AP CALCULUS AB

STUFF YOU
MUST
KNOW
COLD
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As you prepare your students for the AP Calculus AB Exam, here’s an adaptation to Sean Bird’s
“Stuff You Must Know Cold” handout. (http://covenantchristian.org/bird/Calculus.htm) Formulas,
Theorems, and Other concepts necessary for success for the Calculus AB student. You will find
additional resources, including a PowerPoint version, a Word document in color, as well as AP
Calculus BC topics on his website.

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STUFF YOU MUST KNOW COLD . . .

Alternate Definition of the Derivative: Intermediate Value Theorem

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐) If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], and y is a

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑐𝑐) = lim number between 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) and 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏), then there exists at
𝑥𝑥 →𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐
least one number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 in the open interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)
such that 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐) = 𝑦𝑦.

Basic Derivatives

𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛
(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(sin 𝑥𝑥) = cos 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(cos 𝑥𝑥) = − sin 𝑥𝑥 Mean Value Theorem
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], AND the
(tan 𝑥𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥𝑥 first derivative exists on the interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) then there
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
is at least one number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 in (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) such that
𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏)− 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎)
(cot 𝑥𝑥) = − csc 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑐𝑐) = .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏−𝑎𝑎

𝑑𝑑
(sec 𝑥𝑥) = sec 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(csc 𝑥𝑥) = − csc 𝑥𝑥 cot 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(ln 𝑢𝑢) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Rolle’s Theorem
(𝑒𝑒 ) = 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Where u is a function of x, If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], AND the
and a is a constant. first derivative exists on the interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) AND
𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏), then there is at least one number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐
in (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) such that 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑐𝑐) = 0 .
Differentiation Rules
Chain Rule: Extreme Value Theorem
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
[𝑓𝑓(𝑢𝑢)] = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑢𝑢) OR = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is
continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏],
Product Rule: then the function is
𝑑𝑑
(𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) = 𝑢𝑢
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 OR 𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑣 𝑢𝑢′ guaranteed to have
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 an absolute maximum
and an absolute
Quotient Rule: minimum on the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣 − 𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣 𝑢𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣 ′ interval.
� �= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
OR
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑣𝑣 2
 Derivative of an Inverse Function: First Derivative:
If f has an inverse function g then:
1 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 function is increasing.
𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = ′
𝑓𝑓 (𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)) 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 function is decreasing.
derivatives are reciprocal slopes 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 or DNE: Critical Values at x.
Relative Maximum: 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 or DNE and sign of
Implicit Differentiation 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) changes from + to − .
Remember that in implicit differentiation Relative Minimum: 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 or DNE and sign of
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
you will have a 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 for each y in the original 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) changes from − to + .
function or equation. Isolate the 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 . If you
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Absolute Max or Min:
𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦 MUST CHECK ENDPOINTS ALSO
are taking the second derivative 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 , you
will often substitute the expression you The maximum value is a y-value.
found for the first derivative somewhere
in the process.
Second Derivative:
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 function is concave up.
Average Rate of Change ARoC:
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 function is concave down.
𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎)
𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 and sign of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) changes, then there is a
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎
point of inflection at x.
Instantaneous Rate of Change IRoC: Relative Maximum: 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0
Relative Minimum: 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Write the equation of a tangent line
Curve Sketching And Analysis at a point:
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) must be continuous at each: You need a slope (derivative) and a point.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑚 (𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 )
Critical point: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 or undefined
LOOK OUT FOR ENDPOINTS
Local minimum: Horizontal Asymptotes:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦 1. If the largest exponent in the
goes (−, 0, +) or (−, 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢, +) OR
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
>0
numerator is < largest exponent in the
Local maximum:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦
denominator then lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0.
goes (+, 0, −) or (+, 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢, −) OR <0 𝑥𝑥→±∞
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
2. If the largest exponent in the
numerator is > the largest exponent in the
Point of inflection: concavity changes
denominator then lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥→±∞
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
goes from (+, 0, −), (−, 0, +), (+, 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢, −), OR
3. If the largest exponent in the
(−, 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢, +)
numerator is = to the largest exponent in
the denominator then the quotient of the
leading coefficients is the asymptote.
𝑎𝑎
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑏𝑏
𝑥𝑥→±∞
 ONLY FOUR THINGS YOU CAN DO ON A LOGARITHMS
CALCULATOR THAT NEEDS NO WORK SHOWN: Definition:
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑝𝑝 ↔ 𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑁𝑁
1. Graphing a function within an arbitrary view 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑒 = 1
window. ln 1 = 0
2. Finding the zeros of a function.
ln(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) = ln 𝑀𝑀 + ln 𝑁𝑁
3. Computing the derivative of a function numerically. 𝑀𝑀
4. Computing the definite integral of a function ln � � = ln 𝑀𝑀 − ln 𝑁𝑁
numerically. 𝑁𝑁
𝑝𝑝 ∙ ln 𝑀𝑀 = ln 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝

Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH and DECAY:

𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) = position function
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = velocity function
𝑎𝑎(𝑡𝑡) =acceleration function
The derivative of position (ft) is velocity (ft/sec);
the derivative of velocity (ft/sec) is acceleration
(ft/sec2).
The integral of acceleration (ft/sec2) is velocity
(ft/sec) ; the integral of velocity (ft/sec) is position
(ft).
Speed is | velocity |
If acceleration and velocity have the same sign,
then the speed is increasing..
If the acceleration and velocity have different
signs, then the speed is decreasing.
The particle is moving right when velocity is
positive and particle is moving left when velocity
is negative.
When you see these words use: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
“y is a differentiable function of t such that
𝑦𝑦 > 0 and 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 “
“the rate of change of y is proportional to y”
When solving a differential equation:
1. Separate variables first
2. Integrate
3. Add +C to one side
4. Use initial conditions to find “C”
5. Write the equation if the form of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
“PLUS A CONSTANT”
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
𝑏𝑏

� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹(𝑏𝑏) − 𝐹𝐹(𝑎𝑎)

𝑡𝑡
Displacement = ∫𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎
0
Where 𝐹𝐹 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Total Distance = ∫𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 | 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡)| 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Average Velocity Corollary to FTC

final position − initial position Δ𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔(𝑢𝑢)

= = 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
total time Δ𝑡𝑡 � 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓�𝑔𝑔(𝑢𝑢)�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎
𝑡𝑡
Accumulation = 𝑥𝑥(0) + ∫𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0
 Mean Value Theorem for Integrals:
The Average Value
If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] and the
first derivative exists on the interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏), then
there exists a number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 on (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) such that
𝑏𝑏
1 ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎
This value 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐) is the “average value” of the
function on the interval [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏].
Riemann Sums
A Riemann Sum means a rectangular
approximation. Approximation means that
you DO NOT EVALUATE THE INTEGRAL;
you add up the areas of the rectangles.
𝑏𝑏
Trapezoidal Rule
For uneven intervals, may need to
calculate area of one trapezoid at a time
and total.
1
𝐴𝐴𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 2 ℎ[𝑏𝑏1 + 𝑏𝑏2 ]

For even intervals:

𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦0 + 2𝑦𝑦1 + 2𝑦𝑦2 + …
� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � �
2𝑛𝑛 +2𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛−1 + 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛
𝑎𝑎

Values of Trigonometric Functions for Trigonometric Identities

Common Angles
Pythagorean Identities:
𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛2 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃 = 1
The other two are easy to derive by dividing
0 0 1 0 by sin2 𝜃𝜃 or cos2 𝜃𝜃.
𝜋𝜋 1 √3 √3 1 + tan2 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 2 𝜃𝜃
6 2 2 3 cot 2 𝜃𝜃 + 1 = csc 2 𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋 √2 √2 Double Angle Formulas:
1
4 2 2 sin 2𝑥𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥
𝜋𝜋 √3 1
√3 cos 2𝑥𝑥 = cos2 𝑥𝑥 − sin2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥𝑥
3 2 2
Power-Reducing Formulas:
𝜋𝜋
1 0 "∞" 1
2 cos 2 𝑥𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥𝑥 )
2
𝜋𝜋 0 −1 0 1
sin2 𝑥𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥𝑥)
2
Quotient Identities:
Must know both inverse trig and trig values:
sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋 1 𝜋𝜋
tan 𝜃𝜃 = cos 𝜃𝜃
cot 𝜃𝜃 = sin 𝜃𝜃
EX. 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 4
= 1 and sin−1 �2� = 3
Reciprocal Identities:
ODD and EVEN: 1
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 or sin 𝑥𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑥 = 1
sin(−𝑥𝑥) = − sin 𝑥𝑥 (odd)
1
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝑥𝑥 or cos 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑥𝑥 = 1
cos(−𝑥𝑥) = cos 𝑥𝑥 (even)
 Basic Integrals Area and Solids of Revolution:

NOTE: (𝒂𝒂, 𝒃𝒃) are x-coordinates and

� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 (𝒄𝒄, 𝒅𝒅) are y-coordinates

𝑛𝑛
𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛+1 Area Between Two Curves:
� 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 𝐶𝐶 𝑛𝑛 ≠ −1 𝑏𝑏
𝑛𝑛 + 1 Slices ⊥ to x-axis: 𝐴𝐴 = ∫𝑎𝑎 [𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) − 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� = ln| 𝑢𝑢 | + 𝐶𝐶 Slices ⊥ to y-axis:
𝑑𝑑
𝐴𝐴 = ∫𝑐𝑐 [𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦) − 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦)] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢

� 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 Volume By Disk Method:

𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑢 About x-axis: 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑎𝑎 [𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� 𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 𝐶𝐶
ln 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑
About y-axis: 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑐𝑐 [𝑅𝑅(𝑦𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� sin 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − cos 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
Volume By Washer Method:
𝑏𝑏
� cos 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 About x-axis: 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑎𝑎 ([𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥)]2 − [𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥)]2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
� tan 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln|cos 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶| About y-axis: 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑐𝑐 ([𝑅𝑅(𝑦𝑦)]2 − [𝑟𝑟(𝑦𝑦)]2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Volume By Shell Method:

� cot 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln|sin 𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑
About x-axis: 𝑉𝑉 = 2 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 [𝑅𝑅(𝑦𝑦)] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� sec 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln|sec 𝑢𝑢 + tan 𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶 𝑏𝑏
About y-axis: 𝑉𝑉 = 2 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 [𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥)] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

� csc 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln|csc 𝑢𝑢 + cot 𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶

� sec 2 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = tan 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶

General Equations for Known Cross Section
2
� csc 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − cot 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 where base is the distance between the two
curves and a and b are the limits of
integration.
� sec 𝑢𝑢 tan 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sec 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑏𝑏
SQUARES: 𝑉𝑉 = ∫𝑎𝑎 (𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� csc 𝑢𝑢 cot 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − csc 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
TRIANGLES
√3 𝑏𝑏
EQUILATERAL: 𝑉𝑉 = ∫ (𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4 𝑎𝑎

1 𝑏𝑏
ISOSCELES RIGHT: 𝑉𝑉 = ∫ (𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4 𝑎𝑎

𝑏𝑏
RECTANGLES: 𝑉𝑉 = ∫𝑎𝑎 (𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏) ∙ ℎ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
where h is the height of the rectangles.
𝜋𝜋 𝑏𝑏
SEMI-CIRCLES: 𝑉𝑉 = 2 ∫𝑎𝑎 (𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
where radius is ½ distance between the two
curves.
 MORE DERIVATIVES: MORE INTEGRALS:

𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢
�sin−1 𝑎𝑎 � =
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
[cos −1 𝑥𝑥] =
−1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √𝑎𝑎 2 − 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √1− 𝑥𝑥 2 � = sin−1 + 𝐶𝐶
√𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑢𝑢2 𝑎𝑎
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 −1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
�tan−1 𝑎𝑎 � =
𝑎𝑎 2 +𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
[cot −1 𝑥𝑥] =
1+𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑢𝑢
� = tan−1 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑢𝑢 2 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 −1
�sec −1 𝑎𝑎 � = [csc −1 𝑥𝑥] =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 |𝑢𝑢|√𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑎𝑎 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 |𝑥𝑥|√𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 |𝑢𝑢|
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
� = sec −1 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1 𝑢𝑢 √𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
(𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑢 ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑢 ln 𝑎𝑎 [log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥] =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑎𝑎

−1 1

−1

𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 𝒚𝒚 = |𝒙𝒙|

𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚 = √𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙

𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒚𝒚 = �𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
 CREDITS
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