A study on factors influencing the practice of integrity among police officers in police

department using the organizational culture theory: a case study at the royal malaysian police

in perlis, malaysia

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Integrity is a fundamental principle that encompasses honesty, moral uprightness, and

adherence to ethical standards. It is the quality of being consistent, reliable, and trustworthy

in one's actions, values, and principles, even in the face of adversity or temptation (Killinger,

2010). Integrity is essential in all aspects of life, from personal relationships to professional

conduct, and is particularly crucial in government enforcement agencies.

The concept of integrity has its roots in various philosophical and moral traditions. Aristotle,

in his work "Nicomachean Ethics," emphasized the importance of moral virtue and character

in achieving a good life (Aristotle, trans. 2009). Integrity is closely linked to the idea of moral

consistency, where an individual's actions align with their professed beliefs and values

(McFall, 1987).

In the context of government enforcement agencies, integrity is of utmost importance. These

agencies are entrusted with significant power and authority, and their actions directly impact

the lives of citizens. The public expects and deserves government enforcement agencies that

operate with the highest standards of integrity, as it is essential for maintaining trust and

legitimacy (Whitton, 2001).

Recent studies have highlighted the significance of integrity in government enforcement. A

2017 survey by the U.S. Office of Government Ethics found that 96% of federal employees

believe that it is important to behave ethically and with integrity in the workplace (U.S.

Office of Government Ethics, 2017). However, cases of misconduct and corruption in

government enforcement agencies have eroded public trust. For example, in 2019, the U.S.

Customs and Border Protection agency faced scrutiny after reports of unethical behavior by

its officers (Kanno-Youngs & Dickerson, 2019).

To address these concerns, many government enforcement agencies have implemented

integrity training programs and strict ethical codes of conduct. The U.S. Department of

Justice, for instance, has established the Public Integrity Section, which is responsible for

investigating and prosecuting corruption and misconduct by government officials (U.S.

Department of Justice, n.d.).

Furthermore, research has shown that individuals with higher levels of integrity are less likely

to engage in unethical behavior and are more likely to report misconduct by their colleagues

(Treviño, Weaver, & Reynolds, 2006). This emphasizes the importance of fostering a culture

of integrity within government enforcement agencies, as it can have a positive ripple effect on

the entire organization.

In conclusion, integrity is a vital principle that should guide the actions of all individuals,

especially those in positions of power and authority. Government enforcement agencies have

a particularly strong obligation to uphold integrity, as their actions directly impact public trust

and the well-being of communities. By prioritizing integrity through training, ethical codes of
conduct, and a strong organizational culture, government enforcement agencies can better

serve and protect the public while maintaining their legitimacy and credibility.

1.1.1 Police Department and the Practice of Integrity within the Organization

Police departments are a critical component of government organizations in a country,

serving as the primary law enforcement agency responsible for maintaining public order,

preventing crime, and protecting the rights and safety of citizens. The police force is often the

most visible and direct representation of the government's authority and its commitment to

upholding the rule of law (Mawby, 2002).

The modern concept of policing can be traced back to the early 19th century, with the

establishment of the London Metropolitan Police by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 (Emsley, 2014).

Peel's principles of policing, which emphasized the importance of crime prevention, public

approval, and the use of force only as a last resort, have served as a foundation for many

police departments worldwide (Lentz & Chaires, 2007).

The primary role of the police department is to enforce laws, investigate crimes, apprehend

offenders, and maintain public safety. However, the scope of police work has expanded over

time to include a wide range of social services, such as responding to emergencies, providing

assistance to vulnerable populations, and engaging in community outreach programs (Kelling

& Moore, 1988).

The relationship between the police and society is complex and multifaceted. On one hand,

the police rely on public cooperation and trust to effectively carry out their duties.
Community policing strategies, which emphasize collaboration between the police and the

public, have been shown to improve public perception of the police and reduce crime rates

(Gill, Weisburd, Telep, Vitter, & Bennett, 2014). On the other hand, incidents of police

misconduct, racial profiling, and excessive use of force have strained police-community

relations and eroded public trust in many countries (Weitzer & Tuch, 2004).

Integrity is a crucial element in the relationship between the police and society. As a

government organization entrusted with significant power and authority, the police

department must adhere to the highest standards of integrity to maintain public trust and

legitimacy (Hickman, Piquero, & Greene, 2016). Police officers are expected to demonstrate

honesty, fairness, and ethical behavior in their interactions with the public and in their

professional conduct (Klockars, Kutnjak Ivković, & Haberfeld, 2006).

Lack of integrity within police departments can have severe consequences, including the

erosion of public trust, reduced cooperation with law enforcement, and increased tension

between the police and the communities they serve. High-profile cases of police corruption,

misconduct, and excessive use of force have highlighted the need for robust internal

accountability mechanisms and external oversight to ensure the integrity of police

departments (Prenzler, 2009).

In conclusion, police departments play a vital role in society as the primary government

organization responsible for law enforcement and public safety. The relationship between the

police and the community is complex, and the concept of integrity is essential in maintaining

public trust and legitimacy. By prioritizing integrity through effective training, strict ethical
codes of conduct, and transparent accountability mechanisms, police departments can

strengthen their relationship with the public and better serve their communities.

1.1.2 The Issue of Integrity in Police Department

Integrity is a critical issue for police departments worldwide, as it directly impacts public

trust, legitimacy, and the effectiveness of law enforcement. Police officers are expected to

uphold the highest standards of ethical conduct and professionalism, but unfortunately, there

have been numerous cases of police misconduct and corruption that have undermined public

confidence in the police.

One notable case of police corruption is the Rampart scandal that occurred within the Los

Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in the late 1990s. The scandal involved a group of

corrupt officers from the department's Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums

(CRASH) unit, who were found to have engaged in various forms of misconduct, including

planting evidence, falsifying reports, and stealing drugs (Kaplan, 2009). The scandal led to

the overturning of over 100 criminal convictions and cost the city of Los Angeles an

estimated $125 million in settlements and legal fees (Stoltze, 2019).

Another high-profile case of police misconduct is the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis,

Minnesota, in May 2020. Floyd, a 46-year-old African American man, died after a white

police officer, Derek Chauvin, knelt on his neck for nearly nine minutes during an arrest (Hill

et al., 2020). The incident sparked nationwide protests against police brutality and systemic

racism, leading to calls for police reform and increased accountability. Chauvin was later

convicted of murder and sentenced to 22.5 years in prison (Levenson, 2021).

In the United Kingdom, the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) has faced criticism over

several integrity issues in recent years. In 2021, a serving MPS officer, Wayne Couzens, was

convicted of the kidnap, rape, and murder of Sarah Everard, a 33-year-old woman who was

walking home in London (Grierson, 2021). The case raised concerns about the vetting and

monitoring of police officers and led to calls for a fundamental overhaul of policing culture

within the MPS.

The issue of police integrity is not limited to high-profile cases of misconduct. A study by the

International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) found that between 2005 and 2011, there

were 6,724 arrests of police officers in the United States, with the most common offenses

being simple assault, driving under the influence, and aggravated assault (Stinson,

Liederbach, Lab, & Brewer, 2016). The study also found that the rate of officer arrests

increased over the seven-year period, highlighting the need for ongoing efforts to promote

integrity within police departments.

Efforts to enhance police integrity have included the implementation of body-worn cameras,

which have been shown to reduce incidents of use of force and complaints against officers

(Ariel, Farrar, & Sutherland, 2015). Some police departments have also established early

intervention systems to identify officers who may be at risk of engaging in misconduct and

provide them with additional training and support (Walker, 2005).

In conclusion, the issue of integrity in police departments is a significant concern that has far-

reaching consequences for public trust and the effectiveness of law enforcement. While high-

profile cases of police misconduct have garnered significant attention, the problem is not
limited to isolated incidents. Efforts to promote integrity within police departments must be

ongoing and multifaceted, addressing issues of recruitment, training, supervision, and

accountability. By prioritizing integrity and taking proactive steps to address misconduct,

police departments can work to rebuild public trust and better serve their communities.

1.1.3 Factors Influencing the Practice of Integrity among Police Officers in Police

Department

The practice of integrity among police officers is influenced by a complex interplay of

internal and external factors. Internal factors are those that exist within the police department,

such as organizational culture, leadership, and individual officer characteristics. External

factors, on the other hand, include societal pressures, public perception, and the broader legal

and political landscape. Understanding these factors is crucial for police authorities to

develop effective strategies for promoting and maintaining integrity within their ranks.

Internal Factors:

1. Organizational Culture: The culture within a police department plays a significant role in

shaping officers' attitudes and behaviors. A study by Wolfe and Piquero (2011) found that

officers who perceived their agency as having a supportive and ethical culture were less

likely to engage in misconduct. Conversely, a culture that tolerates or even encourages

unethical behavior can lead to widespread integrity issues (Kucukuysal, 2008).

2. Leadership: The role of leadership in promoting integrity cannot be overstated. Police

leaders who model ethical behavior, communicate clear expectations, and hold officers

accountable for misconduct can foster a culture of integrity (Schafer, 2010). A study by
Huberts, Kaptein, and Lasthuizen (2007) found that leadership style and the ethical climate

created by supervisors were strong predictors of integrity violations among Dutch police

officers.

3. Training and Education: Providing officers with comprehensive ethics training and

education can help instill a strong sense of integrity. A study by the National Institute of

Justice (2016) found that agencies that provided more hours of in-service training on ethics

and integrity had lower rates of officer misconduct. However, training alone is not sufficient;

it must be reinforced through consistent messaging and modeling of ethical behavior

(Blumberg, Schlosser, Papazoglou, Creighton, & Kaye, 2019).

4. Individual Officer Characteristics: Certain individual characteristics, such as age, education

level, and moral development, can influence an officer's propensity to engage in misconduct.

A study by Donner, Maskaly, and Thompson (2018) found that officers with higher levels of

education and moral reasoning were less likely to engage in unethical behavior. Additionally,

officers who have a strong sense of personal integrity and a commitment to ethical principles

are more likely to resist pressures to compromise their integrity (Miller & Schlenker, 2011).

External Factors:

1. Societal Pressures: Police officers operate within the broader context of society, and

societal pressures can influence their behavior. High-profile cases of police misconduct, such

as the death of George Floyd, have led to increased public scrutiny and demands for police

accountability (Weitzer, 2015). This pressure can motivate police departments to prioritize

integrity and implement reforms, but it can also create a defensive posture that hinders

transparency and accountability (Skolnick, 2002).

2. Public Perception: The public's perception of the police can impact officers' morale and

behavior. A study by the Pew Research Center (2020) found that public trust in the police has

declined in recent years, particularly among Black Americans. Low public trust can create an

"us vs. them" mentality among officers, which can lead to an erosion of integrity (Goldsmith,

2005). Conversely, positive public perception can reinforce officers' commitment to ethical

behavior and promote a sense of pride in their work (Tyler, 2011).

3. Legal and Political Landscape: The legal and political landscape in which police operate

can also influence integrity. Laws and policies that provide clear guidelines for officer

conduct and establish robust accountability mechanisms can help promote integrity (Walker

& Archbold, 2020). However, laws and policies that are overly restrictive or fail to account

for the realities of police work can create a sense of frustration and disillusionment among

officers (Skogan & Meares, 2004).

While both internal and external factors play a role in shaping police integrity, internal factors

are arguably the most significant and amenable to intervention by police authorities.

Organizational culture, in particular, has been identified as a key driver of police misconduct

(Armacost, 2004). A study by the National Institute of Justice (2015) found that

organizational culture was the most important factor in predicting officer misconduct, even

after controlling for individual officer characteristics and external factors.

Addressing organizational culture requires a comprehensive approach that involves

leadership, training, and accountability measures. Police leaders must set a tone of integrity at

the top and consistently model ethical behavior (Haberfeld, 2012). Training programs should
not only provide officers with the knowledge and skills to navigate ethical dilemmas but also

reinforce the importance of integrity through ongoing professional development (Wyatt-

Nichol & Franks, 2009). Accountability measures, such as early intervention systems and

robust internal affairs processes, can help identify and address integrity issues before they

escalate (Walker, 2005).

In conclusion, promoting and maintaining integrity among police officers is a complex

challenge that requires a multifaceted approach. While external factors such as societal

pressures and public perception can influence officer behavior, internal factors, particularly

organizational culture, are the most significant drivers of integrity. Police authorities must

prioritize creating a culture of integrity through leadership, training, and accountability

measures. By doing so, they can not only reduce incidents of misconduct but also build

public trust and legitimacy, which are essential for effective policing in a democratic society.

1.1.4 Background of Royal Malaysian Police

The Royal Malaysian Police (RMP), also known as Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM), is the

primary law enforcement agency in Malaysia. It is responsible for maintaining law and order,

preventing and detecting crime, and protecting the country's sovereignty and security. The

RMP has a long and storied history, dating back to the early 19th century, and has played a

crucial role in the development and stability of Malaysia.

The RMP is a federal agency under the purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is headed

by the Inspector-General of Police (IGP), who is appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong

(King of Malaysia) on the advice of the Prime Minister. The IGP is assisted by several
Deputy Inspectors-General and Directors of various departments within the RMP (Royal

Malaysian Police, 2023). The RMP is divided into several branches, including the Criminal

Investigation Department, Narcotics Criminal Investigation Department, Internal Security

and Public Order Department, and Special Branch, among others (Singh, 2023).

The history of the RMP can be traced back to 1807, when the first police force was

established in Penang by the British colonial government (Musa, 2023). Over the years, the

police force expanded to other parts of the country, and by the early 20th century, there were

several police forces in the Federated Malay States, the Straits Settlements, and the

Unfederated Malay States (Muhamad & Anuar, 2022). These forces were merged into the

Malayan Union Police in 1946, which later became the Federation of Malaya Police in 1948

(Royal Malaysian Police, 2023). After Malaysia gained independence in 1957, the police

force was renamed the Royal Malaysian Police.

As of 2023, the IGP of the RMP is Tan Sri Razaruddin Husain, who was appointed to the

position in March 2023 (Bernama, 2023). The RMP has a strength of approximately 142,000

personnel, making it one of the largest police forces in Southeast Asia (Singh, 2023). The

RMP is organized into several branches and departments, each with specific functions and

responsibilities. The main branches include the Management Department, Criminal

Investigation Department, Narcotics Criminal Investigation Department, Internal Security

and Public Order Department, Special Branch, and Commercial Crime Investigation

Department (Royal Malaysian Police, 2023).

The primary roles of the RMP are to maintain law and order, prevent and detect crime, and

protect the country's sovereignty and security. This includes conducting patrols, responding to
emergencies, investigating crimes, and gathering intelligence (Singh, 2023). The RMP also

plays a crucial role in counter-terrorism efforts, with the Special Branch taking the lead in

intelligence gathering and operations (Othman & Othman, 2023). Additionally, the RMP is

responsible for traffic management and road safety, as well as the protection of VIPs and key

installations (Royal Malaysian Police, 2023).

The RMP has made significant contributions to the development and stability of Malaysia.

One of its most notable achievements is its successful campaign against communist

insurgents during the Malayan Emergency (1948-1960) and the Second Malayan Emergency

(1968-1989) (Yaacob & Abdul Rahim, 2022). The RMP played a crucial role in gathering

intelligence and conducting operations against the insurgents, ultimately leading to the defeat

of the communist threat.

In recent years, the RMP has been at the forefront of the fight against terrorism, particularly

in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks and the rise of the Islamic State (ISIS) threat. The RMP's

Special Branch has been instrumental in foiling several terrorist plots and arresting numerous

suspects linked to terrorist groups (Othman & Othman, 2023). The RMP has also been

actively involved in international counter-terrorism efforts, collaborating with other countries

and international organizations to combat the global threat of terrorism (Ramli & Ahmad,

2023).

Apart from its security responsibilities, the RMP has also been involved in various

community policing initiatives aimed at building trust and fostering better relations with the

public. These initiatives include the establishment of community policing teams, the

implementation of the Safe City Program, and the launch of the Mobile Police Station (Royal
Malaysian Police, 2023). These efforts have helped to improve public perception of the police

and enhance cooperation between the RMP and the communities it serves.

In conclusion, the Royal Malaysian Police is a vital institution that has played a significant

role in the development and stability of Malaysia. With a long and distinguished history, the

RMP continues to adapt to new challenges and evolve to meet the changing needs of the

country. As Malaysia continues to progress and face new security threats, the RMP will

undoubtedly continue to play a crucial role in safeguarding the nation and its people.

1.1.5 Royal Malaysia Police in the State of Perlis

The Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) in the state of Perlis plays a crucial role in maintaining

law and order, ensuring public safety, and safeguarding the state's internal security. Perlis, the

smallest state in Malaysia, has unique challenges that the RMP must address due to its

geographical location and socio-economic factors.

Perlis is a constitutional monarchy, with the Raja of Perlis serving as the head of state. The

state government is led by a Menteri Besar, who is appointed by the Raja (Perlis State

Government, 2023). Perlis has a predominantly agricultural economy, with a focus on rice

cultivation and rubber plantations (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2023). The state has a

population of approximately 254,400 people, with a majority being ethnic Malays, followed

by Chinese and Indians (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2023).

Perlis shares a border with Thailand, which makes it vulnerable to cross-border crime, drug

trafficking, and illegal immigration (Musa, 2023). The porous nature of the border and the
existence of traditional routes have facilitated the movement of criminals and contraband

between the two countries (Othman, 2022). The RMP in Perlis has to remain vigilant and

collaborate with other agencies, such as the Border Security Agency (AKSEM) and the

Malaysian Armed Forces, to address these challenges (Royal Malaysian Police, 2023).

The RMP in Perlis is headed by the Chief Police Officer (CPO), who is responsible for

overseeing the overall operations and administration of the police force in the state. As of

2023, the CPO of Perlis is Commissioner Datuk muhammad Abdul Halim (Royal Malaysian

Police, 2023). The state is divided into three districts: Arau, Kangar, and Padang Besar, each

with its own District Police Chief (Royal Malaysian Police, 2023). The District Police Chiefs

are as follows (Royal Malaysian Police, 2023):

1. Arau District: Superintendent Ahmad Mohsin Md Rodi

2. Kangar District: Assistant Commissioner Yusharifuddin Mohd Yusop

3. Padang Besar District: Assistant Commissioner Mohd Shokri Abdullah

The RMP in Perlis is tasked with maintaining internal security and addressing various threats,

including drug trafficking, human trafficking, and terrorism (Musa, 2023). The state's

proximity to the Thai border has made it a transit point for drug smuggling, particularly

methamphetamine (ya ba) and heroin (Othman, 2022). The RMP works closely with the

National Anti-Drugs Agency (AADK) to combat drug abuse and trafficking in the state

(Royal Malaysian Police, 2023).

Perlis has also been identified as a potential transit point for human trafficking, with victims

being smuggled across the border for labor or sexual exploitation (Zakariah, 2022). The RMP

collaborates with the Malaysian Immigration Department and non-governmental

organizations to identify and assist victims of human trafficking (Royal Malaysian Police,

2023).

Maintaining integrity among police officers is a priority for the RMP in Perlis. The force has

implemented various measures to promote ethical conduct and prevent corruption, such as the

Integrity and Standard Compliance Department (JIPS) and the Independent Police

Complaints and Misconduct Commission (IPCMC) (Royal Malaysian Police, 2023). Regular

training and awareness programs are conducted to reinforce the importance of integrity and

professionalism among officers (Musa, 2023).

However, incidents of misconduct and corruption among police officers in Perlis have been

reported in recent years. In 2022, a police corporal in Kangar was arrested for allegedly

soliciting bribes from a drug suspect (Zakariah, 2022). The RMP takes a stern approach to

such cases and has emphasized its commitment to weeding out corrupt officers and upholding

the integrity of the force (Royal Malaysian Police, 2023).

The Royal Malaysian Police in the state of Perlis faces unique challenges due to the state's

geographical location, socio-economic factors, and internal security concerns. The RMP's

organizational setup and senior leadership are structured to address these challenges

effectively. Maintaining integrity among police officers remains a crucial aspect of the RMP's

mission to serve and protect the people of Perlis. As the state continues to develop and face

new security threats, the RMP will need to adapt and strengthen its capabilities to ensure the

safety and well-being of the community.

1.1.6 Royal Malaysian Police and the Issue of Integrity

The Royal Malaysia Police (RMP) is the primary law enforcement agency in Malaysia,

responsible for maintaining public order, preventing and detecting crime, and enforcing the

law. With a workforce of over 130,000 personnel, the RMP is one of the largest police forces

in Southeast Asia (RMP, 2021). However, the RMP has been grappling with the issue of

integrity among its officers, which has eroded public trust and undermined the effectiveness

of the police force.

Police integrity, which refers to the normative inclination among police to resist temptations

to abuse the rights and privileges of their occupation (Klockars et al., 2006), is a crucial

component of effective law enforcement. When police officers engage in misconduct,

corruption, or abuse of power, it erodes public trust and undermines the legitimacy of the

police organization (Punch, 2000). In Malaysia, the issue of police integrity has been a

persistent concern, with numerous incidents of misconduct reported over the years.

One of the most high-profile cases of police misconduct in recent years involved the former

Inspector-General of Police (IGP), Tan Sri Abdul Hamid Bador. In April 2021, Abdul Hamid

alleged that there was a "cartel" of corrupt officers within the RMP involved in criminal

activities, including protecting illegal gambling syndicates and selling drugs (Yunus, 2021).

Another prominent case involved the arrest of six high-ranking police officers in 2019 for

their alleged involvement in a protection racket for illegal gambling syndicates (Bernama,

2019).

Police brutality and excessive use of force have also been recurring issues. In 2020, a police

officer was caught on video assaulting a civilian during a roadblock incident (Sukumaran,
2020). Other cases include the death of a detainee in police custody in 2019 (Mok, 2019) and

the alleged beating of a suspect by police officers in 2018 (Tang, 2018).

The persistence of police misconduct and corruption has eroded public trust in the RMP. A

2020 survey by Transparency International Malaysia found that 57% of respondents

perceived the police as the most corrupt institution in the country (Transparency International

Malaysia, 2020). Similarly, a 2019 survey by the Merdeka Center revealed that only 59% of

Malaysians had confidence in the police, a significant drop from 76% in 2018 (Merdeka

Center, 2019). This erosion of public trust undermines the effectiveness of the RMP in

carrying out its duties and maintaining public order.

The Malaysian government has taken steps to address the issue of police integrity. In 2009,

the Enforcement Agency Integrity Commission (EAIC) was established to oversee and

investigate complaints of misconduct against enforcement agencies, including the police

(EAIC, 2021). The RMP has also implemented internal control measures, such as the

Integrity and Standards Compliance Department (JIPS), to monitor and enforce professional

standards among its officers (RMP, 2021). However, experts argue that more comprehensive

reforms are needed to address the underlying organizational and institutional factors that

contribute to police misconduct (Punch, 2000; Cordner, 2017).

This study aims to contribute to the understanding of factors influencing the practice of

integrity among police officers in the RMP, using organizational culture theory as a

theoretical framework. By examining the organizational culture of the RMP and its impact on

officers' integrity practices, the study seeks to provide insights into the complex interplay

between individual, organizational, and institutional factors that shape police behavior.
The findings of this study can inform evidence-based strategies for promoting a culture of

integrity within the RMP. By identifying the key elements of organizational culture that

influence officers' integrity practices, the study can help policymakers and police leaders

design targeted interventions to foster ethical behavior and reduce misconduct. Additionally,

the study can contribute to the broader literature on police integrity and organizational

culture, providing a contextualized understanding of these issues in the Malaysian setting.

In conclusion, the issue of integrity among police officers in the Royal Malaysia Police is a

significant challenge that has eroded public trust and undermined the effectiveness of the

police force. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach that goes beyond

individual-level interventions and addresses the underlying organizational and institutional

factors that contribute to police misconduct. By examining the organizational culture of the

RMP and its impact on officers' integrity practices, this study aims to contribute to the

development of evidence-based strategies for promoting police integrity in Malaysia.

1.2 Problem Statement

Integrity is a fundamental principle that is essential for maintaining public trust and

confidence in law enforcement agencies. Police officers are expected to adhere to the highest

standards of ethical conduct and professionalism in carrying out their duties. However,

incidents of police misconduct and corruption have eroded public trust in many countries,

including Malaysia. The Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) has faced criticism in recent years

over issues related to integrity and misconduct among its officers (Transparency International

Malaysia, 2021).
The lack of integrity among police officers is a significant concern that deserves further

academic attention. Police misconduct and corruption undermine public trust, hinder effective

policing, and damage the reputation of the police force (Othman & Othman, 2023). Despite

various efforts to promote integrity within the RMP, such as the establishment of the Integrity

and Standard Compliance Department (JIPS) and the Independent Police Complaints and

Misconduct Commission (IPCMC), incidents of misconduct and corruption persist (Royal

Malaysian Police, 2023).

The fundamental issue of this study is to identify the factors that influence the practice of

integrity among police officers in the RMP, particularly in the state of Perlis. Organizational

culture theory suggests that an organization's values, beliefs, and norms shape the behavior of

its members (Schein, 2017). Therefore, understanding the organizational culture of the RMP

in Perlis and how it affects the practice of integrity among its officers is crucial for addressing

the issue of police misconduct and corruption.

One of the primary research gaps in this study is the lack of empirical evidence on the factors

influencing the practice of integrity among police officers in the specific context of Perlis,

Malaysia. While there have been studies on police integrity in Malaysia (e.g., Akhbar &

Yusoff, 2021; Muhamad & Muhamad, 2022), there is a need for a more focused examination

of the issue in the unique socio-cultural and geographical context of Perlis, which shares a

border with Thailand and faces specific challenges related to cross-border crime and security

threats (Musa, 2023).

The intended contribution of this study is twofold. First, it aims to provide a comprehensive

understanding of the factors that influence the practice of integrity among police officers in

the RMP, Perlis, based on the organizational culture theory. By identifying the specific

cultural elements that promote or hinder integrity, the study can inform targeted interventions

and strategies to enhance ethical conduct within the police force.

Second, the study seeks to contribute to the broader discourse on police integrity and

accountability in Malaysia and beyond. By highlighting the challenges and best practices in

promoting integrity within the RMP, Perlis, the study can provide valuable insights for

policymakers, police leaders, and researchers working on similar issues in other contexts.

In conclusion, this study aims to address the critical issue of integrity among police officers

in the RMP, Perlis, by examining the factors that influence their ethical conduct through the

lens of organizational culture theory. By filling the research gap on this specific context and

providing evidence-based recommendations for enhancing integrity, the study seeks to

contribute to the ongoing efforts to strengthen public trust and accountability in law

enforcement agencies in Malaysia and beyond.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 General Objective:

The general objective of this study is to examine the factors influencing the practice of

integrity among police officers in the Royal Malaysian Police (RMP), Perlis, using the

organizational culture theory.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives:

Based on the problem statement and the general objective, the following specific objectives

have been formulated for this study:

1. To identify the key elements of organizational culture that influence the practice of

integrity among police officers in the RMP, Perlis.

2. To analyze the relationship between organizational culture and the practice of integrity

among police officers in the RMP, Perlis.

3. To propose recommendations for enhancing the practice of integrity among police officers

in the RMP, Perlis, based on the findings of the study.

1.3.3 Proposed Argument

The proposed argument of this study is that organizational culture plays a significant role in

shaping the practice of integrity among police officers in the Royal Malaysian Police (RMP),

Perlis. By examining the dominant dimensions of organizational culture within the RMP,

Perlis, using the Competing Values Framework (CVF), the study aims to demonstrate how

these cultural dimensions influence the ethical decision-making and conduct of police officers

in their daily work.

The study argues that understanding the relationship between organizational culture and the

practice of integrity is crucial for developing effective strategies to promote and sustain

ethical behavior within the police force. It posits that certain cultural dimensions, such as a
clan culture that emphasizes teamwork and mutual support, may foster a stronger sense of

accountability and integrity among officers. In contrast, other cultural dimensions, such as a

hierarchy culture that prioritizes rules and regulations, may lead to a more compliance-

oriented approach to integrity (Othman & Othman, 2023).

The study aims to show that by identifying the dominant cultural dimensions within the RMP,

Perlis, and analyzing their relationship with the practice of integrity, it is possible to propose

targeted recommendations for fostering an organizational culture that promotes integrity

among police officers. These recommendations will be based on the insights gained from the

analysis and will focus on strategies for strengthening the cultural dimensions that are

positively associated with integrity (Musa, 2023).

1.3.4 Intended Outcome

The intended outcome of this study is to contribute to the development of evidence-based

strategies for promoting and sustaining integrity within the RMP, Perlis, and potentially other

law enforcement agencies in Malaysia and beyond. By providing a comprehensive

understanding of the factors influencing the practice of integrity among police officers

through the lens of organizational culture theory, the study seeks to inform policy and

practice in several ways:

1. The findings of the study will help to identify the specific cultural dimensions that are most

conducive to promoting integrity within the RMP, Perlis. This knowledge can be used to

develop targeted interventions and training programs that focus on strengthening these

cultural dimensions and reinforcing ethical values and behaviors among police officers.
2. The recommendations proposed by the study will provide practical guidance for police

leaders and policymakers on how to foster an organizational culture that supports and sustains

integrity. These recommendations may include strategies for improving communication,

enhancing accountability, and recognizing and rewarding ethical conduct (Cameron & Quinn,

2011).

3. The study will contribute to the broader discourse on police integrity and accountability in

Malaysia and beyond. By highlighting the importance of organizational culture in shaping

ethical behavior within law enforcement agencies, the study may inspire further research and

policy initiatives aimed at promoting integrity and public trust in the police force.

In conclusion, the proposed argument of this study is that organizational culture is a key

factor influencing the practice of integrity among police officers in the RMP, Perlis. By

examining this relationship through the lens of the Competing Values Framework and

proposing evidence-based recommendations, the study aims to contribute to the development

of effective strategies for promoting and sustaining integrity within the police force,

ultimately enhancing public trust and confidence in law enforcement.

1.4 Research Questions

Based on the specific objectives provided, the following research questions can be

formulated:
1. What are the key elements of organizational culture that influence the practice of integrity

among police officers in the RMP, Perlis?

2. How does organizational culture relate to the practice of integrity among police officers in

the RMP, Perlis?

3. What recommendations can be proposed to enhance the practice of integrity among police

officers in the RMP, Perlis, based on the findings of the study?

1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study

1.5.1 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on examining the factors influencing the practice of integrity among

police officers in the Royal Malaysian Police (RMP), Perlis, using the organizational culture

theory. The scope of the study is limited to the police officers serving in the RMP, Perlis, and

the organizational culture within this specific police contingent. The study will be conducted

within a time frame of three years, from 2021 to 2023, to ensure that the findings and

recommendations are based on the most recent and relevant data.

The study will employ the Competing Values Framework (CVF) to identify the dominant

dimensions of organizational culture within the RMP, Perlis. The CVF is a well-established

and widely used model for assessing organizational culture, which categorizes culture into

four main types: clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy (Cameron & Quinn, 2011). By using
this framework, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the cultural

dimensions that shape the practice of integrity among police officers in the RMP, Perlis.

The study will also analyze the relationship between the identified organizational culture

dimensions and the practice of integrity among police officers. This analysis will involve

examining how the dominant cultural dimensions influence the ethical decision-making and

conduct of officers in their daily work. The study will draw upon recent research and data on

police integrity and organizational culture to support its findings and conclusions (Othman &

Othman, 2023; Musa, 2023).

Based on the findings of the study, recommendations will be proposed for enhancing the

practice of integrity among police officers in the RMP, Perlis. These recommendations will

focus on strategies for fostering an organizational culture that promotes and sustains ethical

behavior within the police force. The recommendations will be tailored to the specific needs

and challenges of the RMP, Perlis, and will be based on the insights gained from the analysis

of organizational culture and integrity.

1.5.2 Limitations of the Study

While this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing

the practice of integrity among police officers in the RMP, Perlis, it is subject to certain

limitations. These limitations include:

1. The study is limited to the police officers serving in the RMP, Perlis, and may not be

generalizable to other police contingents or law enforcement agencies in Malaysia or beyond.

Each police contingent may have its own unique organizational culture and challenges, which

may require different approaches to promoting integrity (Musa, 2023).

2. The study relies on the Competing Values Framework as its primary theoretical framework

for assessing organizational culture. While the CVF is a well-established and widely used

model, it may not capture all the nuances and complexities of organizational culture within

the RMP, Perlis (Cameron & Quinn, 2011).

3. The study is conducted within a time frame of three years, from 2021 to 2023. While this

time frame ensures that the findings and recommendations are based on the most recent and

relevant data, it may not capture longer-term trends or changes in organizational culture and

integrity within the RMP, Perlis.

4. The study relies on self-reported data from police officers, which may be subject to social

desirability bias. Police officers may be reluctant to report unethical behavior or may provide

responses that they believe are socially acceptable, which may affect the accuracy of the

findings (Klockars, Kutnjak Ivkovich, & Haberfeld, 2004).

Despite these limitations, the study aims to provide valuable insights into the factors

influencing the practice of integrity among police officers in the RMP, Perlis, and to propose

evidence-based recommendations for promoting and sustaining ethical behavior within the

police force. The findings of the study can serve as a foundation for future research and

policy initiatives aimed at enhancing police integrity and accountability in Malaysia and

beyond.
1.6 Significances of the Study

This study on factors influencing the practice of integrity among police officers in the Royal

Malaysian Police (RMP), Perlis, using organizational culture theory, holds significant

importance for various stakeholders and contributes to the existing body of knowledge in

several ways.

Firstly, the study addresses a critical issue that has far-reaching implications for the

effectiveness and legitimacy of law enforcement in Malaysia. Police integrity is a

fundamental prerequisite for maintaining public trust and confidence in the police force

(Cossette, 2020). However, incidents of police misconduct and corruption have eroded public

trust in the RMP in recent years. A 2020 survey by Transparency International Malaysia

found that 57% of respondents perceived the police as the most corrupt institution in the

country (Transparency International Malaysia, 2020). By examining the factors that influence

the practice of integrity among police officers in the RMP, Perlis, this study can contribute to

the development of evidence-based strategies for promoting ethical conduct and reducing

misconduct within the police force.

Secondly, the study contributes to the theoretical understanding of the relationship between

organizational culture and police integrity. While previous studies have examined the

influence of organizational culture on police behavior (e.g., Cordner, 2017; Ingram et al.,

2018), there is a lack of research specifically focusing on the context of the RMP in Malaysia.

By applying the Competing Values Framework to assess the organizational culture of the

RMP, Perlis, this study provides a nuanced understanding of how different cultural

dimensions may influence the practice of integrity among police officers. This theoretical
contribution can inform future research on police integrity and organizational culture in other

contexts.

Thirdly, the findings of this study can have practical implications for police leaders and

policymakers in Malaysia. By identifying the key elements of organizational culture that

influence the practice of integrity among police officers, the study can help police leaders

design targeted interventions and training programs to foster a culture of integrity within the

RMP. For example, if the study finds that a clan culture, which emphasizes teamwork and

mutual support, is positively associated with police integrity, police leaders can implement

strategies to strengthen these cultural values within the organization. Similarly, policymakers

can use the findings of the study to develop evidence-based policies and guidelines for

promoting police integrity and accountability.

Fourthly, the study can benefit the police officers themselves by providing insights into how

organizational culture shapes their attitudes and behaviors related to integrity. By raising

awareness about the importance of integrity and the factors that influence its practice, the

study can encourage police officers to reflect on their own conduct and take proactive steps to

uphold ethical standards in their work. This self-reflection and awareness can contribute to

the overall enhancement of police professionalism and integrity.

Finally, the study has significance for the broader public and society in Malaysia. Public trust

and confidence in the police are essential for effective law enforcement and the maintenance

of social order (Tyler, 2017). By contributing to the development of strategies for promoting

police integrity, this study can help restore public trust in the RMP and enhance the overall
legitimacy of law enforcement in Malaysia. This, in turn, can lead to better cooperation

between the police and the public, improved crime reporting, and a safer society for all.

In conclusion, this study on factors influencing the practice of integrity among police officers

in the RMP, Perlis, using organizational culture theory, has significant implications for police

leaders, policymakers, police officers, and the broader public in Malaysia. By providing a

comprehensive understanding of the relationship between organizational culture and police

integrity, the study can inform evidence-based strategies for promoting ethical conduct and

reducing misconduct within the police force. Ultimately, this can contribute to the

enhancement of police professionalism, public trust, and the overall effectiveness of law

enforcement in Malaysia.

1.7 Structure of the Study

This study on factors influencing the practice of integrity among police officers in the Royal

Malaysian Police (RMP), Perlis, using organizational culture theory, is organized into five

main chapters. Each chapter serves a specific purpose and contributes to the overall

coherence and logical flow of the research.

Chapter 1: Introduction

The introductory chapter provides a comprehensive background on the issue of integrity in

police departments, with a specific focus on the Royal Malaysian Police. It highlights the

significance of integrity in law enforcement and the consequences of police misconduct and

corruption. The chapter also introduces the specific context of the RMP in Perlis, discussing

the unique challenges faced by the police force in this state. The problem statement, research
objectives, research questions, and the scope and limitations of the study are clearly outlined

in this chapter. Additionally, the significance of the study and its potential contributions to

theory, practice, and policy are discussed.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

The second chapter presents a thorough review of the existing literature on police integrity,

organizational culture, and the application of organizational culture theory in the context of

law enforcement. The chapter begins by defining key concepts such as integrity, police

misconduct, and organizational culture. It then examines the various factors that influence

police integrity, including individual, organizational, and societal factors. The chapter also

discusses the Competing Values Framework, which serves as the theoretical foundation for

this study. Relevant empirical studies on police integrity and organizational culture are

reviewed, and research gaps are identified. The chapter concludes by presenting a conceptual

framework that illustrates the hypothesized relationships between organizational culture

dimensions and police integrity.

Chapter 3: Methodology of the Study

The third chapter provides a detailed description of the research methodology employed in

this study. The chapter begins by justifying the use of a qualitative research design,

specifically a case study approach, to examine the factors influencing police integrity in the

RMP, Perlis. The selection of participants, sampling techniques, and sample size are

discussed. Data collection methods, including semi-structured interviews and document

analysis, are described in detail. The chapter also outlines the data analysis procedures, which

involve thematic analysis and the use of qualitative data analysis software. Issues of

trustworthiness, including credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability, are

addressed. Finally, ethical considerations, such as informed consent, confidentiality, and the

protection of participants' rights, are discussed.

Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

The fourth chapter presents the findings of the study and discusses them in relation to the

research questions and the existing literature. The chapter begins by providing an overview of

the participants' demographic characteristics and the organizational context of the RMP in

Perlis. The dominant organizational culture dimensions, as identified through the analysis of

interview data and organizational documents, are described. The chapter then examines how

these cultural dimensions influence the practice of integrity among police officers in the

RMP, Perlis. Specific themes and sub-themes that emerged from the data are discussed, and

illustrative quotes from participants are provided to support the findings. The chapter also

discusses any unexpected or contradictory findings and offers possible explanations for these

results. The findings are then interpreted in light of the existing literature and the study's

conceptual framework.

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation

The final chapter summarizes the main findings of the study and draws conclusions based on

these findings. The chapter revisits the research questions and discusses how the study has

addressed them. The theoretical, practical, and policy implications of the study are discussed,

highlighting the potential contributions of the research to the field of police integrity and

organizational culture. Recommendations for promoting a culture of integrity within the

RMP, Perlis, are provided, based on the insights gained from the study. These

recommendations may include strategies for leadership development, training and education,

performance management, and accountability mechanisms. The chapter also acknowledges

the limitations of the study and suggests avenues for future research. Finally, the chapter

concludes with a reflection on the overall significance of the study and its potential impact on

law enforcement in Malaysia and beyond.

CHAPTER 2

Introduction of the Chapter

Review of Existing Literature

Research Gaps

Definition of Key Terms

Theory of the Study

Framework of Analysis

CHAPTER 3

Introduction of the Chapter

Research Design

Research Sampling

Research Data

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Validity and Reliability

Ethical Consideration

REFERENCES