JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
FOURTH-YEAR POWER STREAM
RESEARCH METHOD PROPOSAL
TITLE: - LOAD DESIGN AND MODEL ALTERNATIVE SOLAR
POWER SUPPLY FOR JIT LIBRARY
GROUP MEMBERS
N0 NAME ID.NO
1. KIDIST DERIBE RU 1025/07
2. MOHAMMAD OBA RU 1250/07
3. TESFAHUN DAWIT RU 1629/07
4. DUGUMA GETACHOW RU 0552/07
5. NIGATU BOGALE RU 1362/07

SUBMITTED TO: - Mr. SAMUEL. T

MAY 29, 2018

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LOAD BASED DESIGN AND MODEL ALTERNATIVE SOLAR POWER SUPPLY FOR JIT LIBRARY

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ABSTRACT
Solar energy is non-conventional or renewable form of energy. As it is renewable form of energy,
it is better to use it for applying different purposes. In our project we are providing load based
design and model alternative solar power supply for JIT library. In JIT library there is interruption
of power at some times. In case there is interruption of power, alternative solar energy supply is
better, that gives power for the students to study without disturbances. Most of the time students
are encountered with many problems due to there is interruption of power in JIT library. Specially,
if there is interruption of power in the time where presence of examination, it is too difficult for
the students. In order to address this problem, we are a providing load design and model alternative
solar power supply to minimize the problem occurred. In this project we a provide design and
model solar power supply which produces DC voltage. There should be voltage regulator to
regulate the voltage produced from solar panel. Since the voltage produced by solar panel is DC.
The battery is also needed to store the voltage.

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1 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. I
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................1
1.2 Statements of the problem.................................................................................3
1.3 Objectives ............................................................................................................3
1.3.1 General objective ............................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific Objective ............................................................................................3
1.4 Scope of the project ............................................................................................3
1.5. significance of the project .................................................................................4
1.6. Limitation of the project ..................................................................................4
2.LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................5
3. COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM AND METHEDOLOGY ......................6
3.1 System Components and Operations ...............................................................6
3.2. Design Procedure ..............................................................................................7
4. TIME SCHEDULE AND BUDGET ..................................................................7
4.1. Time schedule ....................................................................................................7
4.2 Cost Budget.........................................................................................................8
5.1 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................9
5.2 REFERENCES .................................................................................................10

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of solar power Energy
Solar power energy refers to the energy created when solar radiation is converted into heat
(thermal process) or electricity (electric process). Solar energy describes several energy creation
techniques that use the sun’s radiation. It has been used in traditional construction for centuries
though in developed countries interest has fluctuated with the price of fossil fuel. The traditional
use of solar energy as passive heating has influenced the design of homes and public buildings in
many parts of the world. The most efficient dwellings historically have been designed, in the
northern latitudes, with large windows facing south and small windows in the wall oriented toward
the north. This building technique has for centuries reduced the need for the other sources of energy
to generate heat. The industrial growth and economic prosperity of the west during the twentieth
century caused a massive abandonment of this type of construction and a simultaneous increase in
the use of electricity and fuel to moderate home temperatures. The 21st century could signal a return
to this type of passive energy use [4].

On one technique, solar thermal power plants employ various techniques to concentrate the suns
energy as a heat source. The heat is then used to boil water to drive a system turbine that generates
electricity in much the same faction as coal and nuclear power plants, supply electricity for
thousands of people. In one technique, long through of U-shaped mirrors focus sun light on a pipe
of oil that runs through the middle. The hot oil then boils water for electricity generation.

Solar energy is lauded as an inexhaustible fuel source that is pollution and often noise free. The
technology is also versatile. For example, solar cells generate energy for far-out places like
satellites in earth orbit and cabins deep in the Rocky Mountains as easily as they can power
downtown buildings and futuristic cars. But solar energy doesn’t work at night without a storage
device such as a battery, and cloudy weather can make the technology unreliable during the day.

Solar technologies are also very expensive and require a lot of land areas to collect the sun’s energy
at rates useful to lots of people. Despite the drawbacks, solar energy use has surged at about 20
percent a year over the past 15 years, thanks to rapidly falling prices and gains in efficiency.

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Figure 1: Solar power systems [3].

A photovoltaic (PV) system is able to supply electric energy to a given load by directly converting
solar energy through the photovoltaic effect. The system structure is very flexible. PV modules are
the main building blocks; these can be arranged in to arrays to increase electric energy production.
Normally additional equipment is necessary in order to transform energy in to a useful form or
store energy for future use.

Stand-Alone: these systems are isolated from the electric distribution grid. Figure-2 describes the
common system configuration. The system described in figure-1 is actually one of the most
complex models; and includes all the elements necessary to serve AC appliances in a common
house hold or commercial applications.

PV Array Inverter
Charge
Controller DC/AC

Battery
Bank HOME
Figure 2: Stand-Alone system [5]

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Grid-Tied: These systems are directly coupled to the electric distribution network and do not
require battery storage. Electric energy is either sold or bought from the local electric utility
depending on the local energy load patterns and the solar resource variation during the day, this
operation mode requires an inverter to convert DC to AC currents.

1.2 Statements of the problem

In our country the problem of interruption of power supply is occurred in different places. In
the same case, the interruption of power supply is occurred sometimes around JIT library. To
solve this problem, the JIT uses generator. But generator produce air pollution and also it
takes high costs for the fuel to produce the power.

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General objective

To analyze and simulate load based design and model alternative solar power supply for
JIT library.

1.3.2 Specific Objective

• To design and model load based alternative solar power for JIT library
• Assessing the load with respect to available solar energy source
• To address the problem of students that comes from the absence of power supply in
JIT library
• Bringing economical way by replacing solar based electricity in place of generator
based electricity in the interruption of power.

1.4 Scope of the project

The scope of our project is to design load based alternative solar power supply for JIT library.
However, designing and modeling alternative solar power energy can be anywhere where there is
the problem of interruption of power energy is occurred. Mostly it should be applied and designed
for rural areas as, the most of rural areas have not electric power and they are not using electricity.

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1.5. significance of the project

 Solar cells do not produce any greenhouse emission. They do not create any other pollution.
 Solar energy is (and will remain) free to use, drastically limiting costs linked to electricity
production. These costs are expected to keep decreasing in the coming years.
 Solar can be made available almost everywhere there is daylight. It represents a huge
advantage for local economy as it means we do not rely on other countries for raw material.
 Solar panels do not make any noise, which makes them suitable for urban areas.
 Cleaner power from a solar generating system that is free of surges, spikes, brownouts and
blackouts that can damage or shorten the life of appliances.

1.6. Limitation of the project

• Solar power is not accessible at night, which means that we have to either have another
source of electricity or a good storage system (i.e. a battery).

• Also at brig solar power plants, toxic chemicals are often used to keep plants away from
shadowing the power plants. These chemicals are sometimes released and pollute the
environment.

• To have large capacity we need large areas of land which equal the size of forests or farms.
Luckily industrial and residential areas and roofs are perfectly suitable for solar power
produce.

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2.LITERATURE REVIEW
The physical phenomenon responsible for converting light to electricity the so called the
photovoltaic effect was first observed in 1839 by a French physicist, Edmund Becquerel.
Becquerel noted a voltage appeared when one of two identical electrodes in a weak conducting
solution was illuminated [1]. The PV effect was first studied in solids, such as selenium, in
the 1870s. In the 1880s, selenium photovoltaic cells were built that exhibited 1%-2%
efficiency in converting light to electricity. Selenium converts light in the visible part of the
sun's spectrum; for this reason, it was quickly adopted by the then emerging field of
photography for photometric (light measuring) devices. Even today, light-sensitive cells on
cameras for adjusting shutter speed to much illumination are made of selenium.

In 1954, work at Bell Telephone Laboratories resulted in a silicon photovoltaic cell with a 4%
efficiency. Bell Labs soon bettered this to a 6% and then 11% efficiency, heralding an entirely
new era of power producing cells. A few schemes were tried in the 1950s to use silicon PV
cells commercially. Most were for cells in regions geographically isolated from electric utility
lines. But an unexpected boom in PV technology came from a different quarter. In 1958, the
U.S. Vanguard space satellite used a small (less than one watt) array of cells to power its radio.
The cells worked so well that space scientists soon realized the PV could be an effective power
source for many space missions [9].

Technology development of the solar cell has been a part of the space program ever since.
Besides the space program, another source, the transistor industry, contributed greatly to solar
cell technology. Solar power photo voltaic (PV) modules are constructed from a series of
cross-welded solar cells, each typically producing a specific wattage with an output of 0.5V.
Effectively, each solar cell could be considered as a 0.5V battery that produces current under
adequate solar ray conditions. To obtain a desired voltage output from a pupae assembly, the
cells similar to batteries are connected in series to obtain a required output. For instance, to
obtain a 12V output 24 cell modules in an assembly are connected in series.

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Thus solar energy for photovoltaic conversion in to electricity is abundant, inexhaustible, and
clean; yet, it also requires special techniques to gather enough of it effectively. Because of this in
our JIT Library there is no application of such technology, to design load based alternative solar
energy power supply at the interruption of power is occurred. Hence, for this reason we are
performing Load based design and model alternative power supply for JIT library.

3. COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM AND METHEDOLOGY

3.1 System Components and Operations

Solar panel: it is a panel in which solar photovoltaic modules collect the sun's energy and
convert it in to direct current (DC) power. They supply the power and charge the batteries. A
very small system could get away with a couple 240 watt panels.

Solar Regulator: is used to regulate the DC voltage produced from solar panel so that it has to
be constant. It is often important in the operation of solar-cell array to control output at some
constant level of voltage and current in order to maximum output. It is divided into two: power
regulator and voltage regulator.

 Power regulators: where efficiency is a consideration and lad control by battery is either
insufficient or lacking power-supply regulators should be a part of the control circuitry.
Power regulators for PV systems are devices that sample the current and voltage in the load
circuit and then through the use of variable resistance electronic components return the
overall resistance of the load to an optimum value to compensate for off-point operation.
 Voltage regulators: is a variable resistance that absorbs excess voltage. Depending on the
design, it can compensate for changes in voltage losses in a load or voltage variability of
the supply.

Batteries: batteries are used to store energy for use at a later time, like night time or on cloudy
days. The batteries used in a solar system are deep cycle batteries, similar to those that power
electric golf carts. The number of batteries used in a system varies on the type of battery and
anticipated storage needs. Batteries are most commonly used to store energy in Stand-alone
applications for use at times when no irradiance is available (example night and rainy days).

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Charge controllers: The main function is to control the current flow from the photovoltaic
modules array with the purpose of charging batteries. Most of these devices can maintain the
maximum charge of the battery without overcharging or reaching the maximum design charge.
The main functions of a charge controller are:

3.2. Design Procedure

The initial design phase of a PV array encompasses choosing the desired power level and
conditions, power conditioning and load matching approaches, and cell and collector types.

A series-parallel wiring pattern is selected and matched against the controller or cell types to
determine a collector mounting configuration and arrangement. Next, the package is designed
for protection against burn out by properly locating blocking and by pass diodes. Finally, array
performance is optimized by evaluating its response to various illumination conditions and
making fine adjustments in the series-parallel arrangement among modules and arrays.

4. TIME SCHEDULE AND BUDGET

4.1. Time schedule

The most effective method to achieve our target in producing of beer from sorghum and
preparing proposal for its accomplishment is using our resource (i.e. time) properly in order
to get significant or useful results of work. In addition to the estimate and resource allocation,
cost always plays a vital role in time management. This is due to the fact that schedule over-
runs are quite expensive. So, to carry out this proposal we have prepared the following
schedules. The table below should be to time required along with the size the working the
proposal.

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No Activities Apr8- apr16- Apri22- May12- May28-

apr15 Apr 22 May 12 May 27 may29

1 Title selection

2 Data collection

3 Literature review

4 Proposal writing

5 Data analysis and

methodology

6 Proposal
submission

Table 4.1-time schedule chart

4.2 Cost Budget

Budget is the core elements of the proposal and it is the financial reflection of the project. The
proposal may be evaluated on whether the budget is reasonable for the work proposed. The success
of proposal may depend up on the reasonableness of the budget. Costs must be reasonable,
allowable, and allocable. Therefore, we need to be able to accomplish the proposed project within
the proposed budget as follows. We implement this proposal by buying the equipment and
chemicals or budget will be done in accordance with the sponsors specific guidelines. Under this
section we provide the amount of budget required for our design. To conduct the research, the cost
incurred is expected to be finance.

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The financial money will be allocated based and different requirements for the research project to
be completed. The following illustrates the amount of money and allocation of cost budget
requirement. Table 4.2 shows the cost budget.

Cost of the
Materials we used in our project Quantity materials and Cost in Ethiopian birr
devices in dollar

Solar panel 10 581.4 12,500

Solar battery 1 339.53 7300

Voltage regulator 1 39.3 845

Copper cable 25(cm) 11.63 250

Charge controller 1 19.07 410

Total 38 990.93 21,305

Table 4.1: Cost analysis of the project

5.1 CONCLUSION
Generally, this proposal shows the design and model alternative of solar power supply for JIT
library. The successful implementation of design and model alternative solar power system has
outcome, generating power and meeting loads demand of JIT by reducing consumption of fuel in
diesel generator set. And also reducing CO2 emission and noise due to minimum use of DG and
thus preserving the environment from being polluted. Cost effective (i.e. the minimum running
hours of diesel generator set also reduce the maintenance cost of a DG).

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5.2 REFERENCES
[1] Robert Boylestad; “Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory” seventh edition.
[2] Stephen J. Chapman;” Electric Machinery Fundamentals” Fourth edition.
[3] Rauschenback, H. S 1980.Solar cell Array Design book.
[4] Baharuddin Ali et al, “Hybrid photovoltaic diesel system in a capable car resort facility”.
[5] Akpam.EJ. “Designing a photovoltaic sustained sector: a review of current practice”.
[6] Ghani ZA, Hannan MA, and Mohamed A (2012) simulation model linked.
[7] Pulfrey, David L.1978. Photovoltaic Power Generation
[8] Ahmed MM, Sulaiman M (2003) Design and Proper sizing of Solar Schemes for Electricity
Production in Malaysian.
[9] Atlas H, Sharaf AM (2007) a Photovoltoic Array Simulation Model for Mat Lab-Simulink

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