1.H. 1.

Oturum

Curves in the plane can be expressed in di¤erent forms.

1-) One variable real valued functions: f : A R ! R; y = f (x)
Example:

y = x2

2-) Two variable closed function: F (x; y) = 0

Example:

x2 + y 2 = 4

p
x2 + y 2 = 4 =) y = 4 x2

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3-) One variable parametric equations: x = f (t) ; y = f (t) ; t 2 (a; b)
Example:

x = t2 ; y = t3

4-) Polar curves: r = f ( )

Example:

r = cos 2

Some curves can be expressed more then one of these forms.

For example; circle with radius 1 centered at the origin.

As a closed function As a prametric equation As a polar curve

x2 + y 2 = 1 x = cos t; y = sin t; t 2 [0; 2 ] r=1

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 p
Example: Let f (x) = 9 x2 . Dom (f ) =?
A-) [ 3; 3]
B-) ( 1; 0] [ (1; 1)
C-) [0; 2]
D-) ( 2; 2)

9 x2 0
2
x 9
jxj 3
3 x 3
Dom (f ) = [ 3; 3]
r
x
Example: Let g (x) = . Dom (g) =?
x 1
A-) [ 3; 3]
B-) ( 1; 0] [ (1; 1)
C-) [0; 2]
D-) ( 2; 2)
x
0 and x 1 6= 0
x 1
Dom (g) = ( 1; 0] [ (1; 1)
p p
Example: Let h (x) = x+ 4 x2 . Dom (h) =?
A-) [ 3; 3]
B-) ( 1; 0] [ (1; 1)
C-) [0; 2]
D-) ( 2; 2)

x 0 and 4 x2 0
Dof (h) = [0; 2]

Example: Let k (x) = log7 4 x2 . Dom (k) =?

A-) [ 3; 3]
B-) ( 1; 0] [ (1; 1)
C-) [0; 2]
D-) ( 2; 2)

4 x2 > 0
Dom (k) = ( 2; 2)

Remark: Every function can be expressed as a sum of an even and an odd function.

f (x) + f ( x) f (x) f (x)

f (x) = +
2 2
f (x) + f ( x)
is even
2
f (x) f (x)
is odd
2

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Especially;

ex + e x ex e x
ex = +
2 2
= cosh x + sinh x

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 1.H. 2.Oturum

Question : Can a function be both even and odd?

If so, …nd all such functions.
Solution : Yes. Let f (x) be both even and odd. Then we have

f ( x) = f (x)
f ( x) = f (x)

This implies

f ( x) = f (x)
f ( x) = f (x)

Let sum up all side

0 = 2f (x) ) f (x) = 0
Hence the only even and odd function is f (x) = 0.

Question : Are the following

p functions the same?
1) f (x) = x and g (x) = x2 :
2) f (x) = ln x2 and g (x) = 2 ln x:
3) f (x) = tan x cot x and g (x) = 1:
Solution :
1) No. Because f ( 1) = 1 6= g ( 1) = 1:
2) No. Since Dom (f ) = R f0g but Dom (g) = (0; 1):
3) No. f (0) is de…ned but g (0) = 1:
More generally, Dom (f ) = R 2 k : k 2 Z but Dom (g) = R:
p
Question : Is f (x) = 4 x2 even or odd?
Solution: Even. q
2
p
f ( x) = 4 ( x) = 4 x2 = f (x)
Hence, f (x) is even.

Question : If f and g are even, then is f g even?

Solution : Yes.
f ( x) = f (x) and g ( x) = g (x)

(f g) ( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = f (x) g (x)
= (f g) (x)

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 Question : Find the inverse of the following functions in appropriate domain and codomain.
1) f : [0; 1) ! [0; 1); f (x) = x4
2x + 3
2) f : R f1g ! R f2g ; f (x) =
p x 1
3) f (x) = ln x + 1 + x2
Solution:
1)
p
y = x4 ) x = 4
y
1
1
) f (x) = x 4

2)
2x + 3
y = ) y (x 1) = 2x + 3
x 1
) yx y = 2x + 3
) yx 2x = y + 3
) x (y 2) = y + 3
y+3
) x=
y 2
1 x+3
) f (x) =
x 2
3)
p p
y = ln x + 1 + x2 ) ey = x + 1 + x2
p
) ey x = 1 + x2
2
p 2
) (ey x) = 1 + x2
) e2y 2xey + x2 = 1 + x2
) e2y 1 = 2xey
) 2xey = e2y 1
e2y 1
) x=
2ey
y
e e y
) x=
2
1 ex e x
) f (x) = = sinh x
2

A) f 1
(x) = xx+32
1
B) f (x) = sinh x
1
1
C) f (x) = x 4
2
D) f 1
(x) = log xx2 4x+3
4x+5

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 x 1
Question : arcsin =?
x+1
x
A) arccos p
1 + x2
1
B) arccos p
2
p+ x
1
2 x
C) arccos
x+1
Solution :
x 1 x 1
y = ) sin y =
arcsin
x+1 x+1
s
q 2
x 1
) cos y = 1 sin2 y = 1
x+1
p
2 x
) cos y =
x+1
p
2 x
) y = arccos
x+1

Question : sin (arctan x) =?

x
A) p
1 + x2
1
B) p
1 + x2
x
C)
x+1
Solution :
y = arctan x ) sin y =?

sin y
y = arctan x ) tan y = x ) =x
cos y
) sin y = x cos y
q
) sin y = x 1 sin2 y
) sin2 y = x2 1 sin2 y
) sin2 y = x2 x2 sin2 y
) x2 sin2 y + sin2 y = x2
) sin2 y 1 + x2 = x2
x2
) sin2 y =
1 + x2
x
) sin y = p
1 + x2
x
) sin (arctan x) = p
1 + x2

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Question : Solve log2 x2 + logx 2 = 3.
A) f2;
p 3g
B) 3; 3
p p
C) 2; 3
p
D) 2; 2
Solution :

log2 x2 + logx 2 = 3
1
2 log2 x + = 3
log2 x
2
2 (log2 x) + 1 = 3 log2 x
2
2 (log2 x) 3 log2 x + 1 = 0
a = log2 x
2
2a 3a + 1 = 0
(2a 1) (a 1) = 0
1
a = and a = 1
2
1
log2 x = and log2 x = 1
2
p
x = 2 and x = 2