Medical Term Chapter05

Chapter 5
The Skeletal System
Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Word Parts
Arthr/o Joint Kinesi/o Movement

Brachi/o Arm My/o Muscle
Carp/o Wrist Myel/o Bone marrow
Cervic/o Neck Orth/o Straight
Chondr/o Cartilage Os/te/o Bone
Cost/o Rib Ped/o Foot, Child
Crani/o Cranium Spondyl/o Vertebrae
Dactyl/o Finger, Toe Thorac/o Chest

Structure and Function #1
 Skeleton
o 206 bones
o Rigid but articulating (movable at joints) framework
for muscles and other tissues
o Protects vital organs
o Stores minerals
o Makes blood cells

 Skeleton divided into two parts: axial and appendicular

o Axial
 Skull
 Chest
 Spinal column

 Skeleton divided into two parts: axial and appendicular

o Appendicular
 Arms
 Legs
 Shoulder
 Pelvic bones


 Ligaments: bands of tissue that connect two bones

together
 Tendons: attach muscles to bone
 Joints (articulations): places where bones come together

 Ossification
o Bone formation
o Begins early in fetal development when skeleton is
composed mostly of cartilage
o Osseous tissue: connective tissue with mature bone
cells called osteocytes

 Parts of the long bone:

o Diaphysis—shaft
o Epiphysis—each end of a long bone
o Epiphyseal plate—growth area of a long bone
o Medullary cavity—inside of the diaphysis
o Marrow—tissue that produces blood cells

 Compact bone—hard, dense bone and makes up

diaphysis
 Spongy bone—mesh-like bone tissue found in epiphyses
 Periosteum—membrane covering the bone surfaces
 Endosteum—inner surface of medullary cavity lined with
thin layer of cells


 Axial skeleton
o Cranium (head)
o Thorax
o Vertebral column
o Cranial bones enclose and protect brain
 Frontal bone; two parietal bones; two temporal
bones; occipital bone
 Joined by cranial sutures

 Main facial bones:

o Nasal bone—forms the bridge of the nose
o Zygomatic bones—form the cheeks
o Maxilla—immovable upper jawbone
o Mandible—movable lower jawbone


 Thorax
o Breastplate or thoracic cage
o 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 ribs, costal (rib) cartilages,
sternum
o Major organs inside thoracic cage: heart and lungs
o Rib pairs attached to correspondingly numbered
vertebrae (back bones)


 Spinal column
o Five sections of vertebrae
o Prefix letter (C for cervical, T for thoracic, L for
lumbar), followed by number indicating placement on
column
 7 cervical vertebrae
 12 thoracic vertebrae
 5 lumbar vertebrae

 Spinal column
o At the base of spinal column are the sacrum and
coccyx
o Sacrum formed by five fused sacral vertebrae
o Coccyx contains three to five fused coccygeal
vertebrae


 Appendicular skeleton
o Body’s appendages (upper limbs and lower limbs)
o Areas to which appendages are attached: shoulder
and pelvic girdles
o Clavicle: collarbone
o Scapula: shoulder blade


o Humerus: long arm bone extending from shoulder
and ending at elbow
o Forearm: ulna and radius
o Wrist: eight bones in two rows, called carpal bones
o Metacarpals: hand bones
o Phalanges: bones that make up the fingers


o Hip bone (os coxae): fusion of three bones—ilium,
ischium, pubis
o Femur: long bone that extends from hip to knee
o Tibia and fibula: long bones that extend from knee to
ankle
o Talus: ankle bone
o Patella: kneecap



 Joints
o Or articulation is place where bones come together
o Synarthrosis: joint with no movement (cranium)
o Amphiarthrosis: joint with little movement
(vertebrae)
o Diarthrosis or synovial: joint with free movement
(knee)

 Joints
o Cartilage: connective tissue that enables movement
o Bursae: spaces within connective tissue filled with
synovial fluid


Disorders Related to the Skeletal System
#1
 Sprain: tear in a ligament

 Fractures: broken bone
o Simple fracture (closed fracture): no open skin
o Compound fracture (open fracture): broken bone
protrudes through the skin

#2

#3

#4

#5
 Bone disorders
o Osteomyelitis: inflammation caused by bacteria
o Osteoporosis: decrease in bone density and mass
o Rickets: causing bowed legs in children
o Osteomalacia: bone softening in adulthood
o Osteosarcoma: tumor of the bone
o Chondrosarcoma: tumor that arises in cartilage

#6
 Joint disorders
o Arthritis: joint inflammation
o Osteoarthritis: general wear and tear on joints
o Rheumatoid arthritis (RA: immunologic abnormality)

#7
 Spine disorders
o Herniated disc: disc that protrudes into vertebral
canal and puts pressure on spinal nerve
o Kyphosis (humpback): compression fractures of
vertebrae
o Lordosis: abnormal curvature in lumbar region
o Scoliosis: sideways curvature of spine

#8

Diagnostic Tests, Treatments, and
Surgical Procedures
 Reduction: realignment of broken bone

 Traction: elastics or pulley and weights to maintain
alignment
 Casts and splints to immobilize broken bone
 Medication for pain and inflammation and/or physical
therapy
 Arthrocentesis: drains fluid and relieves pressure in joint

Practice and Practitioners
 Orthopedics: orthopedic medicine

 Orthopedic surgeons: coordinate patient care with
physical therapists, occupational therapists, kinesiologists
 Rheumatologist: physician who specializes in treatment
of joint disorders and arthritic conditions

Abbreviations

Practice Exercise #1
What is a compound fracture?

Answer to Practice Exercise #1
A compound fracture involves a break in the bone that

protrudes through the skin.

Practice #2
What is scoliosis?

Answer to Practice #2
Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine.

Practice #3
 Identify these word parts:

o carp/o
o lumb/o
o phalang/o
o dactyl/o
o brachi/o
o myel/o

 Identify these word parts:

o carp/o: wrist
o lumb/o: lower back
o phalang/o: bones of fingers and toes
o dactyl/o: fingers, toes
o brachi/o: arm
o myel/o: bone marrow

Practice #4
 Identify these abbreviations:

o ACL
o ROM
o Fx
o TKA

 Identify these abbreviations:

o ACL: anterior cruciate ligament
o ROM: range of motion
o Fx: fracture
o TKA: total knee arthroplasty

Practice #5
 Analyze this term:
Amphiarthrosis

Analyze this term:

Amphi- arthr/ -osis
↓ ↓ ↓
P R S
↓ ↓ ↓
Both Joint Abnormal

sides condition
Amphiarthrosis is a joint with

little movement.

Practice #6
Osteogenesis

Oste/ o/ -genesis
↓ ↓ ↓
R CV S
↓ ↓
Bone origin
Osteogenesis refers to the

formation of bone.

Practice #7
Arthralgia

Arthr -algia
↓ ↓
R S
↓ ↓
Joint pain
Arthralgia is pain in a joint.

Practice #8
Osteomalacia

Oste/ o/ -malacia
↓ ↓ ↓
R CV S
↓ ↓
Bone softening
Osteomalacia is softening of the

bone.
Practice #9
Arthroscopy

Arthr/ o/ -scopy
↓ ↓ ↓
R CV S
↓ ↓
Joint Use of
instrumen
t for
viewing
Arthroscopy is an examination of the inside of a joint viewed with

an instrument.
Practice #10
Costectomy

Cost -ectomy
↓ ↓
R S
↓ ↓
Ribs Surgical
removal of
Costectomy is the surgical

removal of a rib.

Medical Term Chapter05

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Chapter 5

The Skeletal System

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Arthr/o Joint Kinesi/o Movement

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

 Skeleton divided into two parts: axial and appendicular

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

 Skeleton divided into two parts: axial and appendicular

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

 Ligaments: bands of tissue that connect two bones

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

 Parts of the long bone:

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

 Compact bone—hard, dense bone and makes up

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

 Main facial bones:

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

 Sprain: tear in a ligament

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Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

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Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

 Reduction: realignment of broken bone

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 Orthopedics: orthopedic medicine

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

What is a compound fracture?

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

A compound fracture involves a break in the bone that

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine.

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

 Identify these word parts:

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

 Identify these word parts:

Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved

 Identify these abbreviations: