MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (HMAWBI)

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 POLLUTION

• An undesirable change in physical, chemical

and biological characteristics of our land, air

or water caused by excessive accumulation

of pollutants

(i.e. Substances which cause pollution).

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 KINDS OF POLLUTION

Five major types

1) Air pollution,
2) Water pollution,
3) Land pollution
4) Radioactive pollution and
5) Noise pollution
• it may be natural or anthropogenic (man-made)

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 AIR POLLUTION

• Degradation of air quality and

natural atmospheric condition

constitute air pollution

• The air pollutant may be a gas

or particulate matter

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECT

Particulate matter
• comprises of small suspended particles such as
i. soot,
ii. dust,
iii. pesticides., and
iv. biological agents such as spores, pollen and dust mites
• causes respiratory ailments such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, etc.,

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECT

Carbon monoxide
• A product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in automobiles
• Is highly poisonous to most animals
• When inhaled, carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying
capacity of blood.

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECT

Hydrocarbons
• evolved from soil microbes (methanogens) in flooded
rice fields and swamps
• Also generated during the burning of coal and
petroleum products

Nitrogen oxides
• causes reddish brown haze (brown air)
in traffic congested city air which
contributes to heart and lung problems

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECT

Sulphur dioxide
• is released from oil refineries and ore smelters which use the Sulphur
containing fuels.
• causes harmful effects on plants and animals.
• causes chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll) and necrosis (localized death of
tissues)
• In human, it causes health problems such as asthma, bronchitis and
emphysema

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 SECONDARY EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
Photochemical smog
• Smog is a mixture of smoke and fog
• is formed in the atmosphere under the influence of sunlight by the
photochemical reactions of
a) hydrocarbons,
b) oxides of nitrogen and oxygen,
• resulting in the formation of PAN (Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate)
• PAN damages the chlorophyll and thus reduces photosynthesis and growth
• causes acute irritation of eyes and throat
• Visibility of the surrounding is reduced due to smog LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW
 SECONDARY EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

Acid rain

• Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen oxides are

oxidized to form sulphuric and nitric acids

along with water

• Precipitate as acid rain

• Damages building materials, plants and

animals makes the soil acidic.

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW
 CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION

• The particulates emitted by industries should be controlled by

devices such as scrubbers, precipitators and filters.

• Use of unleaded or low Sulphur fuel is to been courage.

• Shifting to non-conventional sources of energy

(e.g. solar energy, hydel energy, tidal energy, etc.,) in order to

reduce the dependance of conventional sources

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION

• Smoking in public places should be prohibited, because the cigarette

smoke contains carcinogens such as benzopyrene.

• An average smoker runs the risk of developing heart and lung diseases.

• Planting of trees along the road sides and around industrial areas.

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 WATER POLLUTION

• is the adding of unwanted substances or the change of physical

and chemical characteristics of water
• is caused by waste products of
a) Industries (effluents),
b) Domestic sewage,
c) Oil spillage,
d) Agricultural and
e) Industrial run off etc.,

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 SOURCES AND EFFECT OF WATER POLLUTION
Industrial wastes
• Industrial effluents containing heavy metals and chemicals such as
a) arsenic,
b) cadmium,
c) copper,
d) chromium,
e) mercury,
f) zinc,
g) nickel, etc,.
• Are directly released into the water bodies such as lakes, ponds and rivers without
proper treatment LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW
 SOURCES AND EFFECT OF WATER POLLUTION

The surface run off

• the surface run off from agricultural land is
contaminated with pesticides and residues of
inorganic fertilizers
• run off from urban and industrial are rich in
organic and inorganic compounds
• These pollutants contaminate both surface and
ground water resources

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 SOURCES AND EFFECT OF WATER POLLUTION

Oil spills
• is an accidental discharge of petroleum products in oceans
and estuaries from capsized oil tankers, offshore drilling and
exploration operations.
• can cause drastic damage to the marine and coastal bio
diversity.
Domestic Sewage
• is rich in organic matter and detergents
• Decomposition of organic matter increases the nutrient
content of the water bodies
LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW
 CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION

• Sewage treatment plants should be installed to treat sewage before

releasing into water bodies.
• Excessive use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers should be avoided.
• Biological control of insect pests and organic farming is to be followed in
order to reduce the dependence on pesticides and inorganic fertilizers.
• By legislation and strict enforcement.
• By creating social awareness among people about the water pollution and
the need for pure water

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 LAND/SOIL POLLUTION

• is the unfavorable alteration of soil by the addition or removal of

substances which decrease soil productivity and ground water quality.

• usually results from different human activities like

a) dumping of waste,

b) use of agro chemicals,

c) mining operations and

d) urbanization.

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF LAND/SOIL POLLUTION

• industrial solid waste and sludge contain toxic organic and inorganic
compounds as well as heavy metals.
• radio active waste from nuclear power plants and nuclear explosions also
contaminate the soil.
• Fly ash contains fine particulates which are released from thermal power
plants
• It settle on the ground and cause pollution

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF LAND/SOIL POLLUTION

• domestic waste is rich in organic matter and undergo decomposition.

• hospital waste contains a variety of pathogens that can seriously affect
human health
• Agricultural chemicals such as
a) pesticides,
b) insecticides and
c) inorganic fertilizers
may pollute drinking water and
• can change the chemical properties of the soil adversely affecting the soil
organisms.
LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW
CONTROL OF LAND/SOIL POLLUTION

Methods of Waste Disposal

• Landfills
• Incineration
• Source reduction
• Composting
• Recycling

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 CONTROL OF LAND/SOIL POLLUTION

Landfilling

• Most municipal solid waste in is deposited in landfills

• the most traditional method of waste disposal
• Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining voids or
borrow pits.
• It is generally used for domestic waste

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 CONTROL OF LAND/SOIL POLLUTION

Incineration

• Prior to 1940, incineration was common in North America and

western Europe.
• Many incinerators were eliminated because of foul odors and gritty
smoke
• Currently, about 15% of municipal solid waste is incinerated

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 CONTROL OF LAND/SOIL POLLUTION

Incineration
Pros:
• Reduce volume 90%, weight 75%
• Heat from burning converted to electricity

Cons:
• Create air pollution
• Concentrates toxins in ash
• More costly than landfills, as long as space
available
LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW
 CONTROL OF LAND/SOIL POLLUTION

Composting
• Harnessing natural decomposition to transform organic material into compost
• plants, food scraps, and paper products can be decomposed into the organic matter.
• organic matter that is produced from recycling can be agricultural uses.
• this method of recycling is done by putting the materials in a container and let to
stay there until it decomposes.

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 CONTROL OF LAND/SOIL POLLUTION

Composting
• Ocean dumping is the dumping or placing of materials in the ocean,
often on the continental shelf.
• A wide range of materials is involved, including cabbage construction and
demolition debris, sewage sludge, dredge material, waste chemicals, and nuclear
waste.
• Disposing hazardous and nuclear waste are highly dangerous for aquatic life and
human life also

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 CONTROL OF LAND/SOIL POLLUTION

Recycling
• basically processing or conversion of a waste item into usable forms
• Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and
electronics
• recycling is not a solution to managing every kind of waste material
• For many items like plastic bags, plastic wrap, yogurt cups, margarine container etc.
recycling technologies are unavailable or unsafe

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION

• emission of protons, electrons and electromagnetic radiations released by the

disintegration of substances such as
a) radium,
b) thorium,
c) uranium, etc,.
Cause air, water and land pollution

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 EFFECTS OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION

• ionizing radiations can cause mutations.

• Strontium-90 accumulates in bones causing bone cancer
• Iodine-131 can damage
a) bone marrow,
b) spleen,
c) lymph nodes and
d) leukemia (blood cancer)

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 PREVENTION OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION

• the leakage of radioactive substances from nuclear reactors.

• Radioactive wastes should be disposed off safely.
• Strict measures should be followed in the construction and maintenance
of nuclear power plants to prevent nuclear accidents

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 NOISE POLLUTION
• An unwanted and unpleasant sound that may have adverse effects
on animals and humans
• The unit of sound level is decibels (db).
• Noise level above 120 db is considered harmful to human beings
• Different sources are
a) industrial machinery,
b) road, rail and air transport,
c) loudspeakers,
d) construction equipments,
e) household appliances, crackers, etc,
LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW
 EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION

• seriously affects heartbeat, breathing, and

• can cause constriction of vessels.
• can cause
a) headache,
b) sleeplessness,
c) Irritability
d) Serious mental disorders
e) Reduce concentration

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 CONTROL OF NOISE POLLUTION

• industries should be established away from residential areas

• Trees should be planted along roadside or highways to reduce noise levels

• The industrial machinery and motor vehicles should be properly maintained in

order to minimize the noise

• The use of loudspeakers and bursting of crackers should be restricted

• Effort must be made to create awareness among people about the harmful

effects of noise and the need to control it

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ARCHITECTURE

• At the present, pollution poses a serious threat to the world

• Buildings already built or proposed can change the way the environment and

architecture interaction take place,

• which can help breathe much cleaner air in the future

• Thus, environmental sustainability is a conscious dimension of consideration

• Architecture contributes to this movement toward a better tomorrow,

1. from the minor scale of an interior ambience

2. to mega-scale city planning

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ARCHITECTURE
• Concept of sustainability means to include the long-term impacts of
• social,
• economic, and
• environmental dimensions of human activities during its planning process.

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ARCHITECTURE

• architects are not just needed for beautifying the city or town

but also to adhere to

• the culture and principles of the place,

• the climatic and socio-cultural aspects as well as

• make the least possible negative impact on the environment.

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ARCHITECTURE

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

• International relations (IR) are the interactions among sovereign states.

• The scientific study of those interactions is also referred to as

international studies, international politics, or international affairs.

• Theories of IR are-
• Realism
• Liberalism
• Constructivism
• Marxism
• Feminism
LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW
 SUMMARY

• The humanities are the study of what it means to be human

• A society is made up of people.

• Social science is the study of peoples and societies.

➢ Ethics
➢ Public Health
➢ Management
➢ Environment
➢ International Relations

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 QUESTION FORMAT

➢ 1 True or False 20 marks 20 marks

➢ 2 Completion 20 marks 20 marks

➢ 3.(a) Short Question 7 marks

➢ 3.(b) SQ- Factors 6 marks 20 marks

➢ 3.(c) SQ- Factors 7 marks

➢ 4.(a) Definition Type 8 marks
20 marks
➢ 4.(b) Long question 12 marks
➢ 5. Project scheduling 20 marks 20 marks

Total = 100 marks (60%)

LECTURED BY; DAW EI KHINE KYAW

 THANKS
FOR
YOUR ATTENTION