21st Century Literature

Lesson 1: Literature

“Bellles Letres” – afrench phrase meaning a beautiful writing

Literature (litera means letter) – deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of a man. Thus
literature is the story of man (Kahayan 1998, p.5-7)

- It is everything has ever been written.

- Literature is our life’s story including the strategies, ideas,

failures, sacrifices and sacrifices (Ang,2006)

Artistry – quality that appeals to our sense of beauty

Intellectual Value – stimulates thoughts enriches our life by making us fundamental truths
about life and human nature.

Suggestiveness – quality associated with the emotional power of literature.

Spiritual Value – elevates the spiritual by bringing out moral values which makes us a better
person.

Permanence – it can be read and read again as each reading gives fresh insights and open new
worlds of meaning and experience

Universality – timeless and timely, forever relevant in terms of it theme and conditions.

Prose Poetry
Form Written in paragraph Written in stanza or verse
form
Language Expressed in ordinary Expressed in metrical,
language rhythmical and figurative
language
Appeal To the intellect To the emotions
Aim To convince, inform, instruct, Stir imagination and set an
imitate, and reflect ideal of how life should be
Type of Prose

 Prose Fiction
 Prose Non-Fiction

Prose Fiction

- an imaginative recreation and re-creation of life includes short stories and novels.

Short Stories – commonly known as “Slice of life”, it is a fictitious narrative compressed into
one unit of time, place and action

Novel – a fictitious narrative with a complicated plot and it is made up of chapters.

Novel Short Stories

Longer because of several complications and Contains problems that are resolvable quickly
twists to plots

Fable – animals that speak and behave as a human being

Folktale – an old story that has been told again and again often for generations

Legend –traditional story about a particular person or place

Elements of Fiction

Characters - representation of human being of a human being involving in the conflict

Types of Characters

Protagonist – hero/heroine

Antagonist – foil to the Protagonist

Deuteroganist – second in importance

Fringe – one who is destroyed by his inner conflict

Round – a dynamic character who recognize changes in the circumstances

- fully develop character with many traits

Flat – known as the stock or the stereotype character who does not grow

Settings – where the story takes place

Conflict –the struggle or complications involving the character

Types of conflict
Internal Protagonist struggles with himself
Interpersonal Person against person
External Protagonist conflict with society

Plot – sequence of events

Pyramidical Structure of Plot

1. Exposition
2. Complication
3. Climax
4. Denouement
5. Resolution

Chronological – common type of narrative order in children’s book

Flashback – author narrates that took place before the current time of the story

Timelapse – skips a period of time

Foreshadowing – to keep the readers guessing what will happen next

Suspense – feeling of excitement or tension of the reader as the action of the plot unfolds

Surprise Ending – catches the readers of guard with the unexpected turns of event

POV - identifies the narrator of the story

Mood – atmosphere or emotional effect

Tone – to denote an attitude of feeling of the author

Symbolism – stands for something other than themselves

Images – characterized by concrete qualities rather than abstact

Theme –the topic of the subject of the selection

POETRY

Poetry – a kind of language that says it more intensely than ordinary language does

- “POESIS” means making or creating

5 Things about Poetry

1. It is a concentrated thought
2. A kind word-music
3. It expresses all the senses
4. It answers our demand for rhythm
5. An observation plus imagination

Elements of Poetry ( SSS)

Sense –revealed through words, images, and symbols

a. Diction – denotative and connotative meanings/symbols

b. Images and Sense Impression – sight, smell, sound, taste, touch, motion and emotion
c. Figure of Speech – simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, and etc.

Sound – the result of combination of elements

Tone Color

Alliteration – words that begins with the same consonant sound

Consonance – repetition of consonance sounds

Assonance - repetition of vowel sounds

Rhyme – repetition of similar sounds

Repetition – words are repeated

Anaphora – several phrases are repeated to add an artistic effect

Structure

Rhythm – ordered recurrent alteration of strong and weak elements in the flow of the sound
and silence

Meter – stress; duration or number of syllables per line

Rhyme Scheme – formal arrangement of rhymes in stanza or the whole poem

1. Word Order – natural and unnatural arrangement of words

2. Ellipsis – omitting some words for economy and effect
3. Punctuation – abundance or lack of punctuation marks
4. Shape – contextual and visual designs, jumps, omission of spaces, capitalization and
lower cases

PROSE NON-FICTION

- Narrative prose dealing with or offering opinions or conjectures upon facts and reality

Elements of NON-FICTION

Purpose – to inform, persuade, entertain, and explain

Lay out – attract and encourage the reader’s reading and progression through the book

Information – includes facts, little known information, and ideas that spark curiosity, create
mystery and propel the listener/reader/viewer to discover and learn

Characterization – no stereotypes or biased characterization

Style and Tone - should maintain reader’s interest

Literary Devices

Simile – expression comparing one thing to another using the words “like” or “as”

Metaphor – Direct comparison of two unlike things without using like or as (using words “is” or
“was”)

Personification – gives human traits to inanimate objects or ideas

Apostrophe – direct address to someone dead, absent, or inanimate object

Metonymy – substitutes a word closely relates to a person or a thing

Synechdoche – part of something is used to refer to its whole (ex. “the world treated him
badly”)

Hyperbole – makes use of exaggeration

Irony – says the opposite of what it meants (ex. The pilot has a fear of heights)

Allusion – making indirect to any literary, biblical, mythological, scientific event, character or
place (ex. If it doesn’t stop raining, I’m going to build an Ark)

Paradox – a phrase that on surface seems contradictor but makes some kind of emotional
sense

Oxymoron –two contradictory terms or ideas are intentionally paired in order to make a
point(ex. Deafening silence)
DIASS

Social Science – scientific study which investigate human societies and different forces within
them.

Branches of Social Science

Economics – studies the allocation of scarce resources and the production and exchange of
goods and services within society

Anthropology -study of human beings and culture

History – systematic study of past human events in order to understand the meaning,
dynamics and relationship of the causes and effect of events in the development of societies

Political Science – focuses on human action in relation to political processes, states, rules, and
international affairs

Psychology – researching how the human mind functions in consonance with the body to
generate thoughts that contribute in to individual actions

Sociology – systematic study of people’s behavior in groups

Geography – relationship between people and environment

Demography – statistical study of human population over time

Applied Social Science

Counselling – provides guidance, assistance, support to individuals who are distracted by a

range of problems in their lives.

Social Work – supporting people, families, associations, and neighborhoods to strengthen their
individual and mutual well- being

Communication Studies – practitioners are equipped with communication theories and

principles that allow them to understand and educate the public about social , political, cultural,
and economic realities.
Relationship between Social and Applied Social Science

Social Science are more specific and focused on a distinct facet of a social phenomenon while
Applied Social Science attempts to focus on a distinct issue but use insights arising from various
social science discipline

Counselling

Counselor-Counselee Relationship – seeking support and entering a relationship

- formal aid in establishing a counseling relationship

The Role of a Trained Professional – expertise, experience, and orientation, accompanying and
listening to the counselee achieve their goals

Guidance and Counselling – an overview of the profession and its goal

- focuses on the development of individuals

Theraphy – aims to achieve mental health, well-being, education, and career goals

Goals of Counselling

1. Development Goals – assist in meeting the client’s human growth and

development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical
wellness
2. Preventive Goals - helps the client avoid some undesired outcome
3. Enhancement Goals – enhance special skills and abilities
4. Remedial Goals – assisting client to overcome and treat an undesirable
development
5. Exploratory Goals – examining options, testing of skills, trying new and
different activities, etc.
6. Reinforcement Goals – helps client in recognizing that what they are doing,
thinking and feeling is fine
7. Cognitive Goals – involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and
cognitive skills
 8. Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits
for good health
9. Psychological Goals – aids in developing good social interaction skills,
learning emotional control

Therapy Priorities

Insight – understanding of the origin and development of emotional difficulties

Relating to others - Becoming better able to form and maintain meaningful and satisfying
relationships with other people

Self Awareness - Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had been blocked off or
denied, or developing a more accurate sense of how self is perceived by others

Self Acceptance - The development of a positive attitude toward self, marked by an ability to

acknowledge areas of experience that had been the subject of self-criticism and rejection

Self Actualization - Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an integration of

previously conflicting parts of self

Enlightenment - Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual awakening

Problem Solving - Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client had not been able to
resolve alone and acquiring a general competence in problem-solving

Psychological Education - Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with which to
understand and control behavior

Acquisition of social skills - Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills such as
maintenance of eye contact, turn-taking in conversations

Cognitive Change - The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs or maladaptive

thought patterns associated with self-destructive behavior

Behavior Change - The modification or replacement of maladaptive or self-destruct patterns of

behavior

Systematic Change - Introducing change into the way in that social systems operate

Empowerment - Working on skills, awareness and knowledge that will enable the client to take
control of his or her own life

Restitution - Helping the client to make amends for previous destructive behavior
Generativity - Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for others and pass on
knowledge and to contribute to the collective good through political engagement and
community work

Role – A part played by someone in a particular situation

Function –the natural purpose of something or the duty of a person

Roles and Function of a counselor

Providers of Individual and Group Counseling Services

 Help students understand themselves

 Provide correct diagnosis

Developmental Classroom Guidance Specialist

 Preparing lesson plans and implement guidance instructions

 Talks, webinars, and seminars

Leaders and Advocates of Academic Success

 Identify barriers to academic achievements

Career Development Specialist

 Providing activities that will help the students to prepare demands and
requirements to their chosen career profession

Agents of Diversity and Multiculturalism

 Address the needs of people from different backgrounds

Advocates Students with Special Needs

 help them cope better-by providing comprehensive assessment programs

to better understand and address their special needs.

Advocates of Safe School Environment

  Provide a conducive learning environment

School and Community Collaboration Specialist

 Collaborating with other schools and the parents of the students to

better assist the students with learning disabilities and mental health
problem

Three Stage Theory of Counseling

Stage 1: What’s Going On? Involves helping clients to clarify the key issues calling for change

Stage 2: What Solutions Make Sense for Me? Involves helping clients determine outcomes

Stage 3: What do I have to do to get what I need? Involves helping clients develop strategies
for accomplishing goals

Areas of Specialization and Career Opportunities

School Counseling

 Manage student behavior

 Counselors helps the students to remove barriers

Clinical Counseling

 Medical diagnosis
 Medical practitioners

Rehabilitation Counseling

 To control someone’s action that turns into habit

Vocational counseling

 To help someone to choose a career

Industrial Counseling

 Providing a healthy workplace

Private Practice

 They have their own wellness center or private clinic. The clinic can accommodate
children and/or adults, depending on the counselor’s specialization.

Marriage/Family Counseling

 help couples resolve marital problems.

Community Counseling

 provided to members of the society who encounter difficulties in the community setting.

Career Opportunities for Professional Counselors

Elementary and High School Counselors - improving student’s academic and holistic
Performance
College Counselors - focus on the different psychological and problem needs of students in
the tertiary level.
Teaching in the Academe - Counselors also have the chance to teach in the academe. They
have the opportunity to share their experiences
Workshop Facilitator - provide activities to address issues such as mental health, career
development, adolescents’ risky behaviors, resiliency, soft skills, or any other topic concerning
psychological conditions of individuals
Career Counselor - provide opportunities and skills seminar for college students to be more
adept, flexible and ready to face the world of profession.
Substance Abuse Counselor - they trained people and provide mental health seminars, life
seminars and health substance seminars, to understand how these drugs and other substance
abuse affect their way of life and how they can overcome and prevent the same problem.

Researcher – they are conducting experimental based-outcomes, problem based

research, etc. They also identify the most effective activities that will improve the conditions of

certain individuals. They are in charge of the program evaluation and development