SHRI RAM COLLEGE OF COMMERCE,

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI, DELHI

SESSION: 2023-24, Sem:2
B.A.(Hons) Economics

Subject: Vedic Mathematics 1

ASSIGNMENT TITLE- History and Vedic Sutras of

Vedic Mathematics

Submitted by-
Name – Anubhav Patel
Roll No - 23BA011
Section - A

Date of Submission: 6th May 2024

HISTORY OF VEDIC MATHEMATICS
Vedic Mathematics is a collection of ancient tricks and techniques to
execute arithmetic operations quickly and more efficiently. Vedic Math
comes from the Vedas, more specifically the Atharva Veda. It was
revived by Indian mathematician Jagadguru Shri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji
between 1911 and 1918. He then published this work in a book called
Vedic Mathematics in 1965. It comprises 16 sutras (formulae) and 13
sub sutras.

Bharati Krishna Tirtha was born in March 1884 in Puri Village, Orissa, a
state in India. Apart from mathematics, he also excelled in Science,
Humanities, and Sanskrit as a student. He was passionate about
meditation and spiritualism. He claims to have gained knowledge of the
Vedic Sutras while meditating in a forest near Singeri for eight years.
According to Krishna Tirtha, he learned the sutras from the Vedas, like
the Atharva Veda and the Rig Veda. Hence the term ‘Vedic
Mathematics’.

He wrote the initial 16 sutras in 1957. He planned to pen more down, but
cataract developed in both eyes, and he passed away in 1960.
16 VEDIC SUTRAS
SUB-SUTRAS
5 VEDIC SUTRAS
A. Gunakasamuccayah

In Gunakasamuccayah Sutra, the statement “The factors of the sum are equal to the
sum of the factors” is a valuable tool for verifying the accuracy of results obtained
through multiplication, division, and factorization processes.

Example

(x + 2) (x + 5) = x2 + 7x +10

As is seen in the above form, that

Sc of the product = Product of the Sc

(1+2) (1+5) = 1 + 7 +10

3 x 6 = 1+ 17

18 = 18

Hence Verified

B. Gunitsamuccayah
One such sutra is “Gunitasamuccayah,” the 12th sutra of Vedic Mathematics, and
embodies the principle that “The sum of the product is equal to the product of the sum.”
This succinct rule highlights the symmetry and equivalence between these two
fundamental arithmetic operations, offering valuable insight into the efficient
techniques for multiplication in Vedic Mathematics.

We shall delve into the concept of Gunitasamuccayah and explore how it makes
calculations so much easier!!

Let’s follow the below example:

Example

6×2 – 17x + 5 = (2x-5)

(3x-1)

The sum of the coefficients within the resulting product: 6 – 17 + 5

Product of the sum of the coefficients of the factors: (2x-5) (3x-1) = – 6

C. Paravartya Yojayet
Paravartya Yojayet can be translated as “Transpose and Apply.” Transpose refers to
exchanging or swapping the positions of two elements. In the context of mathematical
operations, it can involve transforming one operation into another.

For example, subtraction can be transposed into addition in specific formulas.

Transpose and Apply are commonly used when dividing numbers where the divisor is
slightly greater than any power of 10 and starts with 1.

Let’s say you want to divide a large number (dividend) by a smaller number (divisor).

Find the complement of the divisor, which means subtracting each digit of the
divisor from 9.

For example, if the divisor is 24, its complement would be 75 (9 – 2 = 7 and 9 – 4 = 5).

Divide the dividend by the divisor, ignoring any remainders, and write down the
quotient.

Multiply the quotient obtained in step 3 by the complement of the divisor and write
down the result.

Subtract the result obtained in step 4 from the dividend, and write down the
remainder.

If there are more digits in the dividend, bring down the next digit and repeat steps 3 to
5 until all the numbers have been processed.

The final result will be the concatenation of the quotients obtained in Step 3, and the
remainder obtained in Step 5 will be the remainder of the division.

Let’s illustrate this method with an example

Example

Divide 785 by 24.

Complement of 24: 9 – 2 = 7, and 9 – 4 = 5.

So the complement is 75.

Divide 785 by 24: Quotient = 32 (ignore the remainder).

Multiply the quotient by the complement: 32 x 75 = 2400.

Subtract 2400 from 785: 785 – 2400 = -1615 (negative value indicates remainder).

Since we have no more digits in the dividend, the final result is the quotient obtained:
32, and the remainder is -1615.
Therefore, the division of 785 by 24 using the Paravartya Yojayet method gives
a quotient of 32 and a remainder of -1615.

D. Puranapuranabhyam
Puranapuranabhyam” (By the completion or non-completion) – “Whatever is to
be added to the completed (Purana) or non-completed (Apurna) in one is added
to the other.”
To understand this sutra better, let’s consider an example.
Application – The Sutra Puranapuranabhyam (By completion, or non-
completion) is a technique used to factorize and solve quadratic, cubic and bi-
quadratic equations.

Example 1

Solve the quadratic equation 2x^2 + 5x – 3 = 0 using Vedic Mathematics.

Step 1: Understand the Quadratic Equation

The given quadratic equation is 2x^2 + 5x – 3 = 0.

Step 2: Identify the Values
From the equation, we can identify the values as follows:
a=2
b=5
c = -3
Step 3: Apply the Puranapuranabhyam Sutra
The product of the sum and difference of two numbers is equal to the difference
of their squares.
Let’s find two numbers whose product equals ac, which is 2*(-3) = -6, and
whose sum is equal to b, which is 5.
Let’s say m and n are those two numbers.
Step 4: Factorize the Quadratic Equation
We need to find two numbers whose product is -6 and whose sum is 5.
By inspection, we can see that 6 and -1 fit these conditions since 6 * (-1) = -6
and 6 + (-1) = 5.
Therefore, we can rewrite the quadratic equation as follows:
2x^2 + 6x – x – 3 = 0
Now, we can factorize it by grouping
2x (x + 3) – 1(x + 3) = 0
Notice that we have a common factor of (x + 3). Factoring it out, we get:
(x + 3) (2x – 1) = 0
Step 5: Solve for x
Now, we’ll set each factor equal to zero and solve for x:
x + 3 = 0 –> x = -3
2x – 1 = 0 –> 2x = 1 –> x = ½
These are the two roots of the quadratic equation 2x^2 + 5x – 3 = 0, obtained
using Vedic Mathematics.
Therefore, the roots are x = -3 and x = 1/2.
You can verify these roots by substituting them back into the original equation.
The Puranapuranabhyam sutra can be a helpful tool in performing calculations more
efficiently by utilizing complements and non-complements. However, practicing and
familiarizing yourself with various applications of Vedic Math sutras is essential to use
them effectively.

E. Sankalana-vyavakalanabhyam

The Vedic math sutra Sankalana-vyavakalanabhyam is translated as “By addition and

by subtraction.” This sutra is used to simplify calculations involving addition and
subtraction. Let me show you an example of how this sutra can be applied.

Example

Let’s calculate the sum of 456 and 789.

Step 1: Identify the nearest base. In this case, we can choose 500 as our base since
it is near to 456.

Step 2: Decompose the numbers based on the chosen base.

456 can be decomposed as 500 – 44.

789 can be decomposed as 500 + 289.

Step 3: Perform addition and subtraction.

500 – 44 + 500 + 289

Step 4: Simplify the calculation.

500 + 500 = 1000

-44 + 289 = 245

So, the sum of 456 and 789 is 1000 + 245, which equals 1245.

By using the “Sankalana Vyavakalanabhyaṃ ” sutra, we simplified the addition by

breaking down the numbers based on the chosen base and then performed the
addition and subtraction separately. This method can be helpful in mental calculations
and can expedite arithmetic calculations.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. History of Vedic Maths

https://www.wikipedia.org

2. Image of Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha Ji Maharaja.

https://www.winaumlearning.com/father-of-vedic-maths/

3. Vedic Sutras

https://moonpreneur.com/