ultimate decision-making authority in matters involving the administration of

union territories belongs to Parliament.
• The President will be responsible for overseeing the Union territory through a
person he or she chooses as administrator unless Parliament specifies otherwise.
• There is a unitary relationship between the Union Territories and the Center.
• They are directly managed and governed by the Centre.
• They lack autonomy, and their organizational structure isn’t conventional.

Part IX : The Panchayats

• According to Article 40 of the Constitution, the State shall make efforts to

establish village panchayats and grant them the powers and authority that may be
necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.
7 Indian Constitution

• Panchayats, which are covered by the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution, are
designed to enhance local self-government at the village, town, and city levels
while also enabling collaboration between rural and urban areas.

Part IXA: The Municipalities

Urban self-government entities are defined under the Constitution (Seventy-fourth

Amendment) Act of 1992 in terms of their organization, membership, authority, and
duties.

Part IXB: Co-operative Societies

• One type of self-help group is a cooperative society.

• It is a crucial weapon for attaining the Preamble of the Indian Constitution’s vision
of social and economic justice as well as safeguarding people from capitalist
exploitation.
• The Constitution (Ninety-seventh Amendment) Act of 2011 added a new Part IX
B to the Constitution after Part IX-A, which includes Articles 243 ZH through
243 ZT.
• Cooperative societies are the main topic of the new section.

Part X: The Scheduled and Tribal Areas

Article 244 specifies that except in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram, the Fifth
Schedule applies to the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled
Tribes in all states, while the Sixth Schedule applies to the administration and control
of Tribal Areas in those states.

Part XI: Relations between the Union and the States

Relations between the Union and the States are covered under Articles 245 – 289. The
relationship between the Union and the states can be understood under three broad
heads which are provided here.

1. Legislative relations (Article 245-255)

2. Administrative relations (Article 256-263)
3. Financial relations (Articles 264-289)
8 Indian Constitution

Part XII: Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits

The transfer of the properties, assets, rights, liabilities, and obligations of the Indian
states is governed under Article 295. According to Article 298, the following duties
should be within the purview of the executive power of the Union or States:

• To engage in any type of commerce or business,

• To purchase, hold, or sell the property,
• To enter into contracts for any purpose.

Part XIII: Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse within the Territory of India

• The Indian Constitution’s Part XIII, Articles 301 to 307, guarantees freedom of
trade, commerce, and sexual activity.
• While Articles 302 to 305 list the trade prohibitions, Article 301 specifies the
general principles of trade and commerce.
• The Australian Constitution served as a model for these provisions.

Part XIV: Services under the Union and the States

• Articles 308 through 323 cover topics about the services provided by the Union
and the states.
• While Articles 315 to 323 deal with Public Service Commissions for the Union and
states, Articles 308 to 313 deal with the hiring, firing, working conditions, and
constitutional protection of public employees.

Part XIVA : Tribunals

A tribunal is a quasi-judicial organization created to deal with problems like resolving

administrative or tax-related disputes.

Its duties range from adjudicating disputes to determining the rights of conflicting
parties to making administrative judgments and evaluating administrative decisions,
among other things.

The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 to the Indian Constitution established tribunals, which
were not included in the original Constitution.

• Article 323-A addresses Administrative Tribunals.

• Article 323-B addresses other tribunals.
9 Indian Constitution

Part XV: Elections

The topics covered in Part XV (Articles 324 to 329) relate to elections. According to
Article 324 (1) of the Constitution, the Election Commission has extensive authority,
however, these powers cannot be used in ways that go against the law or current
regulations.

Part XVI: Special provisions relating to certain classes

• Special provisions about specific classes are covered in Part XVI. Articles 330 to
342 provide special safeguards to safeguard the rights of Anglo-Indians,
Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes.
• The reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies are covered in
Articles 330 and 332, respectively.
• According to Article 330, seats in the Lok Sabha are reserved for members of
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
• The entire population of such castes and tribes shall determine the number of
seats allotted for them in any State or Union territory.

Part XVII: Official Language

• The Republic of India’s official language is outlined in Part XVII of the Indian
Constitution (Articles 343 to 351).
• The primary guidelines for determining the official language of the Union are
contained in Articles 343 and 344 of the Indian Constitution.
• The Constitution’s 8th Schedule lists the official languages of India.

Part XVIII: Emergency Provisions

The Emergency Provision in India is covered in Part XVIII of the constitution. In India,
the federal government is given the power to become a unitary government if the
situation calls for it thanks to the Constitution’s emergency provisions. The Indian
Constitution recognizes three different categories of emergencies:

• National Emergency
• President Rule
• Financial Emergency
10 Indian Constitution

Part XIX: Miscellaneous

Part XIX of the Indian Constitution contains provisions concerning the following topics:

• President and governors’ protection.

• Courts are barred from interfering in disputes resulting from certain treaties,
accords, and so on.
• Recognition of Indian state rulers and privy purses is abolished.
• Special rules apply to major ports and airports.
• The consequence of failing to comply with or carry out Union directives.
• Definitions outlined in Article 366.
• Interpretation of the constitutional provisions.

Part XX: Amendment to the Constitution

• Part XX is concerned with the Amendment of the Constitution of India.

• The designers of the Constitution of India envisioned a mechanism for amending
the Constitution that is neither too rigid nor too flexible.
• Article 368 particularly addresses amendments, while other provisions of the
Constitution provide amendments through the ordinary parliamentary system.

Part XXI: Temporary, Transitional, and Special Provisions

• Part XXI of the Indian Constitution contains legislation about the country’s
Constitution and the union of states that comprise it.
• This section of the Constitution is made up of articles on Temporary, Transitional,
and Special Provisions.
• The purpose of Articles 371 to 371-J of Part XXI is to meet the aspirations of
the people of backward regions of the states, to protect the tribal people’s
cultural and economic interests, to deal with the disturbed law and order situation
in some parts of the states, and to protect the interests of the local people of
the states.

Part XXII: Short title, commencement, authoritative text in Hindi, and

repeals

Part XXII is a compilation of laws that includes articles on the short title, beginning
date, authoritative text in Hindi, and repeals.
11 Indian Constitution

Appendices
In the Constitution of India, "appendices" refer to additional or supplementary
materials attached to the main body of the Constitution. These appendices provide
important details, explanations, or specific provisions that complement the main text of
the Constitution.

• Appendix I – The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order,

1954
• Appendix II – Re-statement, referring to the constitution's present text, of
exceptions and modifications applicable to the state of Jammu and Kashmir
• Appendix III – Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment)
Act, 1978
• Appendix IV – The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002
• Appendix V – The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003

Schedules of Indian Constitution:

There are 12 Schedules in the Constitution of India. One of the first mentions
of Schedules was made in the Government of India Act, 1935 where it included
10 Schedules. Later, when the Indian Constitution was adopted in 1949, it
consisted of 8 Schedules. Today, with the amendments in the Indian Constitution,
there are a total of 12 Schedules.
12 Indian Constitution

Amendments:
The Amendment of the Constitution refers to the process of making changes such as

the addition, variation, or repeal of any provision of the Constitution in accordance

with the procedure laid down for the purpose. The purpose of Constitutional

Amendments is to ensure that the Constitution remains a living document capable of

adapting to changing circumstances while upholding its fundamental principles and values.

List of Amendments

No. Amendments Enforced since Objectives

1st 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 18 June 1951 Added special provision for the
176, 341, 342, 372 advancement of any socially and
and 376. educationally backward classes or for
Insert articles 31A the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
and 31B. Tribes (SCs and STs). To fully secure
Insert schedule 9. the constitutional validity of zamindari
abolition laws and to place reasonable
restriction on freedom of speech. A new
constitutional device, called Schedule 9
introduced to protect against laws that
are contrary to the Constitutionally
guaranteed fundamental rights. These
laws encroach upon property rights,
freedom of speech and equality before
law.

2nd Amend article 1 May 1953 Removed the upper population limit for a
81(1)(b). parliamentary constituency by amending
Article 81(1)(b).

3rd Amend schedule 7. 22 February Re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent

1955 List in the Seventh Schedule with
relation to include trade and commerce
in, and the production, supply and
distribution of four classes of essential
commodities, viz., foodstuffs, including
13 Indian Constitution

edible oil seeds and oils; cattle fodder,

including oilcakes and other
concentrates; raw cotton whether
ginned or unginned, and cotton seeds;
and raw jute.

4th Amend articles 31, 27 April 1955 Restrictions on property rights and
31A, and 305. inclusion of related bills in Schedule 9
Amend schedule 9. of the constitution.

5th Amend article 3. 24 December Empowered the President to prescribe a

1955 time limit for a State Legislature to
convey its views on proposed Central
laws relating to the formation of new
States and alteration of areas,
boundaries or names of existing States.
Also permitted the President to extend
the prescribed limit.

6th Amend articles 11 September Amend the Union List and State
269 and 286. 1956 List with respect to raising of taxes.
Amend schedule 7.

7th Amend articles 1, 1 November Reorganisation of states on linguistic

3, 49, 80, 81, 82, 1956 lines, abolition of Class A, B, C, D states
131, 153, 158, 168, and introduction of Union territories.
170, 171, 216, 217,
220, 222, 224,
230, 231 and 232.
Insert articles
258A, 290A, 298,
350A, 350B, 371,
372A and 378A.
Amend part 8.
Amend schedules 1,
2, 4 and 7.

8th Amend article 334. 5 January 1960 Extended the period of reservation of
seats for the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indians in
the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative
Assemblies till 1970.
14 Indian Constitution

9th Amend schedule 1. 28 December Minor adjustments to territory of

1960 Indian Union consequent to agreement
with Pakistan for settlement of disputes
by demarcation of border villages, etc.

10th Amend article 240. 11 August 1961 Incorporation of Dadra and Nagar
Amend schedule 1. Haveli as a Union Territory, consequent
to acquisition from Portugal.

11th Amend articles 66 19 December Election of Vice President by Electoral

and 71. 1961 College consisting of members of both
Houses of Parliament, instead of
election by a Joint Sitting of
Parliament. Indemnify the President and
Vice President Election procedure from
challenge on grounds of existence of any
vacancies in the electoral college.

12th Amend article 240. 20 December Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as
Amend schedule 1. 1961 a Union Territory, consequent to
acquisition from Portugal.

13th Amend article 170. 1 December Special protection under Article 371A
Insert new article 1962 for newly create State of Nagaland.
371A.

14th Amend articles 81 28 December Incorporation of Pondicherry into the

and 240. 1962 Union of India and creation of
Insert article Legislative Assemblies for Himachal
239A. Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa.
Amend schedules 1
and 4.

15th Amend articles 5 October 1963 Raise retirement age of High

124, 128, 217, 222, Court judges from 60 to 62 and other
224, 226, 297, 311 minor amendments for rationalising
and 316. interpretation of rules regarding judges
Insert article etc.
224A.
Amend schedule 7.
15 Indian Constitution

16th Amend articles 19, 5 October 1963 Make it obligatory for seekers of public
84 and 173. office to swear their allegiance to the
Amend schedule 3. Indian Republic and prescribe the
various obligatory templates.

17th Amend article 31A. 20 June 1964 To secure the constitutional validity of
Amend schedule 9. acquisition of Estates and place land
acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the
constitution.

18th Amend article 3. 27 August 1966 Technical Amendment to include Union

Territories in Article 3 and hence
permit reorganisation of Union
Territories.

19th Amend article 324. 11 December Abolish Election Tribunals and enable
1966 trial of election petitions by regular
High Courts.

20th Insert article 22 December Indemnify & validate judgments,

233A. 1966 decrees, orders and sentences passed
by judges and to validate the
appointment, posting, promotion and
transfer of judges barring a few who
were not eligible for appointment under
article 233. Amendment needed to
overcome the effect of judgment
invalidating appointments of certain
judges in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

21st Amend schedule 8. 10 April 1967 Include Sindhi as an official language.

22nd Amend article 275. 25 September Provision to form Autonomous states

Insert articles 1969 within the State of Assam.
244A and 371B.

23rd Amend articles 23 January Discontinued reservation of seats for

330, 332, 333 and 1970 the Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both
334. in the Lok Sabha and the State
Legislative Assembly and stipulated that
not more than one Anglo-Indian could be
nominated by the Governor to any State
16 Indian Constitution

Legislative Assembly. Extend

reservation for SCs and STs and Anglo-
Indian members in the Lok Sabha and
State Assemblies for another ten years,
i.e. up to 1980.

24th Amend articles 13 5 November Article 13(4) added. Enable Parliament

and 368. 1971 to dilute Fundamental Rights through
amendments to the Constitution.

It was made compulsory for the

President to give consent to the
Constitution Amendment Bill.
25th Amend article 31. 8 December Restrict property rights and
Insert article 31C. 1971 compensation in case the state takes
over private property.
However, the Supreme Court quashed a
part of Article 31C (4) to the extent it
took away the power of judicial review.
This was done in the landmark case
of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of
Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225 which for the
first time enunciated the Basic
structure doctrine.
26th Amend article 366. 28 December Abolition of privy purse paid to former
Insert article 1971 rulers of princely states which were
363A. incorporated into the Indian Republic.
Remove articles
291 and 362.
27th Amend articles (i)30 December Reorganisation of Mizoram into a Union
239A and 240. 1971 & (ii) 15 Territory with a legislature and council
Insert articles February 1972[6] of ministers.
239B and 371C.
28th Insert article 29 August 1972 Rationalise Civil Service rules to make it
312A. uniform across those appointed prior to
Remove article Independence and post Independence.
314.
29th Amend schedule 9. 9 June 1972 'Kerala land reform acts' and
amendments to these act placed under
Schedule 9 of the constitution.
30th Amend article 133. 9 June 1972 Change the basis for appeals in Supreme
Court of India in case of Civil Suits
from value criteria to one involving
substantial question of law.
31st Amend articles 81, 17 October Increase size of Parliament from 525 to
330 and 332. 1973 545 seats. Increased seats going to the
17 Indian Constitution

new states formed in North East India

and minor adjustment consequent to
1971 Delimitation exercise.
32nd Amend article 371. 1 July 1974 Protection of regional rights in
Insert Telangana and Andhra regions of State
articles 371D and of Andhra Pradesh.
371E.
Supreme Court in P. Sambamurthy v.
Amend schedule 7.
State of Andhra Pradesh 1987 SCC (1)
362 held clause (3) and (5) along with
its Proviso of Article 371D as
unconstitutional and void. It was found
to be violative of basic structure
doctrine, against the concept of justice
and the principle of the rule of law.
33rd Amend articles 101 19 May 1974 Prescribes procedure for resignation by
and 190. members of parliament and state
legislatures and the procedure for
verification and acceptance of
resignation by house speaker.
34th Amend schedule 9. 7 September Place land reform acts and amendments
1974 to these act under Schedule 9 of the
constitution.
35th Amend articles 80 1 March 1975 Terms and Conditions for
and 81. the Incorporation of Sikkim into the
Insert article 2A. Union of India.
Insert schedule 10.
36th Amend articles 80 26 April 1975 Formation of Sikkim as a State within
and 81. the Indian Union.
Insert article
371F.
Remove article 2A.
Amend schedules 1
and 4.
Remove schedule
10.
37th Amend articles 3 May 1975 Formation of Arunachal Pradesh
239A and 240. legislative assembly.
38th Amend articles 1 August 1975 Enhances the powers of President and
123, 213, 239B, Governors to pass ordinances.
352, 356, 359 and
360.
39th Amend articles 71 10 August 1975 Amendment designed to negate the
and 329. judgement of Allahabad HC in State of
Insert article Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain 1975 SCR
329A. (3) 333 invalidating PM Indira Gandhi's
Amend schedule 9. election to parliament. Amendment
18 Indian Constitution

placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny

of post of Prime
Minister.[47] Irrespective of electoral
malpractice, no case can be filed against
president, vice president, speaker of lok
sabha and prime minister.
Later, clauses (4) and (5) of Article
329A were struck down by the Supreme
Court in Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj
Narain 1976 (2) SCR 347, for being in
violation of basic structure.
40th Amend article 297. 27 May 1976 Enable Parliament to make laws with
Amend schedule 9. respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and
vest the mineral wealth with Union of
India.
Place land reform & other acts and
amendments to these act under
Schedule 9 of the constitution.
41st Amend article 316. 7 September Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen
1976 and Members of Joint Public Service
Commissions and State Public Service
Commissions from sixty to sixty two. No
case can be filed against prime minister,
governor, president, even after they
demit office (which was later struck
down by supreme court)
42nd Amend articles 31, 3 January, 1 Amendment passed during internal
31C, 39, 55, 74, February & 1 emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides
77, 81, 82, 83, 100, April 1977 for curtailment of fundamental rights,
102, 103, 105, 118, imposes fundamental duties and changes
145, 150, 166, 170, to the basic structure of the
172, 189, 191, 192, constitution by making India a
194, 208, 217, 225, "Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic
226, 227, 228, 311, Republic".
312, 330, 352,
However, the Supreme Court, in Minerva
353, 356, 357,
Mills v. Union of India 1980 SCC (3)
358, 359, 366, 368
625, quashed the amendments to
and 371F.
Articles 31C and 368 as it was in
Insert articles
contravention with the basic structure
31D, 32A, 39A,
of the Constitution.
43A, 48A, 131A,
139A, 144A, 226A,
228A and 257A.
Insert parts 4A
and 14A.
Amend schedule 7.
19 Indian Constitution

43rd Amend articles 13 April 1978 Amendment passed after revocation of

145, 226, 228 and internal emergency in the Country.
366. Repeals some of the more 'Anti-
Remove articles Freedom' amendments enacted through
31D, 32A, 131A, Amendment Bill 42.
144A, 226A and
228A.
44th Amend articles 19, 20 June, 1 Amendment passed after revocation of
22, 30, 31A, 31C, August & 6 internal emergency in the Country.
38, 71, 74, 77, 83, September
Article 19(1)(f) right to property was
103, 105, 123, 132, 1979
omitted. Provides for human rights
133, 134, 139A,
safeguards and mechanisms to prevent
150, 166, 172, 192,
abuse of executive and legislative
194, 213, 217, 225,
authority. Annuls some Amendments
226, 227, 239B,
enacted in Amendment Bill 42.
329, 352, 356,
358, 359, 360 and
371F.
Insert articles
134A and 361A.
Remove articles 31,
257A and 329A.
Amend part 12.
Amend schedule 9.
45th Amend article 334. 25 January Extend reservation for SCs and STs and
1980 nomination of Anglo Indian members in
Parliament and State Assemblies for
another ten years i.e. up to 1990.
46th Amend articles 2 February Amendment to negate judicial
269, 286 and 366. 1983 pronouncements on scope and
Amend schedule 7. applicability on Sales Tax.
47th Amend schedule 9. 26 August 1984 Place land reform acts and amendments
to these act under Schedule 9 of the
constitution.
48th Amend article 356. 1 April 1985 Article 356 amended to permit
President's rule up to two years in the
state of Punjab.
49th Amend article 244. 11 September Recognise Tripura as a tribal state and
Amend schedules 5 1984 enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal
and 6. Areas Autonomous District Council.
50th Amend article 33. 11 September Technical Amendment to curtailment of
1984 Fundamental Rights as per Part III as
prescribed in Article 33 to cover
Security Personnel protecting property
and communication infrastructure.
51st Amend articles 16 June 1986 Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes
330 and 332. in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
20 Indian Constitution

Arunachal Pradesh in Loksabha, similarly

for Meghalaya and Arunachal in their
Legislative Assemblies.
52nd Amend articles 1 March 1985 Anti Defection Law – Provide
101, 102, 190 and disqualification of members from
191. parliament and assembly in case of
Insert schedule 10. defection from one party to other.
However, para 7 of the 10th Schedule
was struck down by the Supreme Court
in the case of Kihoto Hollohan v.
Zachillhu 1992 SCR (1) 686, for being in
contravention with Article 368 of the
Constitution.
53rd Insert article 20 February Special provision with respect to the
371G. 1986 State of Mizoram.
54th Amend articles 125 1 April 1986 Increase the salary of Chief Justice of
and 221. India & other Judges and to provide for
Amend schedule 2. determining future increases without
the need for constitutional amendment.
55th Insert article 20 February Special powers to Governor consequent
371H. 1987 to formation of state of Arunachal
Pradesh.
56th Insert article 30 May 1987 Transition provision to enable formation
371I. of state of Goa.
57th Amend article 332. 21 September Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes
1987 in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
Arunachal Pradesh Legislative
Assemblies.
58th Insert article 9 December Provision to publish authentic Hindi
394A. 1987 translation of constitution as on date
Amend part 22. and provision to publish authentic Hindi
translation of future amendments.
59th Amend article 356. 30 March 1988 Article 356 amended to permit
Insert article President's rule up to three years in the
359A. state of Punjab, Articles 352 and
Article 359A amended to permit
imposing emergency in state of Punjab
or in specific districts of the state of
Punjab.
60th Amend article 276. 20 December Profession Tax increased from a
1988 maximum of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of
Rs. 2500/-.
61st Amend article 326. 28 March 1989 Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to
18.
62nd Amend article 334. 25 January Extend reservation for SCs and STs and
1990 nomination of Anglo Indian members in
21 Indian Constitution

Parliament and State Assemblies for

another ten years i.e. up to 2000.
63rd Amend article 356. 6 January 1990 Emergency powers applicable to State
Remove article of Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as
359A. per amendment 59 repealed.
64th Amend article 356. 16 April 1990 Article 356 amended to permit
President's rule up to three years and
six months in the state of Punjab.
65th Amend article 338. 12 March 1992[6] National Commission for Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed
and its statutory powers specified in
The Constitution.
66th Amend schedule 9. 7 June 1990 Place land reform acts and amendments
to these act under Schedule 9 of the
constitution.
67th Amend article 356. 4 October 1990 Article 356 amended to permit
President's rule up to four years in the
state of Punjab.
68th Amend article 356. 12 March 1991 Article 356 amended to permit
President's rule up to five years in the
state of Punjab.
69th Insert articles 1 February 1992 To provide for a legislative assembly
239AA and 239AB. and council of ministers for National
Capital Territory of Delhi. Delhi
continues to be a Union Territory.
70th Amend articles 54 21 December Include National Capital Territory of
and 239AA. 1991 Delhi and Union Territory of
Pondicherry in Electoral College for
presidential election.
71st Amend schedule 8. 31 August 1992 Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as
official languages.
72nd Amend article 332. 5 December Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes
1992 in Tripura State Legislative Assembly.
73rd Insert part 9. 24 April 1992 Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj
Insert schedule 11. as third level of administration in
villages.
74th Insert part 9A, 1 June 1992 Statutory provisions for Local
insert schedule 12, Administrative bodies as third level of
amend article 280. administration in urban areas such as
towns and cities.
75th Amend article 15 May 1994 Provisions for setting up Rent Control
323B. Tribunals.
76th Amend schedule 9. 31 August 1994 Enable continuance of
69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by
including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act
under 9th Schedule of the constitution.
22 Indian Constitution

77th Amend article 16. 17 June 1995 A technical amendment to protect

reservation to SCs and STs Employees
in promotions.
78th Amend schedule 9. 30 August 1995 Place land reform acts and amendments
to these act under Schedule 9 of the
constitution.
79th Amend article 334. 25 January Extend reservation for SCs and STs and
2000 nomination of Anglo Indian members in
Parliament and State Assemblies for
another ten years i.e. up to 2010.
80th Amend articles 9 June 2000 Implement Tenth Finance Commission
269 and 270. recommendation to simplify the tax
Remove article structures by pooling and sharing all
272. taxes between states and the centre.
81st Amend article 16. 9 June 2000 Protect SCs and STs reservation in
filling backlog of vacancies.
82nd Amend article 335. 8 September Permit relaxation of qualifying marks
2000 and other criteria in reservation in
promotion for SCs and STs candidates.
83rd Amend article 8 September Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from
243M. 2000 reservation for Scheduled Castes in
Panchayati Raj institutions.
84th Amend articles 55, 21 February Extend the usage of 1971 national
81, 82, 170, 330 2002 census population figures for statewise
and 332. distribution of parliamentary seats.
85th Amend article 16. 4 January 2002 A technical amendment to protect
Consequential seniority in case of
promotions of SCs and STs Employees.
86th Amend articles 45 12 December Provides Right to Education until the
and 51A. 2002 age of fourteen.
Insert article 21A.
87th Amend articles 81, 22 June 2003 Extend the usage of 2001 national
82, 170 and 330. census population figures for statewise
distribution of parliamentary seats.
88th Amend article 270. 15 January To extend statutory cover for levy and
Insert article 2004 utilisation of Service Tax.
268A.
Amend schedule 7.
89th Amend article 338. 28 September The National Commission for Scheduled
Insert article 2003 Castes and Scheduled Tribes was
338A. bifurcated into The National Commission
for Scheduled Castes and The National
Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
90th Amend article 332. 28 September Reservation in Assam Assembly relating
2003 to Bodoland Territory Area.
23 Indian Constitution

91st Amend articles 75 1 January 2004 Restrict the size of council of ministers
and 164. to 15% of legislative members & to
Insert article strengthen Anti Defection laws.
361B.
Amend schedule
10.
92nd Amend schedule 8. 7 January 2003 Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Mathili
as official languages.
93rd Amend article 15. 20 January To enable provision of reservation (27%)
2006 for Other Backward Class(OBCs) in
government as well as private
educational institutions.
94th Amend article 164. 12 June 2006 To provide for a Minister of Tribal
Welfare in newly created Jharkhand
and Chhattisgarh States including
Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
95th Amend article 334. 25 January To extend reservation for SCs and STs
2010 and nomination of Anglo Indian members
in Parliament and State Assemblies for
another ten years i.e. up to 2020.
96th Amend schedule 8. 23 September Substituted "Odia" in the place of
2011 "Oriya".
97th Amend Art 19 and 12 January 2012 Added the words "or co-operative
added Art 43B and societies" after the word "or unions" in
Part IXB. Article 19(l)(c) and insertion of article
43B i.e., Promotion of Co-operative
Societies and added Part-IXB i.e., The
Co-operative Societies. In July 2021
Supreme Court Struck Part of the
amendment as it was not ratified by the
states.
The amendment objective is to
encourage economic activities of
cooperatives which in turn help progress
of rural India. It is expected to not only
ensure autonomous and democratic
functioning of cooperatives, but also the
accountability of the management to the
members and other stakeholders.
98th To insert Article 1 January 2013 To empower the Governor of Karnataka
371J in the to take steps to develop the
Constitution Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.[108]
99th Insertion of new 13 April Formation of a National Judicial
articles 124A, 2015[110] Struck Appointments Commission. 16 State
124B and 124C. down on 16 assemblies out of 29 States
Amendments to October 2015 including Goa, Rajasthan, Tripura, Gujar
24 Indian Constitution

Articles 127, 128, at and Telangana ratified the Central

217, 222, 224A, Legislation, enabling the President of
231. India to give assent to the bill. The
amendment was struck down by the
Supreme Court on 16 October 2015.
100th Amendment of 31 July 2015 Exchange of certain enclave
First Schedule to territories with Bangladesh and
Constitution conferment of citizenship rights to
residents of enclaves consequent to
signing of Land Boundary Agreement
(LBA) Treaty between India and
Bangladesh.
101st Addition of 1 July 2017 Introduced the Goods and Services Tax.
articles 246A,
269A, 279A.
Deletion of Article
268A.
Amendment of
articles 248, 249,
250, 268, 269,
270, 271, 286,
366, 368, Sixth
Schedule, Seventh
Schedule.
102nd Addition of 11 August 2018 Constitutional status to National
articles 338B, Commission for Backward Classes
342A, and Added
Clause 26C.
Modification of
articles 338, 366.
103rd Amendment to 12 January 2019 A maximum of 10% Reservation
Article 15, added for Economically Weaker
Clause [6], Sections (EWSs) of citizens of classes
other than the classes mentioned in
Amendment to
clauses (4) and (5) of Article 15, i.e.
Article 16, added
Classes other than socially and
Clause [6].
educationally backward classes of
citizens or the Scheduled Castes and
the Scheduled Tribes. Inserted Clause
[6] under Article 15 as well as Inserted
Clause [6] under Article 16.
104th Amend article 334. 25 January To extend the reservation of seats for
2020 SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and
states assemblies for another 10 years
i.e. up to 2030. Removed the reserved
seats for the Anglo-Indian community in
25 Indian Constitution

the Lok Sabha and state assemblies by

not extending it further.
105th Amended Article 10 August 2021 To restore the power of the state
338B, 342A and governments to identify Other
366 Backward Classes (OBCs) that are
socially and educationally backward. This
amendment annulled the Supreme Court
judgement of 11 May 2021, which had
empowered only the Central government
for such identification.[119]
106th Amended article 28 September To reserve one-third of the seats in
239AA. 2023 the Lok Sabha(330A), state legislative
assemblies(332A) and Delhi Legislative
Insertion of
Assembly(239AA) for women for a
articles 330A,
period for 15 years after coming
332A, 334A.
effect.(334A)