1

  

1
 e-

𝑉
𝐼=𝑅 •

2
 𝝆𝒆 𝑳
𝑹=
𝑨
•

𝑹𝟏 𝝆𝒆𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝑨𝟐
=
𝑹𝟐 𝝆𝒆𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝑨𝟏

ρe1 = ρe2

𝑹𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝑨 𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝒓𝟐𝟐
= , =
𝑹𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝑨 𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝒓𝟐𝟏

•
𝑹𝟏 𝝆𝒆𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝝆𝟏 𝑳𝟏
=
𝑹𝟐 𝝆𝒆𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝝆𝟏 𝑳𝟐

•
𝑹𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝟐 𝒎𝟐
=
𝑹𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝟐 𝒎𝟏

•
•

50%
2 1
3

1 3 2
L2 = L1 + L1= L1 ∴ A2 = A1
2 2 3
2
𝑅1 𝐿1 𝐴2 𝐿1 𝐴1 4 9
3
=𝐿 = 3 =9 ∴ R2 = R1
𝑅2 2 𝐴1 𝐿 𝐴1 4
2 1

9 5
𝑅1 − 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 (2)
4 4
5
𝑅
4 1
125 % 100 x (3)
𝑅1

3
 4

𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅

𝑊
R 𝑉=
𝑄
𝑁. 𝑒
𝐼=
𝑡

𝜌𝑒 𝐿
𝑅= 𝐿 𝑃𝑊 . 𝑡
𝐴 𝑉=
𝑅= 𝑁. 𝑒
𝜎𝐴

(𝑃𝑊 )

𝑤
𝑡

VB I

𝑃𝑤
𝐼2 𝑅

𝑉2
𝑅
4
 3s 15 C
1.6 x 10-19C 75 J

1
2
2s 3
4
5

𝑊 75
1- V = = =5v
𝑄 15

𝑄 15
2- I = = =5A
𝑡 3

𝑄 10
3- N = = = 6.25x 1019
𝑒 1.6 𝑥 10−19

𝑉 5
4- R = = = 1Ω
𝐼 5

5- Pw = I2 R = 52 x 1 = 25 watt
𝑉2 25
Pw = = = 25 watt
𝑅 1

𝑊 75
Pw = = = 25 watt
𝑡 3

Pw = V.I = 5 x 5 = 25 watt

5
 1 1 1 Rt = R1 + R2 …….
𝑅𝑡
= 𝑅 + 𝑅 +…….
1 2

𝑅
Rt = n R
Rt = 𝑛

Vt = V1 = V2 =……. Vt = V1 + V2 + …….

6×3
R1` = = 2Ω
6+3
R2` = 5+5 = 10Ω
R3` = 5+5 = 10Ω
10
R `4 = = 5Ω
2
RT = 2+3+5=10Ω

6
 3

K3 K2 1

K3 K2 2

K2 1

60
R` = = 20Ω
3
𝑉𝐵 90
It = = = 4.5 A
𝑅𝑡 20
𝐼𝑡 4.5
I = = = 1.5 A
3 3
K3

K2 2

K3

30
R` = = 15 Ω
2
60
R` = = 30 Ω
2
𝑉𝐵 90
Rt = 15 + 30 = 45Ω , It = = =2A
𝑅𝑡 45

7
 3

•
•
•

𝐼𝑡 ×𝑅
𝐼 =
𝑅

12𝑥6
Rt = = 4Ω
12+6

𝐼𝑡 × 𝑅
I =
𝑅

9×4
I6Ω = = 6A
6

8
 1

r=0

/ /

V=VB -I(R+r) V=VB +IR V=VB -IR V=VB V=IR

𝟏 𝑉𝛼𝐼 1 V,I 𝑉𝛼𝐼

𝑽𝜶 𝐈 𝑉𝛼
I

V V V V V

I I I I I

-(r+R) r -r R

•
•

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 3

1
2
3

1
•
•
2
•
•

𝑉 30
I10Ω = = = 3A
𝑅 10

∴ V20Ω = 𝐼𝑅 = 3 x 20 = 60 V

V15Ω = V20Ω + V10Ω = 60+30=90V

𝑉 90
I15Ω = = = 6A
𝑅 15

𝐼𝑡 = 6 + 3 = 9𝐴

𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 = 3𝑥9 = 27𝑉

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 4 V

c,a c,b

Vab = 2 × 4 = 8V 
R = 2R
Vab 8 4 It ×R
I1 = R = 2R = R A ⇒ I1 = R

Vab = Vab
I1 R1 = I2 R 2
4
× 2R = I2 × 4R
R
2
I2 = R

4 2 6
It = I1 + I2 = R + R = R
6
( )Vcb = It R cb = R × R = 6V
( )Vac = Vab + Vbc = 8 + 6 = 14A

← 2

𝑉𝐵
𝐼= •
𝑅𝑡
𝑉
𝐵
𝐼 = 𝑅 +𝑟 •
𝑡
𝑉𝐵 +𝑉𝐵2
1
𝐼 = 𝑅 +𝑟 •
𝑡 1 +𝑟2
𝑉𝐵 −𝑉𝐵2
1
𝐼 = 𝑅 +𝑟 •
𝑡 1 +𝑟2

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 3

𝑰𝒕 𝑹
𝑰 = 𝑹

4Ω 5Ω

•
3A
3A

𝑅𝑇 = 5Ω

𝑉𝐵1 − 𝑉𝐵2 40 − 4
𝐼𝑇 = = = 6𝐴
𝑅𝑇 + 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 5 + 0.5 + 0.5

𝐼 ×𝑅 6×5
𝐼10Ω = = = 3𝐴
𝑅 10

3×2
𝐼6Ω = = 1𝐴
6

12
 •

𝑉1 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝐼𝑟 = 40 − (6 𝑥 0.5) = 37𝑉

𝑉2 = 𝑉𝐵 + 𝐼𝑟 = 4 + (6 × 0.5) = 7𝑉

V3 = IR = 3 x 4 = 12V

𝑃𝑊(5Ω) = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 32 × 5 = 45𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝑃𝑊(4Ω) = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 32 × 4 = 36𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝑃𝑊(𝑟) = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 62 × 0.5 = 18𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝑃𝑊 ( ) = 𝑉𝐵. 𝐼𝑇 = 40 × 6 = 240 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

R1 R4 R5
V2=33V R
R2
R3 R6 ………… V1
3V

•
•
𝟐
𝑰 𝑹 •
𝑷𝑾 𝜶𝑹
𝑷𝑾

𝑽𝟐
𝑹
𝟏
𝑷𝑾 𝜶
𝑹

13
 

1
𝑉 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟) 𝑉𝛼
𝐼
←

K 

3 2 1

3 2 2

2 1 3

– 2

14
 1

V2 V1 2

V2 = VB – I (r+R) I 2

V1 = VB - I (r+R) I 1

V3 = IR 3

K 3

•
1 V1 V1 •
V2 V2 •
V3 V3 •

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 •
•

∑I=0

∑VB = IR

(VB , R , I)

vB •
r IR •

- VB + VB
-IR +IR

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 ) I3 ، I2 ، I1 1
X 2

R1 = 4 + 2 = 6 Ω 2Ω 4Ω

R2 = 8 + 4 = 12 Ω 8Ω 4Ω

12 X 6
R\ = =4Ω R1 , R2
12+6

1
∑Vb = ∑IR
10 I2 + ( 4 + 5 + 1 ) I3 = 20
2
10 I2 - ( 7 + 12 + 1 ) I1 = 30
3 2 1

I1 = - 0.8 A , I2 = 1.4 A , I3 = 0.6 A

(Vy = 0) (x)
∑VB = ∑IR
– 20 = Vxy + (- 0.6 x 6) + (0.8 x 12)
Vxy = - 26 volt
Vx = - 26 volt

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 210W a b

VB -1
ab -2

∵ PW = 210 W

PW =I2 . R + IVB

∴ 210 = (3)2 (4 + 6 + 10) + 3 VB

∴3VB = 210 - 80

∴3VB = 30

∴VB = 10 V

∑VB = ∑IR

10 – 30 = Vab – 3 x (20)

- 20 = Vab – 60

Vab = 40 V

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