 The importance of translation

Translations have been important for communication throughout

history, especially in globalization, where people speak different
languages for different purposes like business, trade, politics,
religion, tourism, education, and academia.

 The concept of translation

The English term translation is derived from the Old French term
translatio, which means "transporting" and comes from the verb
transferre, meaning "to carry over."
 Defining translation
Rendering a text into another language ensures similar surface
meaning and preserved structures of the source language while
avoiding distortion of the target language's structures (Newmark,
1988; Bassnett, 2002).
 Types of translation
Translation can be classified by text type, genre, medium, oral and
written, human and machine translation, or by text type or genre.
 Translation studies
Translation studies (TS) was first introduced by James S. Holmes in
the 20th century, focusing on the academic study of translation,
encompassing practical, professional, and research-related
aspects of the field.
 The Holmes/Toury Map of TS
Holmes's 1972 paper, "The Name and Nature of Translation
Studies," is considered the founding statement of the field,
providing a framework for the discipline, the description
presented by Holmes was illustrated by Gideon Toury in 1995.
81506:‫ شعبة‬,‫احمد محمد بن فهد العتيبي‬