SEQUENCES

& SERIES
EMILYN GAN

emilyn_gan@yahoo.com

© presentationgo.com
 Sequences VS Series
Sequence Series
Is a List Is a Sum
+∞
+∞ Infinite Series : ∑ an = a1 + a2 + a3 + ...
Infinite Sequence : {an }n=1 = {a1 , a2 , a3 , ... } n=1
n n
Finite Sequence : {an } = {a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an } Finite Series : ∑ an = a1 + a2 + a3 + ...+ an
n=1

n=1

Order is always important Order is NOT always important

EmilynGan 2

© presentationgo.com
 2.1 SEQUENCES
• A sequence is a set/list of numbers arranged one after another.
• The numbers u1, u2, u3 ,..., un are called terms or elements of
the sequence.
• The subscript is the set of positive integers 1, 2, 3, ... The
subscript indicates the place that a term occupies in the
sequence.
• The n-th term is denoted by un.

EmilynGan 3

© presentationgo.com
 By the n-th Term
Explicit Formula Recursive Formula
• un is a criterion that allows us to • A term is obtained by operating with
calculate any term of the sequence. the previous terms.
Given u1 = 2 & u2 = 6,
Given un = 2n −1
un+2 = un+1 + un
n = 1: u1 = 2 1 −1 = 1() n = 1: u1+2 ⇒ u3 = u2 + u1
n = 2 : u2 = 2 ( 2) −1 = 3 = 6+2 =8
n = 3 : u3 = 2 (3) −1 = 5 n = 2 : u2+2 ⇒ u4 = u3 + u2
= 8+6 = 14
!
n = 3 : u3+2 ⇒ u5 = u4 + u3
n = n : un = 2n −1
= 14 + 8 = 22
⇒ 1, 3, 5, ..., 2n +1
⇒ 2, 6, 8, 14, ...
• Not all sequences have a general term.

EmilynGan 4

© presentationgo.com
 Example1:
Write down the first five terms of the sequence with its n-th term.
n
un = , n ∈ Z+
n +1

n Hence,
un = , n ∈ Z+
n +1 1 1
u1 = =
1+1 2
2 2
u2 = =
2 +1 3
3 3
u3 = =
3+1 4
Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are
4 4
u4 = = 1 2 3 4 5
4 +1 5 ,
2 3
,
4
,
5
,
6 ✓
5 5
u5 = =
5+1 6 EmilynGan 5

© presentationgo.com
 Example2:
If a sequence with un+1 = 2un , n ∈ Z and u1 = 1 is given, find the first five terms of this
+

sequence. State the value of the n-th term in terms of n.

1
un+1 = 2un = 2un ( ) , u =1 2 Hence, first five terms of the sequence are
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + +
Hence, u2 = ( 2u ) = ⎡⎣2 (1)⎤⎦ = 2
2 2 2 1, 2 , 2
2 2 4
,2 2 4 8
,2 2 4 8 16
1

1
1 1 1 ⎛ 1⎞
1 21 1
+
u3 = 2u2( ) 2 = 2 ⋅ u2 = 2 ⋅ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 2 4
2 2 2
2 2

⎝ ⎠
1
1 1 1 ⎛ 1+1 ⎞
1 1 1 1
2
+ +
u4 = 2u3( ) 2 = 2 ⋅ u3 = 2 ⋅ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 2 4 8
2 2 2
2 4 2

⎝ ⎠
1
1 1 1 ⎛ 1
+ + ⎞
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
+ + +
u5 = 2u4( ) 2 = 2 ⋅ u4 = 2 ⋅ ⎜⎜ 2
2 2 2 2 4 8 ⎟⎟ = 2 4 8 16
2

⎝ ⎠
EmilynGan 6

© presentationgo.com
 Example2:
If a sequence with un+1 = 2un , n ∈ Z and un = 1 is given, find the first five terms of this
+

sequence. State the value of the n-th term in terms of n.

u1 = 1
1
u2 = 2 2

1 1
+
u3 = 2 2 4

1 1 1
+ +
u4 = 2 2 4 8

1 1 1 1
+ + +
u5 = 2 2 4 8 16

!
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +...+

✓
2 4 8 16 n−1
un = 2 2

EmilynGan 7

© presentationgo.com
 Periodic Sequence

EmilynGan 8

© presentationgo.com
 Convergent & Divergent Sequences
Limit
Value

EmilynGan 9

© presentationgo.com
 Convergent & Divergent Sequences
nth term test for divergence:

EmilynGan 10

© presentationgo.com
 Example3:
Determine if each of the following sequences is convergent or divergent
(a) 3, 3, 3, ... , 3, ...
1 1 1 n−1 ⎛1⎞
( b) 1, − , , − , ... ,
2 3 4
(−1) ⎜ ⎟ , ...
⎝n⎠
(c) 1, r, r 2 , r 3 , ... , r n−1 , if

(i ) | r |< 1 (ii ) | r |> 1

n−1 ⎛1⎞
(a) un = 3 ( b) ( )
un = −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝n⎠
lim un = lim 3 ⎛1⎞ n−1
n→∞ n→∞

=3 ✓ lim un = lim −1
n→∞ n→∞
( )
⎜ ⎟
⎝n⎠
0
⇒ The sequence is convergent to 3
✓ n−1
( )
⎛1⎞
= −1 ⋅ lim ⎜ ⎟
n→∞ n
⎝ ⎠
=0 ✓
⇒ The sequence is convergent to 0 ✓
EmilynGan 11

© presentationgo.com
 Example3:
Determine if each of the following sequences is convergent or divergent
(a) 3, 3, 3, ... , 3, ...
1 1 1 n−1 ⎛1⎞
( b) 1, − , , − , ... ,
2 3 4
(−1) ⎜ ⎟ , ...
⎝n⎠
(c) 1, r, r 2 , r 3 , ... , r n−1 , if

(i ) | r |< 1 (ii ) | r |> 1

(c) un = r n−1
lim un = lim r n−1
n→∞ n→∞

(i ) If | r |< 1 ⇒ lim r n−1 = 0

n→∞
⇒ The sequence is convergent to 0 ✓
(ii ) If | r |> 1 ⇒ lim r n−1 = ∞
n→∞
⇒ The sequence is divergent ✓

EmilynGan 12

© presentationgo.com
 EmilynGan 13

© presentationgo.com
 Example4:
1
If un and vn are the n-th terms of two sequences where un = 3 and vn = respectively, find
the limit of each sequence when n → ∞ n
⎛ 3n +1 ⎞
Hence, find lim ⎜ ⎟
n→∞
⎝ n ⎠

⎛ 3n +1 ⎞ ⎛ 3n 1 ⎞
lim ⎜ ⎟ = lim ⎜ + ⎟
n→∞
⎝ n ⎠ n→∞ n
⎝ n⎠
⎛ 1⎞
= lim ⎜ 3+ ⎟
n→∞
⎝ n⎠
⎛1⎞
= lim 3+ lim ⎜ ⎟
n→∞ n→∞ n
⎝ ⎠
= 3+ 0
=3 ✓
EmilynGan 14

© presentationgo.com
 The Summation Notation, Σ
n
1. ∑c = c + c + c + c + ....+ c = nc , c is a constant
i=1

n-times
n n
2. ∑r = 1+ 2 + 3+ ...+ n ∑ kr () ( ) () ()
= k 1 + k 2 + k 3 + ...+ k n
n⎡ n
r=1
= ⎣2 + n −1 1⎤⎦
( ) r=1
= k∑r
2
r=1
n⎡
= ⎣n +1⎤⎦ ⎡ n n +1
( ) ⎤⎥
2 = k⎢
EmilynGan
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 15

© presentationgo.com
 The Summation Notation, Σ
n
3. ∑ (u + v ) = (u + v ) + (u + v ) + (u + v ) + ...+ (u
r r 1 1 2 2 3 3 n
+ vn )
r=1

( ) (
= u1 + u2 + u3 + ...+ un + v1 + v2 + v3 + ...+ vn )
n n
= ∑ ur + ∑ vr
r=1 r=1
n
4. ∑ (u r ) ( ) (
− vr = u1 − v1 + u2 − v2 + u3 − v3 + ...+ un − vn ) ( ) ( )
r=1

( ) (
= u1 + u2 + u3 + ...+ un − v1 + v2 + v3 + ...+ vn )
n n
= ∑ ur − ∑ vr EmilynGan 16

r=1 r=1
© presentationgo.com
 EmilynGan 17

© presentationgo.com
 Example5:
Express each of the following series by using the summation notation Σ.
(a) 1+ 4 + 9 +16 + ...+100

( b) 1⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 3+ 3⋅ 4 + ...+19 ⋅ 20

(a) 1+ 4 + 9 +16 + ...+100 = 12 + 22 + 33 + ..+102

⇒ The r − th term, ur = r 2
10
⇒ ∑r2
r=1
✓
( b) 1⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 3+ 3⋅ 4 + ...+19 ⋅ 20

⇒ The r − th term, ur = r r +1
19
( )
⇒ ∑ r r +1 ( )✓
r=1

EmilynGan 18

© presentationgo.com
 Example6:
Rewrite each of the following series by using the summation notation Σ.
1 1 1 1
(a) 2 + 5+10 +17 + ...+ 401 ( b) + + + ...+
2 3 4 50

(a) ( ) ( ) (
2 + 5+10 +17 + ...+ 401 = 12 +1 + 22 +1 + 32 +1 + ...+ 202 +1 ) ( )
⇒ ur = r 2 +1, 1 ≤ r ≤ 20
20

(
⇒ ∑ r 2 +1
r=1
)✓
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
()
b + + + ...+ =
2 3 4
+
50 1+1 2 +1 3+1
+ + ...+
49 +1
1
⇒ ur = , 1 ≤ r ≤ 49
r +1
49 ⎛
1 ⎞
⇒ ∑⎜
✓
⎟
r=1 ⎝ r +1 ⎠
EmilynGan 19

© presentationgo.com
 Example7:
Write down the first three terms and the last term of the following series.
20 10
r+1
()
a (
∑r r + 2 ) ( ) ∑( )
b −1 2r
r=1 r=1

20 10
r+1
() a ∑r r + 2( ) ( ) ∑( )
b −1 2r
r=1 r=1
1+1
( )
u1 = 1 1+ 2 = 3 u1 = −1( ) 21 = 2
2+1
u2 = 2 ( 2 + 2) = 8 u2 = (−1) 22 = −4
u3 = 3(3+ 2) = 15 u3 = (−1)
3+1
23 = 8
u20 = 20 ( 20 + 2) = 440 ✓
✓
10+1
u10 = (−1) 210 = −1024

EmilynGan 20

© presentationgo.com
 Ex2.1 (Pg70)

✓ ✓
✓

✓
✓
✓ ✓
✓
✓ EmilynGan 21

© presentationgo.com
 Ex2.1 (Pg70)
✓
✓

✓ ✓
✓

✓
✓

✓
✓ ✓
✓
EmilynGan 22

© presentationgo.com
 2.2 SERIES
Arithmetic Series
The n − th term :
(
un = a + n −1 d )
The Sum of a Finite Arithmetic Series
n⎡
Sn = ⎣2a + n −1 d ⎤⎦
( )
2
n⎡
Sn = ⎣a + l ⎤⎦
2
EmilynGan 23

© presentationgo.com
 Example8:
Given that the fifth term of an arithmetic progression is 21 and its tenth term is 41, find the
common difference, first term and the n-th term of this arithmetic progression.

u5 = a + 4d = 21 − − − 1 () The n − th term
u10 = a + 9d = 41 − − − ( 2) ⇒ ( )
un = a + n −1 d
= 5+ ( n −1) 4
(2) − (1) : 5d = 20
✓
un = 1+ 4n ✓
d =4

Substitute d = 4 int o 1 ⇒ () ()
a + 4 4 = 21
a=5 ✓

EmilynGan 24

© presentationgo.com
 Example9: 1
The n term of an arithmetic progression is 10 (5n − 3)
th

Obtain the first two terms and also the common difference of the arithmetic progression.

1
un =
10
(
5n − 3 ) d = u2 − u1
1 1 7 1
u1 = (
5− 3 = ) = −
10 5 ✓ 10 5
1
1 7 =
u2 = (
10 − 3 = ) 2 ✓
10 10 ✓

EmilynGan 25

© presentationgo.com
 Example10:
Find the sum of the integers which can be divided by 6 exactly and which lie in between 50
and 150.

50 < x < 150

50
= 8.333 ≈ 9 ⇒ 9 × 6 = 54 54, 60, 66, .... , 144 a = 54, l = 144
6
150
= 25 ⇒ 24 × 6 = 144
un ⇒ ( )
a + n −1 d = 144
6
( )
54 + n −1 6 = 144
48 + 6n = 144
6n = 96
n = 16 ✓
EmilynGan 26

© presentationgo.com
 Example10:
Find the sum of the integers which can be divided by 6 exactly and which lie in between 50
and 150.

54, 60, 66, .... , 144 a = 54, l = 144

a = 54, and d = 6
n = 16 n

n
Sn = ⎡⎣a + l ⎤⎦
2
16 ⎡
= ⎣54 +144⎤⎦
2
= 1584 ✓

EmilynGan 27

© presentationgo.com
 Example11:
In the arithmetic progression, the sum of the first ten terms is 520 and the 7th term is twice
the 3rd term. Find the first term, a, and the common difference, d.

S10 = 520 ⇒
10 ⎡ ⎤
⎣2a + 9d ⎦ = 520
()
Substitute a = 2d in to 1 ,
2
( )
2 2d + 9d = 104
2a + 9d = 104 − − − 1 () 13d = 104
u7 = 2u3 ⇒ (
a + 6d = 2 a + 2d ) n
d =8 ✓
a = 2d −−− 2 () ()
Substitute d = 8 in to 2 ,

()
a = 2 8 = 16
✓

EmilynGan 28

© presentationgo.com
 Example12: n
r
Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the series ∑ ln 3, and the smallest value of n such that
r=1
the sum of the first n terms exceeds 1000.
n Sn > 1000
r
∑ ln 3 = ln 3+ ln 32 + ln33 + ...+ ln 3n n⎡
r=1 ⎣ 2a + n −1 d ⎤⎦ > 1000
( )
2
= ln 3+ 2ln 3+ 3ln 3+ ...+ n ln 3 n⎡ ⎤ > 1000
a = ln 3 n
2⎣
2ln 3+ (n −1 )
ln 3⎦

d = 2ln3− ln3 = ln3 n⎡ ⎤

⎣2ln 3+ n ln 3− ln 3⎦ > 1000
2
n ⎡⎣ln 3+ n ln 3⎤⎦ > 2000
ln 3⎡⎣n n +1 ⎤⎦ > 2000
( )
n ( n +1) > 1821

EmilynGan 29

© presentationgo.com
 Example12: n
r
Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the series ∑ ln 3, and the smallest value of n such that
r=1
the sum of the first n terms exceeds 1000.

( )
n n +1 > 1821 n 2 + n −1821 = 0
Use calculator, n = 42

If n = 42 ⇒ ( )
42 42 +1 = 1806 < 1821
If n = 43 ⇒ 43( 43+1) = 1892 > 1821
n

Hence, the smallest value of n such that the sum of the

first n terms exceeds 1000 is 43. ✓

EmilynGan 30

© presentationgo.com
 Example13:
The nth term of an arithmetic progression is 32 and its first term is 2.
If the sum of the first n terms is 357, find the value of n.
If the smallest term in the series which exceeds 100 is the kth term, find the value of k.
a=2
( )
un = 32 ⇒ a + n −1 d = 32
2 + ( n −1) d = 32
() ()
Substitute 1 into 2 ,
n n⎡ ⎤
(n −1) d = 30 − − − (1) ⇒ ⎣4 + 30⎦ = 357
2
n 34n = 714
Sn ⇒ ⎡⎣2a + ( n −1) d ⎤⎦ = 357
2 n = 21 ✓
n⎡
⎣ 4 + n −1 d ⎤⎦ = 357 − − − 2
( ) ()
2

EmilynGan 31

© presentationgo.com
 Example13:
The nth term of an arithmetic progression is 32 and its first term is 2.
If the sum of the first n terms is 357, find the value of n.
If the smallest term in the series which exceeds 100 is the kth term, find the value of k.

From 2 () ( )
⇒ a + k −1 d > 100
21⎡ ⎤ = 357 3
⇒
2⎣
4 + (
21−1 )
d ⎦ a = 2, d = ,
n
2
20d = 30 3
3 ( )
2 + k −1 > 100
2
d=
2 196
k −1 >
3
k > 66.33

Hence, the smallest term in the series which exceeds 100 is the 67th term, k=67
✓
EmilynGan 32

© presentationgo.com
 Example14:
2
The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression is given by Sn = pn + qn
Given that S3 = 6 and S5 = 11
(a) Find the values of p and q
(b) Deduce, or otherwise, an expression for nth term and the value of its common
difference.
Sn = pn + qn 2 1
( ) ()
2 − 1 ⇒ 2q =
5
S3 = 6 ⇒ 3p + 9q = 6 n

1
()
p + 3q = 2 − − − 1
q=
10 ✓
1
S5 = 11 ⇒ 5 p + 25q = 11 Substitute q =
10
()
into 1 ,
11 ⎛1⎞
p + 5q =
5
−−− 2() p + 3⎜ ⎟ = 2
⎝ 10 ⎠
17
10 ✓
p=
EmilynGan 33

© presentationgo.com
 Example14:
2
The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression is given by Sn = pn + qn
Given that S3 = 6 and S5 = 11
(a) Find the values of p and q
(b) Deduce, or otherwise, an expression for th nth term and the value of its common
difference.
un = Sn − Sn−1 d = un − un−1
2 1 1
2
( ) (
= pn + qn − p n −1 − q n −1 ) n
(
5
) (
d = 8 + n − 8 + n −1
5
)
= pn + qn 2 − pn + p − qn 2 + 2qn − q 1
= p + 2qn − q
(
= 8+ n −7− n
5
)
17 1
17 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 p = , q = 1
5 ✓
un = + 2 ⎜ ⎟ n − 10 10 =
10 ⎝ 10 ⎠ 10
8 1 1
= + n ⇒ un = 8 + n( )
5 5 5 EmilynGan 34

© presentationgo.com
 Example14:
2
The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression is given by Sn = pn + qn
Given that S3 = 6 and S5 = 11
(a) Find the values of p and q
(b) Deduce, or otherwise, an expression for th nth term and the value of its common
difference.
17 1 u2 = S2 − S1
Sn = n + n2
10 10 ⎛9⎞
n
19 9
17 1 2 9 ⎜ ⎟+ d = −
a = S1 =
10
()
1+
10
()
1 =
5
⎝5⎠ 5 5
1
d=
S2 =
17
()2 +
1
()
2
2 =
19
5 ✓
10 10 5
u2 = S2 − S1

EmilynGan 35

© presentationgo.com
 Arithmetic Mean

Ø If a, b, and c are three consecutive terms of an arithmetic

progression, the term b is called the arithmetic mean of a and c.

The common difference ⇒ b−a = c−b

∴ 2b = a + c
1
(
b = a+c
2
)

EmilynGan 36

© presentationgo.com
 Ex2.2 (Pg76)

✓
✓

✓
EmilynGan 37

© presentationgo.com
 Ex2.2 (Pg76)

✓ ✓
EmilynGan 38

© presentationgo.com
 2.2 SERIES
Geometric Series
The n − th term :
un = ar n−1
The Sum of a Finite Geometric Series

Sn =
(
a r n −1 ), for r > 1
r −1

Sn =
(
a 1− r n ), for r < 1
1− r
EmilynGan 39

© presentationgo.com
 Example15:
The 5th term of a geometric series is 18 and the 7th term is 54. Given that the sum of the
first 10 terms of this series is positive, find the 1st term, the common ratio and the sum of
the first 10 terms.
Let a be the 1st term and r the common ratio.
4 ⎡ 10 ⎤
u5 ⇒ ar = 18 −−− 1 () ⎣
( ) 2⎡⎣1− 243⎤⎦ 484
2⎢1− − 3 ⎥
⎦
If r = − 3 : S10 = = =−
u7 ⇒ ar 6 = 54 − − − ( 2) 1− (− 3 ) 1+ 3 1+ 3
n

( 2) ar 6 54 ⎡ 10 ⎤
⇒ 4= ⇒ r2 = 3 2⎢( 3 ) −1⎥
(1) ar 18 ⎡ ⎤
⎣ ⎦ 2⎣243−1⎦ 484
If r = 3 : S10 = = =
⇒r =± 3 ( 3) −1 3 −1 3 −1

()
Substitute r = ± 3 into 1
484
∴ a = 2, r = 3, S10 =
✓
4
→a ( 3) = 18 → a=2
EmilynGan
3 −1
40

© presentationgo.com
 Example16:
The 1th term of a geometric series is 5 and the common ratio is 1.5.
Find the number of terms needed such that the sum of the series exceeds 200.

Given a = 5 and r = 1.5 r > 1 ⇒ Sn =

(
a r n −1 )
r −1
n
For Sn > 200 (1.5) −1> 20
⎡ n ⎤ n

⎣( )
5⎢ 1.5 −1⎥
⎦ (1.5) > 21
> 200
1.5−1 n log10 1.5 > log10 21
n 200 0.5( ) log10 21
( )
1.5 −1>
5
n >
log10 1.5
n
( )
1.5 −1> 20 n > 7.5087
n
(1.5) > 21 The smallest value of n is 8 ✓
EmilynGan 41

© presentationgo.com
 Geometric Mean

Ø If a, b, and c are three consecutive terms of an geometric

progression, the term b is called the geometric mean of a and c.

b c
The common ration ⇒ =
a b
∴ b2 = ac
b = ac

EmilynGan 42

© presentationgo.com
 Example17:
If x +1 , 2 2 , and 3x − 2 are three consecutive terms of a geometric progression, find
( ) ( )
the integral value of x.

The mean 2 2 is the geometric mean of x +1 and 3x − 2 ( ) ( ) ⇒ b = ac

2 2
⇒ 2 2 = x +1 3x − 2 ( )( )
8 = ( x +1) (3x − 2)
8 = 3x 2 + x − 2
3x 2 + x −10 = 0
(3x − 5) ( x + 2) = 0
5
x=
3
@ x = −2 ∴ The int egral value of x = −2
✓
EmilynGan 43

© presentationgo.com
 Ex2.3 (Pg79)

EmilynGan 44

© presentationgo.com
 Ex2.3 (Pg79)

EmilynGan 45

© presentationgo.com
 Sum of An Infinite Geometric Series

If | r |> 1, lim r n → ∞, and the series is divergent.

n→∞

If | r |< 1, lim r n → 0, and the series is convergent

n→∞

a
with the sum to infinity S∞ =
1− r

EmilynGan 46

© presentationgo.com
 Example18:
Find the sum of each of the following series.
1 1
()
a 18 − 6 + 2 − ... () b 1− + − ...
4 16

(a) 18 − 6 + 2 − ... The sum to infinity

a = 18 a
S∞ =
1− r
−6 1
r= =− 18
18 3 =
⎛ 1⎞
1 1 1− ⎜ − ⎟
| r |= − = <1 ⎝ 3⎠
3 3
18
=
4
3
27 1
= @ 13
2EmilynGan 2 ✓
47

© presentationgo.com
 Example18:
Find the sum of each of the following series.
1 1
()
a 18 − 6 + 2 − ... () b 1− + − ...
4 16
1 1 The sum to infinity
()
b 1− + − ...
4 16 a
a =1 S∞ =
1− r
1 1
− =
1
r= 4 =− ⎛ 1⎞
1 4 1− ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
1 1 1
| r |= − = < 1 =
5
4 4 4
4
= ✓
5EmilynGan 48

© presentationgo.com
 Example19: • • •
Express the recurring decimal 0.3 2 7 as an infinite geometric series.
• • •
Hence, express 0.3 2 7 as a fraction in its simplest form.
• • •
(Note: The recurring decimal 0.3 2 7 = 0.327327327... )
• • •
0.3 2 7 = 0.327327327... • • •
0.327
= 0.327 + 0.000327 + 0.000000327 + ... Hence, 0.3 2 7 =
1− 0.001
= 0.327 + 0.327 ×10−3 + 0.327 ×10−6 + ... 0.327
=
a = 0.327 0.999
109
333 ✓
0.327 ×10−3 1 =
r= = / 0.001
0.327 1000

EmilynGan 49

© presentationgo.com
 Example20:
Find the sum of the series 1+ 3x + 9x 2 + 27x 3 + ...
Stating the range of values of x for which the result is valid.

1+ 3x + 9x 2 + 27x 3 + ...
a =1 The result is valid if
r = 3x ✓
| 3x |< 1 or −1< 3x < 1
Hence, the sum to infiniti is 1 1
− <x<
3 3✓
a 1
S∞ = =
1− r 1− 3x

EmilynGan 50

© presentationgo.com
 Example21:
The first term of a geometric series is 2 and the common ratio is 0.95.
The sum of the first n terms of this series is Sn and the sum of this series is S∞.
Find the smallest value of n such that S∞-Sn < 1
ar n
a = 2, r = 0.95 ⇒ S∞ − S n < 1 ⇒ <1
1− r
a
−
(
a 1− r) n

<1 2 (0.95)
n

1− r 1− r <1
1− 0.95
(
a − a 1− r) n

<1 (
n
0.95) < 0.025
1− r
n ln 0.95 < ln 0.025
a − a + ar n
<1 n (−0.051293) < −3.688879
1− r
ar n −3.688879
<1 n>
1− r −0.051293
n > 71.92 The smallest n=72✓
EmilynGan 51

© presentationgo.com
 Ex2.4 (Pg83)

EmilynGan 52

© presentationgo.com
 Ex2.4 (Pg83)

EmilynGan 53

© presentationgo.com
 Ex2.4 (Pg83)

EmilynGan 54

© presentationgo.com
 Summation of Finite Series Involving Powers of Integers
Sum of the first n positive integers is
n
1
(
∑ 2 n n +1
r = )
r=1

Sum of the squares of the first n positive integers is

n
2 1
(
∑ 6 n n +1 2n +1
r = )( )
r=1

Sum of the cubes of the first n positive integers is

n
31 2 2
(
∑ r = 4 n n +1 )
r=1
EmilynGan 55

© presentationgo.com
 n
1
Example22: ∑r 2
(
= n n +1 2n +1)( )
6
Evaluate r=1

100 50 25
2 3
(a) ∑ r ( b) ∑ r (c) ∑ r
r=1 r=1 r=1

n
1 n
1 2
∑ 2 n n +1
r = ( ) ∑ 4 r 3
= n n +1
2
( )
r=1
r=1
100
1
()
a ∑r =
r=1 2
( )(
100 100 +1 = 5050 ) ✓
50

✓
1
( b) ∑ r 2
= 50 50 +1 ⎡⎣2 50 +1⎤⎦ = 42925
( )( ) ( )
r=1 6

25

✓
1 2 2
()
c ∑r3 = 4
25( )( )
25+1 = 105625
r=1

EmilynGan 56

© presentationgo.com
 Example23:
Find the sum of the series 12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + ... to n terms
Hence, find the value of 12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + ...+ 992
Deduce the value of 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ...+ 99
2 2 2 2 2

2
2 2 2 2
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ... + 2r −1 + ... ( )
n
2 n n n n
The sum of the series for n terms = ∑ 2r −1 ( ) = ∑(4r 2
) 2
− 4r +1 = 4∑ r − 4∑ r + ∑1
r=1
r=1 r=1 r=1 r=1
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
n
2 1
∑ 6 n n +1 2n +1
r = ( )( ) ⎣6
( )(
= 4⎢ n n +1 2n +1 ⎥ − 4⎢ n n +1 ⎥ + n
⎦ ⎣2 ⎦
) ( )
r=1
4
n
1
( )(
= n n +1 2n +1 − 2n n +1 + n
6
) ( )
∑ r = 2 n n +1 ( )
n⎡
= ⎣2 n +1 2n +1 − 6 n +1 + 3⎤⎦
r=1

3
( )( ) ( )
n n
= ⎡⎣4n 2 + 6n + 2 − 6n − 6 + 3⎤⎦ = 4n 2 −1
3 EmilynGan 3
( ) ✓ 57

© presentationgo.com
 Example23:
Find the sum of the series 12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + ... to n terms
Hence, find the value of 12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + ...+ 992
Deduce the value of 512 + 532 + 552 + 572 + ...+ 992
n
2 n
2 2 2 2
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ... = ∑ 2r −1 =
r=1
( ) 3
(4n 2 −1 )
50
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ... +99 = ∑( 2r −1)
r=1
99 = 2r −1 50 ⎡ 2 ⎤
r = 50
= ⎢4 50 −1⎥
3⎣ ⎦ ( )
= 166650 ✓

EmilynGan 58

© presentationgo.com
 Example23:
Find the sum of the series 12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + ... to n terms
Hence, find the value of 12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + ...+ 992
Deduce the value of 512 + 532 + 552 + 572 + ...+ 992
n
n2 99 = 2r −1
2 2 2
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ... = ∑2

r=1
( 2r −1 = 4n 2 −1
) 3
( ) r = 50
49 = 2r −1
r = 25
2 2 2
( 2 2 2 2
512 + 532 + 552 + 572 + ...+ 992 = 1 + 3 + 5 + ...+ 99 − 1 + 3 + 5 + ...+ 49
2
) ( )
50 25
2 2
(
= ∑ 2r −1 − ∑ 2r −1 ) ( )
r=1 r=1
50 ⎡ 2 ⎤ 25 ⎡ 2 ⎤
= ⎢4 50 −1⎥ − ⎢4 25 −1⎥
3⎣ ⎦ 3⎣ ⎦ ( ) ( )
= 166650 − 20825
✓
= 145825 EmilynGan 59

© presentationgo.com
 Example24:
Find the rth term of the series
n n
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3+n
2 ⋅ 3⋅ 4 + 3⋅ 4 ⋅ 5+ ...
By using the results for ∑ r ,,∑ r 2 and ∑ r 3 , find the sum of the first n terms of the above
series. r=1 r=1 r=1

( )(
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3+ 2 ⋅ 3⋅ 4 + 3⋅ 4 ⋅ 5+ ...= ∑ r r +1 r + 2 )
r=1
n
= ∑⎡⎣r 3 + 3r 2 + 2r ⎤⎦
r=1
n n n
= ∑ r 3 + 3∑ r 2 + 2∑ r
r=1 r=1 r=1
1 2 2 ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
= n n +1 +3⎢ n n +1 2n +1 ⎥+2⎢ n n +1 ⎥
( ) ( )( ) ( )
4 ⎣6 ⎦ ⎣2 ⎦

EmilynGan 60

© presentationgo.com
 Example24:
Find the rth term of the series
n n
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3+n
2 ⋅ 3⋅ 4 + 3⋅ 4 ⋅ 5+ ...
By using the results for ∑ r ,,∑ r 2 and ∑ r 3 , find the sum of the first n terms of the above
series. r=1 r=1 r=1

n ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
1 2 2
( )( ) ( ) ( )(
∑ r r +1 r + 2 = 4 n n +1 + 3⎢⎣ 6 n n +1 2n +1 ⎥⎦ + 2⎢⎣ 2 n n +1 ⎥⎦ ) ( )
r=1
n
= n +1 ⎡⎣n n +1 + 2 2n +1 + 4⎤⎦
( ) ( ) ( )
4
n
= n +1 n 2 + 5n + 6
4
( )( )
n
= n +1 n + 2 n + 3 ✓
( )( )( )
4

EmilynGan 61

© presentationgo.com
 Summation of Series Using The Method of Differences

()
If ur = f r − f r −1 ( )
n
⇒ ∑u r ()
=f n −f 0 ()
r=1

If can get f(r) and f(r-1), means can

use the method of differences.

EmilynGan 62

© presentationgo.com
 Example25:
Show that r ( r +1) ( r + 2) ( r + 3) − ( r −1) r ( r +1) ( r + 2) = 4r ( r +1) ( r + 2)
n

Hence, find ∑ r (r +1) (r + 2)

r=1

𝑟 𝑟+1 𝑟+2 𝑟+3 − 𝑟−1 𝑟 𝑟+1 𝑟+2 = 𝑟 𝑟+1 𝑟+2 [ 𝑟+3 − 𝑟−1 ]
=𝑟 𝑟+1 𝑟+2 𝑟+3−𝑟+1
=𝑟 𝑟+1 𝑟+2 4
= 4𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 + 2 . ✓ Shown

EmilynGan 63

© presentationgo.com
 Example25:
Show that r ( r +1) ( r + 2) ( r + 3) − ( r −1) r ( r +1) ( r + 2) = 4r ( r +1) ( r + 2)
n

Hence, find ∑ r (r +1) (r + 2)

r=1

n
For the series ∑ r (r +1) (r + 2) ⇒ u
r ( )(
= r r +1 r + 2 )
r=1

n
⇒ ( ) ( )( )( )
f r = r r +1 r + 2 r + 3 1⎡
∑ ur = 4 ⎣ f n − f 0 ⎤⎦
() ()
f ( r −1) = ( r −1) r ( r +1) ( r + 2) r=1

1
! f ( r ) − f ( r −1) = 4u = ⎡⎣n n +1 n + 2 n + 3 − 0⎤⎦
( )( )( )
r 4
n
1 1
u = ⎡⎣ f ( r ) − f ( r −1)⎤⎦
r
4 r=1
( )(4
)
∴ ∑ r r +1 r + 2 = n n +1 n + 2 n + 3
✓
( )( )( )

EmilynGan 64

© presentationgo.com
 Example26:
1 n
1
Express in partial fraction. Hence, find ∑r
r r +1 ( ) r=1 ( r +1 )
n n ⎛
1 A B 1 1 1 ⎞
≡ + ∑ r r +1 ∑⎜⎝ r r +1⎟⎠
= −
r r +1 r r +1
( ) r=1 ( )
r=1

n ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 1
(
∴ 1 ≡ A r +1 + Br ) = −∑⎜ − ⎟ ()
f r = (
; f r −1 = )
r=1 ⎝ r +1 r⎠ r +1 r
Let r = 0 ⇒ 1= A = −⎡⎣ f n − f 0 ⎤⎦
() () 1 1
Let r = −1 ⇒ B = −1 ⎡ 1 ⎤
()
f r =
r +1
→f n =()
n +1
= −⎢ −1⎥ 1
1 1 1 ⎣ n +1 ⎦ →f 0 =() =1
⇒ ≡ − 0 +1
1
r r +1 r r +1
( ) = 1−
n +1
n +1−1
=
n +1
n
=
EmilynGan n +1 ✓ 65

© presentationgo.com
 Example27: 1 1 2
Show that − =−
(r +1) (r + 2) ( r r +1 )
r r +1 r + 2 ( )( ) $
n 1 1
Using the method of differences, find ∑ r r +1 r + 2 = " 𝑈! → 𝑈! =
r=1 ( )( ) 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2)
!"#

1
−
1
=
r− r+2 ( ) 1 1 1
− = −2
( )( ) (
r +1 r + 2 r r +1 r r +1 r + 2 ) ( )( ) (𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2) 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2)
1 1
2 − = −2ur
=−
(
r r +1 r + 2 )( ) (r +1) (r + 2) ( r r +1 )
1 ⎡ ⎤
Let ()
f r =
ur = −
1⎢ 1 1 ⎥
(r +1) (r + 2) −
2 ⎢⎣ r +1 r + 2 r r +1
1
( )( ) ( ) ⎥⎦
f ( r −1) = n
r ( r +1) 1⎡
∑ r 2 ⎣ f n − f 0 ⎤⎦
u = − () ()
1 r=1
ur =
( )(
r r +1 r + 2 ) EmilynGan 66

© presentationgo.com
 Example27: 1 1 2
Show that − =− ()
If ur = f r − f r −1 ( )
(r +1) (r + 2) ( r r +1) (
r r +1 r + 2 )( ) n

Using the method of differences, find

n 1
⇒ ∑u r ()
=f n −f 0 ()
∑ r r +1 r + 2 r=1
r=1 ( )( )
n
1 1 1⎡
()
f r = ()
→f n = ∑ r 2 ⎣ f n − f 0 ⎤⎦
u = − () ()
(r +1) (r + 2) (n +1) (n + 2) r=1

1 1 ⎡ ⎤
1⎢ 1 1⎥
()
→f 0 = =
2
=− −
(0 +1) (0 + 2) 2 ⎢⎣ n +1 n + 2 2 ⎥⎦
( )( )
n 1 1⎢1
⎡
1
⎤
∑ r r +1 r + 2 = 2 ⎢ 2 − n +1 n + 2 ⎥⎥
r=1 ( )( )
⎣ ⎦( )( )✓

EmilynGan 67

© presentationgo.com
 Example28:
Find the rth term, ur, of the series 2 ⋅1!+ 5⋅ 2!+10 ⋅ 3!+17 ⋅ 4!+ ...+ n 2 +1 ⋅ n! ( )
By expressing ur as the difference of two functions of r, find the sum of the above series.

( )
2 ⋅1!+ 5⋅ 2!+10 ⋅ 3!+17 ⋅ 4!+ ...+ n 2 +1 ⋅ n! Let () ( )
f r = r r +1 !

(
ur = r 2 +1 ⋅ r! ) f ( r −1) = ( r −1) r!

= ⎡⎣r r +1 − r −1 ⎤⎦ ⋅ r!
( ) ( ) Then u = f ( r ) − f ( r −1)
r
n
( ) ( )
= r r +1 r!− r −1 r! And ∑u r ()
=f n −f 0 ()
= r ( r +1) !− ( r −1) r! (r +1) ! = (r +1) r! r=1

( )
= n n +1 !− 0
= n ( n +1) !
n

∑( )
r 2 +1 r! = n n +1 ! ✓
( )
r=1
EmilynGan 68

© presentationgo.com
 Ex2.5 (Pg90)

EmilynGan 69

© presentationgo.com
 2.3 BINOMIAL EXPANSIONS
⎛ n ⎞
The ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ & n! Notation
⎝ r ⎠

( )( ) ( )( )( )
n! = n n −1 n − 2 ... 3 2 1 with n ∈ Z +

0! = 1

EmilynGan 70

© presentationgo.com
 2.3 BINOMIAL EXPANSIONS
(n +1) ! = (n +1) (n) (n −1) (n − 2) ...(3) (2) (1)
= ( n +1)⎡⎣( n ) ( n −1) ( n − 2) ...(3) ( 2) (1)⎤⎦
= ( n +1) n!

⎛ n ⎞ n!
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = for n, r ∈ Z and 0 ≤ r ≤ n
+

⎝ r ⎠ (
n − r ! r!)
EmilynGan 71

© presentationgo.com
 Example29:
10!
Evaluate
8!

10! 10 × 9 × 8!
=
8! 8!
= 10 × 9
= 90 ✓

EmilynGan 72

© presentationgo.com
 Example30:
18!
Evaluate
5! 4!

18! 18 ×17 ×16 ×15!

=
5! 4! 15! 4!
18 ×17 ×16
=
4!
18 ×17 ×16
=
4 × 3× 2 ×1
= 204
✓

EmilynGan 73

© presentationgo.com
 Example31:
Rewrite each if the following products in factorial form
10 × 9 × 8
()
a 45× 44 × 43× 42 × 41 ( ) 5× 4 × 3
b

45× 44 × 43× 42 × 41× 40!

()a 45× 44 × 43× 42 × 41 =
40!
45!
40! ✓
=

10 × 9 × 8 10 × 9 × 8 × 7! 5× 4 × 3× 2!
( b) 5× 4 × 3
=
7!
÷
2!
10! 5!
= ÷
7! 2!
10! 2!
7!5! ✓
=

EmilynGan 74

© presentationgo.com
 Example32:
Show that
⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n +1 ⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ n−r
⎟⎟ ( b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r +1
⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜
⎠ ⎝ r +1
⎟⎟
⎠
⎠

⎛ n ⎞ n!
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
(
⎝ r ⎠ n − r ! r! )
⎛ n ⎞ n! n! n!
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = = =
⎝ n−r ( ) ( ) ( ) (
⎠ ⎡⎣n − n − r ⎤⎦! n − r ! r! n − r ! n − r ! r! )
⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞
Hence, ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ is shown
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ n−r ⎠ ✓

EmilynGan 75

© presentationgo.com
 Example32:
Show that
⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n +1 ⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ n−r
⎟⎟ ( b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r +1
⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜
⎠ ⎝ r +1
⎟⎟
⎠
⎠
⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎡ ⎤
()
b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ n! ⎢ r +1+ n − r ⎥
=
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r +1 ⎠ ( ) ( )(
r! n − r −1 ! ⎢⎣ n − r r +1 ) ⎥⎦
n! n! ⎡ ⎤
=
(
+
)
n − r ! r! ⎡⎣n − r +1 ⎤⎦! r +1 !
( ) ( ) =
n! ⎢ n +1 ⎥ (n +1) ! = (n +1) n!
( ) ( )(
r! n − r −1 ! ⎢⎣ n − r r +1 ) ⎥⎦
=
n!
+
n! (r +1) ! = (r +1) r!
) (
⎡n − n − r ⎤! n − r ! n − r −1 ! r +1 r!
( ) ( )( ) ( n +1) !
⎣ ⎦ = ()
−−− 1
n! n!
(r +1) ! (n − r ) !
= + (n − r ) ! = (n − r ) (n − r −1) !
( )( ) (
r! n − r n − r −1 ! n − r −1 ! r +1 r! )( )
n! ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= ⎢ + ⎥
r! n − r −1 ! ⎣ n − r r +1⎦
( )
EmilynGan 76

© presentationgo.com
 Example32:
Show that
⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n +1 ⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ n−r
⎟⎟ ( b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r +1
⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜
⎠ ⎝ r +1
⎟⎟
⎠
⎠
⎛ n +1 ⎞ ( )
n +1 !
⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ (
n +1 ! )
()b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
⎝ r +1 ⎠ ⎡⎣ n +1 − r +1 ⎤⎦! r +1 ! ()
From 1 , ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
( ) ( ) ( ) ⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r +1 ( )(
⎠ r +1 ! n − r ! )
( n +1) !
= −−− 2 ()
(n − r ) ! (r +1) !

⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n +1 ⎞
⎟⎟ Shown
✓
∴ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ r +1 ⎠ ⎝ r +1 ⎠

EmilynGan 77

© presentationgo.com
 For any positif integers n and r, n ≥ r,
⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞
()
a ⎜⎜
⎝ r
⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜
⎠ ⎝ n−r ⎠
⎟⎟

⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n +1 ⎞
()
b ⎜⎜
⎝ r
⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜
⎠ ⎝ r +1 ⎠ ⎝ r +1 ⎠
⎟⎟

EmilynGan 78

© presentationgo.com
 Example33:
Evaluate
⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ 18 ⎞ ⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ( b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (c) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (d ) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 7
⎟⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎠

⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ 18 ⎞
()
a ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ( b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 15 ⎠
7! 18!
= =
4!3! 3!15!
7 × 6 × 5× 4! 18 ×17 ×16 ×15!
= =
4!3× 2 ×1 (3× 2 ×1 15! )
= 35 ✓ = 816 ✓

EmilynGan 79

© presentationgo.com
 Example33:
Evaluate
⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ 18 ⎞ ⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ( b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (c) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (d ) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 7
⎟⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎠
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞ 13!
⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎛ 16 ⎞ ( )
d ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
(c) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
⎟⎟ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠ 8!5!
12! 12! 13×12 ×11×10 × 9 × 8!
16! = + =
= 8! 4! 5!7! 8!5× 4 × 3× 2 ×1
✓
11!5! = 1287
12! 12!
16 ×15×14 × ×13×12 ×11! = +
= 8! 4! 7!5!
11!5× 4 × 3× 2 ×1 ⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
= 4368 ✓ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
⎟⎟

⎛ 13 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠
EmilynGan 80

© presentationgo.com
 Ex2.6 (Pg95)

EmilynGan 81

© presentationgo.com
 The Binomial Theorem

EmilynGan 82

© presentationgo.com
 n
The Expansion of 1+ x , n ∈ Z + ( )
⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ 2 ⎛ n ⎞ 3
n ⎛ n ⎞ n−1 n
( )
1+ x = 1+ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + ...+ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + x
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ n −1 ⎠

= 1+ nx +
(
n n −1 )x 2
+ ...+
( )( ) ( )x
n n −1 n − 2 ... n − r +1 r
+ ...+ nx n−1 + x n
2! r!
n
n ⎡ ⎛ b ⎞⎤
( )
a + b = ⎢a ⎜1+ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ a ⎠⎦
n
⎛ b ⎞
= a n ⎜1+ ⎟
⎝ a⎠
EmilynGan 83

© presentationgo.com
 Example34: 7
Use the binomial theorem to expand (1+ x )

⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 7 ⎞ 3 ⎛ 7 ⎞ 4 ⎛ 7 ⎞ 5 ⎛ 7 ⎞ 6 7
7
( )
1+ x = 1+ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + x
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
7! 7! 2 7! 3 7! 4 7! 5 7! 6 7
= 1+ x+ x + x + x + x + x +x
6!1! 5! 2! 4!3! 3! 4! 2!5! 1!6!
= 1+ 7x + 21x 2 + 35x 3 + 35x 4 + 21x 5 + 7x 6 + x 7 ✓

EmilynGan 84

© presentationgo.com
 Example35: 4
Use the binomial theorem, find the expansion of (3x + 4 y )
4 ⎛ 4 ⎞
4 3 ⎛ 4 ⎞ 2 2 ⎛ 4 ⎞ 1 3 4
( ) ( )
3x + 4 y = 3x + ⎜⎜
⎝ 1 ⎠
( )( )
⎟⎟ 3x 4 y + ⎜⎜
⎝ 2
( )( )
⎟⎟ 3x
⎠
4 y + ⎜⎜ ( )( ) ( )
⎟⎟ 3x 4 y + 4 y
⎝ 3 ⎠
4 4! 3 4! 2 2 4! 1 3 4
= 3x + ( )
3!1!
( )( )
3x 4 y +
2! 2!
( )( )
3x 4y +
1!3!
( )( ) ( )
3x 4 y + 4 y

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
= 81x 4 + 4 27x 3 4 y + 6 9x 2 16 y 2 + 4 3x 64 y 3 + 256 y 4

= 81x 4 + 432x 3 y + 864x 2 y 2 + 768xy 3 + 256 y 4 ✓

EmilynGan 85

© presentationgo.com
 Example36: 15
Find the coefficient of x4 in the expansion of ( )
2x −1
From the Binomial Theorem,
n⎛ ⎞ n−r r
n n
(
a + b = ∑⎜⎜ )⎟⎟ a b
r=0 ⎝ r ⎠

15 ⎛
r = 11
15 15 ⎞ 15−r r
Thus, ( )
2x −1 = ∑⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 2x ( ) (−1)
r=0 ⎝ r ⎠
⎛ 15 ⎞ 15−1 1 ⎛ 15 ⎞ 15−2 2 ⎛ 15 ⎞ 15−11 11 ⎛ 15 ⎞ 15−12 12 15
= ⎜⎜
⎝ 1 ⎠
⎟⎟ 2x ( ) ( ) −1 + ⎜⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
( ) ( )
⎟⎟ 2x −1 + ...+ ⎜⎜
⎝ 11 ⎠
( ) ( )
⎟⎟ 2x −1 + ⎜⎜ ( ) ( )
⎟⎟ 2x
⎝ 12 ⎠
−1 ( )
+ ...+ −1

⎛ 15 ⎞ 15−114
11
The coefficient of x = ⎜⎜
⎝ 11 ⎠
⎟⎟ 2 −1 () ( )
15! 4 11
=
4!11!
2 −1 ()( )
= −21840 ✓ 86
EmilynGan

© presentationgo.com
 Example37: 7
Expand 1+ x + 2x up to the term in x3.
( 2
)
7 7
(1+ x + 2x ) 2
= ⎡⎣1+ x + 2x 2 ⎤⎦
( )
⎛ 7 ⎞ 6 1 ⎛
7 ⎞ 5 2 ⎛ 7 ⎞ 4 3
()
= 1 + ⎜⎜ ()( 2
⎟⎟ 1 x + 2x + ⎜⎜ ) 2
()(
⎟⎟ 1 x + 2x + ⎜⎜ ) 2
⎟⎟ 1 x + 2x + ... ()( )
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠ 3
⎝ 3 ⎠
( ) ( ) (
= 1+ 7 x + 2x 2 + 21 x + 2x 2 + 35 x + 2x 2 + ... )
= 1+ 7 ( x + 2x ) + 21( x
2 2
+ 4x 3 + 4x ) + 35 ( x + 4x
4 2 3
)( )
+ 4x 4 x + 2x 2 + ...
= 1+ 7x +14x 2 + 21x 2 + 84x 3 + 35x 3 + ... Ignore x4 and
= 1+ 7x + 35x 2 +119x 3 + ...✓ higher power of x

EmilynGan 87

© presentationgo.com
 Ex2.7 (Pg98)

EmilynGan 88

© presentationgo.com
 The Expansion of (1+ x )
n
, n∈Q

For n ∈ Z + Finite Series( ) Range of x valid

n n ( n −1) 2 ( )(
n n −1 n − 2 )x 3 ⇒ x <1
⇒ (
1+ x ) = 1+ nx + x + + ...+ x n
2! 3!

(
For n ∈ Q Infinite Series )
n n ( n −1) 2 ( )(
n n −1 n − 2 )x 3 ( ) (
n n −1 ... n − r +1 )x r
(
⇒ 1+ x ) = 1+ nx + x
2!
+
3!
+ ...
r!
+ ...

⎛ n ⎞ n!
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = is not applicable if n is not a positive int eger
⎝ r ⎠ n − r ! r! ( )

EmilynGan 89

© presentationgo.com
 Example38:
Expand each of the following expressions as an ascending series in x, up to the term in x4.
State the range of x such that the expansion is valid. 1
⎛ 1 ⎞3 1 1 −3
n n ( n −1) 2 n ( n −1) ( n − 2) 3
(1+ x) = 1+ nx + 2! x + ()
x + ...+ x n
a ⎜1+ x
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟ n =
3
, x =
2
x b () (
1− 2x )
3!
4

1⎛1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
1 −1 −1 − 2 −1 −2 −3
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 3 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 3 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 3 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎛ 1 ⎞
2 3 4
⎛ 1 ⎞ 3
⎜1+ x ⎟ = 1+ ⎜ ⎟⎜ x ⎟ + ⎜ x⎟ + ⎜ x⎟ + ⎜ x ⎟ + ...
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 2! ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3! ⎝2 ⎠ 4! ⎝2 ⎠
1⎛ 2⎞ 1 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 8 ⎞
− − − − − −
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 3 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎛ 1 2 ⎞ 3 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎛ 1 3 ⎞ 3 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎛ 1 4 ⎞
= 1+ ⎜ ⎟⎜ x ⎟ + ⎜ x ⎟+ ⎜ x ⎟+ ⎜ x ⎟ + ...
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝4 ⎠ 6 ⎝8 ⎠ 24 ⎝ 16 ⎠
1 1 5 3 5 4
= 1+ x − x 2 +
6 36 648
x −
1944
x + ...
✓
1 1
The exp ansion is valid if
2
x <1 ⇒ −1<
2
x <1 ⇒ −2 < x < 2 ✓
EmilynGan 90

© presentationgo.com
 Example38:
Expand each of the following expressions as an ascending series in x, up to the term in x4.
State the range of x such that the expansion is valid. 1
n = −3, x = −2x
⎛ 1 ⎞3 −3
n n ( )
n −1
(1+ x) = 1+ nx + 2! x 2 +
n ( ) ( ) x 3 + ...+ x n
n −1 n − 2 a ⎜1+ x ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
()
b 1− 2x () ( )
3!
4

−3 ( −3) (−3−1) 2 ( −3) (−3−1) (−3− 2) 3 ( −3) (−3−1) (−3− 2) (−3− 3) 4

(1− 2x ) ( )(
= 1+ −3 −2x ) +
2!
( −2x ) +
3!
( −2x ) +
4!
( )
−2x + ...

= 1+ 6x + 24x 2 + 80x 3 + 240x 4 + ...

✓
1
The exp ansion is valid if −2x < 1 ⇒ 2 x < 1 ⇒ x<
2
1 1
⇒− <x<
2 2 ✓

EmilynGan 91

© presentationgo.com
 Example39:
10
Expand 1+ x up to and including the term in x3. Hence, obtain an approximation for
( )
(1.01)10 and (0.99)10.
10 10 9 2 10 9 8 3 () ( )( )
( )
1+ x = 1+ 10 x +
2!
( )( )
x +
3!
x + ...
4
10
(1+ x = 1+10x + 45x 2 +120x 3 + ...
)
10
For 1.01 ( )
10 2 3
(
⇒ 1+ 0.01 ) ( ) ( )
= 1+10 0.01 + 45 0.01 +120 0.01 + ... ( )
= 1.10462
= 1.105 ✓ (4s. f .)

EmilynGan 92

© presentationgo.com
 Example39:
10
Expand 1+ x up to and including the term in x3. Hence, obtain an approximation for
( )
(1.01)10 and (0.99)10.
10
(1+ x) = 1+10x + 45x 2 +120x 3 + ...
4

10
(
For 0.99 )
10 2 3
( (
⇒ 1+ −0.01 )) ( ) ( ) (
= 1+10 −0.01 + 45 −0.01 +120 −0.01 + ... )
= 0.90438
= 0.9044 ✓ (4s. f .)

EmilynGan 93

© presentationgo.com
 Example40:
1+ 2x
Expand as a series in ascending powers of x, up to the term in x2. By substituting
1− 2x
1
x= , find an approximation for 51 , stating the number of significant figures your
100 4

result is accurate to. 1⎛1 ⎞

⎜ −1⎟
1
1 1 2 ⎝2 ⎠ 2

1+ 2x 1+ 2x ( ) 2 ( ) ( )
1+ 2x 2 = 1+ 2x +
2 2!
( )
2x + ...
= 1 1 2
1− 2x = 1+ x − x + ...
1− 2x ( ) 2

1 1
2
− 1⎛ 1 ⎞
= (1+ 2x ) (1− 2x )
2 2
1
− ⎜ − −1⎟
− ⎛ 1⎞ 2⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎛ 1 2 ⎞⎛ 3 2 ⎞ (1− 2x ) 2
( )
= 1+ ⎜ − ⎟ −2x + ( )
−2x + ...
= ⎜1+ x − x + ...⎟ ⎜1+ x + x + ...⎟ ⎝ 2⎠ 2!
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 3 2
= 1+ 2x + 2x + ... ✓
2 = 1+ x + x + ...
2
Ignore x3 and higher powers of x EmilynGan 94

© presentationgo.com
 Example40:
1+ 2x
Expand as a series in ascending powers of x, up to the term in x2. By substituting
1− 2x
1
x= , find an approximation for 51 , stating the number of significant figures your
100 4

result is accurate to.

1
When x = ⇒ 51 5101
100 =
⎛ 1 ⎞
49 5000
1+ 2 ⎜ ⎟ 2 1 5101
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 51 =
= 1+ 2 ⎜ ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟ + ... 7 5000
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
1− 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 5101 ⎞
⎝ 100 ⎠ 51 = 7 ⎜ ⎟
51 ⎝ 5000 ⎠
50 = 1+ 1 + 1 + ...
35707
49 50 5000 = = 7.141 ✓ 4s. f .
( )
50 EmilynGan 5000 95

© presentationgo.com
 Example41: −
1
Expand 1+ x ( ) 4 in ascending powers of x up to the term in x2.
,
+
3 1 - ,
Prove that 1+ = 5-
2 80
1
1 − 1
Using your expansion for 1+ x and x =
80
( ) 4
find an approximation for 5 4
giving your answer correct to five decimal places.
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
1 ⎜ − ⎟⎜ − −1⎟
− ⎛ 1⎞ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ 2
(1+ x ) 4 = 1+ ⎜ − ⎟ x +
⎝ 4⎠ 2!
() x + ...

= 1−
1
4
x+
5 2
32
x − ... ✓

EmilynGan 96

© presentationgo.com
 Example41: −
1
Expand 1+ x ( ) 4 in ascending powers of x up to the term in x2.
,
+
3 1 - ,
Prove that 1+ = 5-
2 80 1
1 − 1
Using your expansion for 1+ x and x =
80
( ) 4
find an approximation for 5 4
giving your answer correct to five decimal places.
1
1 1
3⎛ 1⎞
−
4 3 ⎛ 81 ⎞
−
4 3 ⎛ 5× 24 ⎞ 4

⇒ ⎜1+ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ 4 ⎟
2 ⎝ 80 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 80 ⎠ 2⎝ 3 ⎠
1
1 3⎛2⎞
3 ⎛ 80 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
4 = ⎜ ⎟5
2⎝ 3⎠
() 4

2 ⎝ 81 ⎠ 1

( ) ( Shown) ✓
= 5 4

EmilynGan 97

© presentationgo.com
 Example41: −
1
Expand 1+ x ( ) 4 in ascending powers of x up to the term in x2.
,
+
3 1 - , −
1
1 5 2
Prove that 1+ = 5- (
⇒ 1+ x ) 4 = 1− x+ x + ...
2 80 4 32
1
1 − 1
Using your expansion for 1+ x and x =
80
( ) 4
find an approximation for 5 4
giving your answer correct to five decimal places.
1
− 2 1
⎛ 1⎞ 4 1⎛ 1 ⎞ 5 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 −
⇒ ⎜1+ ⎟ = 1− ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ + ... 3⎛ 1⎞ 4
From 5 = ⎜1+ ⎟
4
⎝ 80 ⎠ 4 ⎝ 80 ⎠ 32 ⎝ 80 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 80 ⎠
1 1 1
3
= 1− +
320 40960 ⇒ 5 =
4
2
(
0.996899 )
= 0.996899
= 1.49535 ✓ (5 d .p.)

EmilynGan 98

© presentationgo.com
 Ex2.8 (Pg102)

EmilynGan 99

© presentationgo.com
 Designed with by

www.PresentationGO.com

The free PowerPoint template library