EE2103

APPENDIX A

List of Selected Formulae

#$
ℏ! $ ! ℎ+ .! ! 1& &%∗ 1
!= , ! = ℎ* = , &∗ = ℏ! - ! / , !% = − 6 8 !
2& , .$ 2(44ℏ) 7' 7( :
! ! !

1
;(!) =
! − !)
1 + =>? @ B
$A

,/!
44(2&+∗ ),/! 44E2&/∗ F
C* (!) = D! − !* , C. (!) = D!. − !
ℎ, ℎ,

:( = G0 = #(2! #2" )/45 , ?( = G6 = #(2" #2# )/45

,/!
24&+∗ $A ,/! 24&7∗ $A
G0 = 2 H I , G6 = 2 J K
ℎ! ℎ!

:( = :8 = (2" #2$ )/45 , ?( = :8 = (2$ #2" )/45 , :( ?( = :8 ! , :8 ! = G0 G6 = #2% /45

3 &7∗ 1
!8 = !98: + $AM: - ∗ /, !98: = (!0 + !6 )
4 &+ 2

(G;# − G<= ) + D(G;# − G<= )! + 4:8 !

?( =
2

(G<= − G;# ) + D(G<= − G;# )! + 4:8 ! :8 !

:( = =
2 ?(

:( + G;# = ?( + G<=

3 1 !
1 .!0
!>?@A9BC = $A = &∗ ND? , O=
2 2 = .>

N:+ = −P+ O , N:7 = P7 O

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 EE2103

APPENDIX A (Continued)

List of Selected Formulae

1Q*+ 1Q*7
P+ = , P 7 =
&+ ∗ &7 ∗

R7,:A8F> = 1?P7 O, R+,:A8F> = 1:P+ O, R:A8F> = R+,:A8F> + R7,:A8F> = SO , S = 1:P+ + 1?P7

1 U W
T= , R= , O=
S V .

.: .?
R+,:8FFHI8J+ = 1X+ , R7,:8FFHI8J+ = −1X7
.> .>

.: .?
R+ = 1:P+ O + 1X+ , R7 = 1?P7 O − 1X7
.> .>

R>J>BC = R+ + R7

1 1
P+ = X+ , P7 = X
$A $A 7

Y: 1 YR+ Y? 1 YR7 ∆: ∆?
= + [K − \, =− + [K − \, \ = , \=
YZ 1 Y> YZ 1 Y> Q+ Q7

∆:(Z) = ∆:(Z = 0)= #L⁄M& , ∆?(Z) = ∆?(Z = 0)= #L ⁄M' , ∆:II = [K Q+ , ∆?II = [K Q7

∆:(>) = ∆:7 (> = 0)= #O/P& , ∆?(>) = ∆?+ (> = 0)= #O/P' , _7 = DX7 Q7 , _+ = DX+ Q+

: = :( + ∆: = :8 = (2"& #2$ )/45 , ? = ?( + ∆? = :8 = (2$ #2"' )/45

d 2V ( x ) dx ( x ) r q
dx 2
=-
dx
=- c =-
e re 0 e re 0
( p - n + Nd - Na )

kT æ pp0 ö kT æ N a N d ö pp0 nn0 æ qVbi ö

Vbi = ln = ln
q çè pn0 ÷ø q çè ni 2 ÷ , p = n = exp ç kT ÷
ø n0 p0 è ø

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 EE2103

APPENDIX A (Continued)

List of Selected Formulae

é 2e re 0 (Vbi - Va ) æ 1
1/2
qN x qN a xp 1 öù
N d xn = N a xp , x max =- d n =- , W =ê ç + ÷ú
e re 0 e re 0 ë q è Na Nd øû
pp0
=
nn0 éq ù p ( x ) np - xp
= exp ê (Vbi - Va ) ú , n n =
( ) æ qV ö
= exp ç a ÷
( )
pn ( xn ) np - xp ë kT û pn0 np0 è kT ø

æ x ö é æ qVa ö ù æ x ö
( )
Dnp ( x ) = Dnp - xp exp ç -
è Ln
÷ = np0 êexp ç kT
ø è
÷ - 1ú exp ç - L ÷
ø û è nø
ë
æ x ö é æ qV ö ù æ x ö
Dpn ( x ) = Dpn ( xn ) exp ç - ÷ = pn0 êexp ç a ÷ - 1ú exp ç - ÷
è Lp ø ë è kT ø û è Lp ø

é æ qV ö ù æ Dp Dn ö RS( U* U0 V
I = I 0 êexp ç a - 1
÷ ú 0, I = qA p + n
ç L n0 L p0 ÷ Q , ` = ! !=
ë è kT ø û è p n ø RT) W

dQn q q dQp q q
Cs = = Qn = It n (n+p diode), Cs = = Qp = It (p+n diode)
dVa kT kT dVa kT kT p

Qn = -qALn Dnp , Qp = qALp Dpn

XY
Z
= !/X

−=X% V\2 =W\2 a[ a[ 1 1

a[ = × :\( exp 6 8, ≡ g, ≡ h, = +1
>\ $A a2 a\ g h

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 EE2103

APPENDIX B

Table of Physical Constants

Symbol Value Unit

Planck’s constant h 6.626 ´ 10–34 J-s

Speed of light c 3.0 ´ 108 m/s

Electronic charge e (or q) 1.6 ´ 10–19 C

Boltzmann’s constant kB (or k) 1.38 ´ 10–23 J/K

Free electron rest mass m0 9.1 ´ 10–31 kg

Proton rest mass mp 1.67 ´ 10–27 kg

Avogadro’s number NA 6.02 ´ 1023 mol-1

Permeability of free space µ0 4p ´ 10–7 H/m

Permittivity of free space e0 8.85 ´ 10–12 F/m

Rydberg constant Rd 1.097 ´ 107 m-1

Bohr radius a0 5.292 ´ 10–11 m

Gas constant R 8.31 Jmol-1K-1

Electron-volt 1 eV 1.6 ´ 10–19 J

Thermal voltage (T = 300 K) kBT/q 0.0259 V

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 EE2103

APPENDIX C

Properties of Silicon, Gallium Arsenide, and Germanium (T = 300 K)

Property Si GaAs Ge

Atomic density (cm-3) 5.00 × 1022 4.42 × 1022 4.42 × 1022

Atomic weight 28.09 144.63 72.60

Crystal structure Diamond Zincblende Diamond

Density (g/cm3) 2.33 5.32 5.33

Lattice constant (Å) 5.43 5.65 5.65

Melting point (oC) 1415 1238 937

Si: 11.7
Dielectric constant 13.1 16.0
SiO2: 3.8

Bandgap energy (eV) 1.12 1.42 0.66

Electron affinity (V) 4.01 4.07 4.13

Effective density of states in

2.8 × 1019 4.7 × 1017 1.04 × 1019
conduction band, Nc (cm-3)

Effective density of states in valence

1.04 × 1019 7 .0 × 1018 6.0 × 1018
band, Nv (cm-3)

Intrinsic carrier concentration (cm-3) 1.5 × 1010 1.8 × 106 2.4 × 1013

Mobility (cm2/V-s)
Electron, µn 1350 8500 3900
Hole, µp 480 400 1900

END OF PAPER