Disaster Nursing | NCM 0120
MODULE 3 hypothalamus and have anti-stress effect v same with body
Guidelines in Disaster
and Emergency Situations
INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING
DURING EMERGENCY AND
DISASTER SITUATION
In emergency situations, infants and young children can
account for a significant percentage of deaths. Children under the age
of one year have a cumulative mortality rate of up to 53% (about half of
children with illnesses → most vulnerable members of the community)
in emergency situations (Carothi and Grabbles, 2014). The most
common causes of death for infants and young children in
emergencies are diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections,
with malnutrition commonly associated with both illnesses.
Breastfeeding and other recommended infant feeding strategies prevent
babies from illness and death. In this section, we will discuss the
recommended actions for infant and young feeding. = feeding infants
and children as much as possible should be ensured even during disaster
REMEMBER!
In a Natural Disaster or Public Health Emergency, there may be
no clean drinking water or sterile environment. It may be impossible to
ensure cleaning and sterilization of feeding utensils...
The cleanest, safest food for an infant, in disasters or
emergencies, is human milk.
Breastfeeding
• Breastfeeding is still the best infant feeding option in the event
of a natural disaster. Breast milk protects babies from diseases
like diarrhea and respiratory infections, as well as providing
• them with the adequate calories and nutrients. This safeguard
is especially crucial in the aftermath of natural disasters, when
contaminated water and unclean conditions can heighten the
risk of diseases.
BREAST MILK FACTS
§ The cleanest, safest food for an infant, in disasters or
emergencies, is human milk. = safe because it comes from the
mother and does not need sterilization especially if mother is
free from disaster
§ It is nutritionally perfect. = contains calories, vitamins,
minerals, ecg; contribute to development and growth of
individual
§ It is readily available without dependence on feeding supplies.
§ It is protective against diseases, especially diarrhea and
respiratory Infections. = protection of respiratory and gastric
lining that would help a avoid pneumonia act on
temperature can also be altered if exposed to higher
temperatures
§ It enhances the infant’s immune response.
= Immunoglobulin g while nurse doesn’t know what to do
§ It is the right temperature and helps to prevent hypothermia.
§ Hormone release during breastfeeding helps relieve maternal
stress and anxiety. = oxytocin has good effects to mother
IMPORTANT TIPS IN BREASTFEEDING
#1. Preparation Matters
§ Breastfeeding mothers and healthcare workers can discuss
plans and be prepared before a disaster occurs. = health
education o benefits of removing disaster
#2. Cleanliness is Key
§ Before and after feeding, proper hand washing should be
emphasized. Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains
at least 40% to 60% above alcohol if soap and safe (clean) water
are not available. = also clean their breasts
§ Make disposable cups available, as bottles and nipples can
be difficult to clean efficiently when clean water is scarce.
= sometimes its hard to clean ups during a disaster
§ Ensure availability to essentials (cleaning materials) such as
a washbasin, dish soap, cleaning brushes, and a mesh bag to
hang dry infant feeding items if there is clean water. = some
do breast pump and use bottles/pumps
§ Instruct families on how to properly clean infant feeding
items. Always clean infant feeding items with bottled, boiled,
or treated water and soap before each use. = throw out
bottle/pacifiers that have been in contact with flood water
especially if they cannot sterilize
§ If you cannot clean infant feeding supplies safely, children can
lap up milk from a disposable cup, if available. Throw out bottle
nipples or pacifiers that have been in contact with floodwater.
= cleanliness may help avoid diarrheal diseases
#3. Create a Safe Space for Breastfeeding Families
§ Keep families together. Instruct parents to continue
G.M.M.E. | A.J.E.F. | T.A.M.M. – MARILAG
nursing in the event of a medical emergency. Keep mother
with the infant if not contraindicated (ex. contagious disease,
quarantine, isolation) = will increase chance for breastfeeding,
decrease stress of mother which will facilitate breastfeeding.
§ Create discreet, safe spaces for breastfeeding mothers
to nurse their babies. Physical and psychological security.
These havens should provide security, privacy, counseling
(mothers can be stressed which can affect their likeliness to
breastfeed), water, and food. Pediatricians can contribute
using offices, hospitals, or other shelters.
§ Assure moms that they can and should continue to
breastfeed their babies and that they should offer the breast as

much as their infants want. Offer assurance especially to first
time mothers. Breastfeeding is difficult but the benefits will be
both for the mother and infant. It is okay to continue
breastfeeding in times of emergencies or disasters.
§ Provide support for breastfeeding through assessment of
the infant’s and mother’s hydration and nutritional status.
Nursing mothers need more calories because they provide
breastmilk. Breastfeeding mothers may be considered as
part of the most vulnerable members of the society during a
disaster. If abnormal,
ü Increase breastfeeding frequency for the infant
and nutritional support of the mother.
ü Extra food and water (nutrition) should be
provided for all pregnant and lactating women
during times of disasters.
#4. Be Ready to Answer Concerns
§ As community nurses/nurses during times of disasters,
individuals & families have numerous questions. As much as
possible, you have to be able to answer them correctly.
§ In situations where the mother’s own milk is not available, the
best option is pasteurized donor human milk. While
pasteurized donor milk from a regulated milk bank is
preferred, it is often not available during a disaster (look for
another mother who is breastfeeding who can give excess
breastmilk). If formula is given, recommend ready to-feed
standard formula (liquid milk that are ready to drink). Use
concentrated or powdered formula only if a safe water supply
is ensured. Avoid concentrated/powdered formulas as
much as possible during a disaster: It will be difficult to
acquire clean materials (practicality, safety issues, cleanliness
of tools); some foods are perishable and are not safe. Milk
formula can be an agent for bacterial growth (Cronobacter –
gram-negative bacteria which can be found on milk formulas
which were not properly processed). This could lead to diarrhea
or severe infection (CNS or brain infection) to infants.
§ Advocate for optimal feeding options for orphaned infants,
including donor human milk. Some infants lose their
mothers during a disaster.
§ Lactating women may be immunized as recommended for
adults and adolescents. Advise that lactating is not a
contraindication for most vaccines (including COVID-19
vaccines). But, some but not all immunity (immunoglobulin)
can be passed from the mother to the child.
§ If radiation exposure is a concern...
o When the risk of exposure to radioactive iodine is
temporary, mothers can continue to breastfeed if
potassium iodide (KI) is given to her and the
infant within 4 hours of contamination. Also used
in radiation for thyroid cancer.
Disaster Nursing | NCM 0120
o Mothers should consider temporarily stopping
breastfeeding and switching to either expressed
milk from before the exposure or ready-to-
feed infant formula until the mother and infant
can be treated with KI. Powdered or
concentrated formula should only be used if the
water is free from radiation. Priority for formula
feeding is still ready-to-feed infant formula
rather than powdered or concentrated formula.
o If no other source of food is available for the infant,
the mother should continue to breastfeed after
washing the nipple and breast thoroughly with
soap and warm water and gently wiping around
and away from the infant’s mouth.
§ For formula feeding:
ü Ready to use formula
ü OR Bottled water + powder
ü Boil water at least 1 minute if there is no availability
of bottled water
o Take precautionary measures especially to the
vulnerable infants (premature/preterm, w/
illnesses, not fully immunized). They must be given
breastmilk rather than formula feeding. If formula
feeding is available, avoid powder feeding as
much as possible.
o If already combined feeding (breastfeeding +
formula feeding), instruct to reduce reliance on
formula.
§ Disadvantages of Formula Use during Disasters or
Emergencies:
o Supplies of formula may not be available
o Formula may become contaminated if prepared
with unclean water or stored in non-sterilized
containers, or if refrigeration is not available for
storage.
o Errors in formula preparation may occur leading to
diarrheal diseases (gastric irritation)
§ It is important to reassure mothers that most medications
are compatible with breastfeeding, including antibiotics.
G.M.M.E. | A.J.E.F. | T.A.M.M. – MARILAG

Mother’s milk
Donor’s milk
Ready to use formula
#5. It Is All About Having Access
§ Make pregnant and breastfeeding women a priority for food
and water access.
§ Be prepared to refer lactation support providers to
mothers and caregivers who require assistance (have physical
or psychological difficulties with lactating)
QUESTION: Which response/s from a breastfeeding mother needs
further health education?
a. “It is ok to use a hand sanitizer prior breast feeding if there is
no supply of soap and water...” = should be alcohol (at least
60%)
b. “Use of tap water is not bad. I just have let it boil for at least 30
seconds...” = boiling of water should be at least 1 minute
c. “Donor’s milk for breastfeeding is not an alternative during
disasters...” = false, donor’s milk is the second option
d. “If formula feeding will be utilized, ready-to-use infant formula
if available must be used...” = powdered milk should be
avoided during times of disaster because of issues on
practicality and cleanliness, and possibility of contracting
Cronobacter
Disaster Nursing | NCM 0120
KEEPING WATER AND FOOD SAFE AFTER A
DISASTER OR EMERGENCY
Food Safety
It is critical to take precautions to avoid illness caused by
contaminated food in the case of a disaster or emergency. These are
some ways to reduce risk of diseases:
1. After a disaster, throw away the following:
§ Perishable food that has not been refrigerated or frozen
properly due to power outages
§ Food that may have been contaminated by runoff or
floodwater
§ Food that has an unusual odor, color, or texture.
REMEMBER!
When in doubt, throw it out!
2. Remember the rule of 4.
During and after a power outage:
§ Keep refrigerator and freezer doors closed as much as
possible. The refrigerator will keep food safe for up to 4
hours (USDA's Keeping Food Safe during an
Emergency).
§ After 4 hours without power, throw away refrigerated
perishable foods such meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and
leftovers.
§ If using a cooler, maintain temperature of 40 degrees
Fahrenheit or below.
3. Following a flood...
a. Throw food that may have come into contact with
floodwater or storm water, the following foods or food
containers should be thrown away:
§ Food with an unusual odour, colour, or texture.
§ Food in packages that are not waterproof.
§ Food in cardboard containers, including
juice/milk/baby formula boxes.
§ Food containers with screw caps, snap lids,
crimped caps, twist caps, flip tops, and snap
tops.
G.M.M.E. | A.J.E.F. | T.A.M.M. – MARILAG
§ Home-canned foods. They cannot be disinfected.
§ Canned foods or food containers that are bulging,
open, or damaged.
b. Flooded food-contact surfaces should be cleaned and
sanitized. If wooden cutting boards, pacifiers, and infant
bottle nipples have come into touch with floodwaters, throw
them away. Floodwater contaminants cannot be
removed from these objects using sanitizing
procedures.

REMEMBER!
Clean and sanitize dishes, utensils, and other surfaces that touch
food (like refrigerator drawers or kitchen countertops) in a four-
step process:
§ Wash with hot, soapy water.
§ Rinse with clean, safe water.
§ Sanitize:
o Make a solution of 1 cup (8 oz/240 mL) of unscented
household chlorine bleach in 5 gallons of clean water.
o Soak items for 1 minute in the bleach solution (solution
should completely cover the items).
o For items that you can’t put in the solution (like
countertops), apply solution with a cloth.
§ Allow to air dry.
Water Safety
It is critical to take precautions to avoid illness caused by
contaminated water in a catastrophe or emergency. Boiling, adding
disinfectants, or filtering tainted water can often be used to make it safe
to drink in a disaster.
• Most effective ways to make water safe (from most effective to
least effective): boiling, disinfecting, filtering
• Boiling will kill bacteria, viruses, and parasites but not all. Boil
for 1 minute.
Disaster Nursing | NCM 0120
• Disinfection: If used household bleach, wait for at least 30
min before using. There are ready-made formulas given by
UNICEF or WHO to clean water during times of disasters
• Filtering only removes parasites
REMEMBER!
Water that has been contaminated with fuel, poisonous
chemicals, or radioactive substances will not be safe even if it is
boiled or disinfected. If water is suspected or has been contaminated
with gasoline or hazardous chemicals, bottled water or a different
water source must be utilized. In the event that bottled water is not
available, the three most effective ways to make your water safe are
boiling, disinfecting, and filtering.
QUESTION: Which is the most effective way of ensuring water safety
during a disaster?
a. Boiling
b. Filtration
c. Disinfection
d. Evaporation = not included in ensuring water safety during a
disaster
PAGASA RAINFALL AND
FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM
Disaster risk reduction relies heavily on early warning
systems. They reduce the economic effect of natural disasters while also
preventing the loss of lives. One of the seven global goals outlined
by the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030
is to increase the availability of multi-hazard early warning
systems and disaster risk information. This portion of the module
will give you a discussion about the local rainfall and flood warning
system.
Early warning systems are means by which people receive
relevant and timely information in a systematic way prior to a
disaster in order to make informed decisions and take action.
(preparecenter.org). The term "system" refers to the interaction of a
G.M.M.E. | A.J.E.F. | T.A.M.M. – MARILAG
number of parts (involving various individuals, government agencies)
that work together to make it easier to communicate and respond quickly
to protect and assist individuals who are in need.
According to an article written by Jesicca Ronbins, There are
four essential elements to an early warning system where each part
must function efficiently for the system to be successful:
a. Risk knowledge builds the baseline understanding about
risks (hazards and vulnerabilities) and priorities of the
community at a given level.
b. Monitoring is the logical follow-on activity to keep up-to-date
on how those risks and vulnerabilities change through time.
(ex. a specific community is at risk of volcanic eruption, there
 Disaster Nursing | NCM 0120

should be continuous monitoring on the activity of the active expected to continue in the
volcanoes) next 2 hours
c. Response capability insists on each level being able to Severe flooding is
reduce risk once trends are spotted and announced — this may EXPECTED. Take necessary
be through pre-season mitigation activities, evacuation or EMERGENCY precautionary measures
duck-and-cover reflexes, depending on the lead-time of a (early evacuation of
warning. community members located
d. Warning communication packages the monitoring in highly exposed areas;
information into actionable messages understood by those provide first-aid kits, food
that need, and are prepared, to hear them. Depends on the supplies)
level of technology that the community is using. As much as
possible, warning systems should send information early and Flash floods
in a timely manner. • While floods take some time, usually from 12 to 24 hours or
even longer, to develop after the occurrence of intense
rainfall, there is a particular type which develops after no
PAG-ASA more than six hours and, frequently, after an even less
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical time. These are what are known as "flash floods".
Services Administration • A type of flood which occurs and develops to no more than or
• one of the attached agencies of the Department of Science shorter than 6 hours after the rain
and Technology (DOST) under its Scientific and Technical • ex. Flash flood in Ormoc, Leyte
Services Institutes, is mandated to “provide protection • You will not expect that a flood will happen earlier with flash
against natural calamities and utilize scientific floods
knowledge as an effective instrument to insure the
safety, well-being and economic security of all the THUNDERSTORM WARNINGS
people, and for the promotion of national progress.” § This will be issued when there is an indication
As much as possible, we want to monitor the occurrence of that a thunderstorm is threatening a
these natural calamities, prevent loss of lives and loss of specific area(s) within the next 2 hours.
properties. In this section, we will focus on its rainfall and flood (highest form of warning)
warning systems. Below are the tables and figure § Updates will be issued as frequent as
showing the various alert systems. Thunderstorm
necessary.
Advisory § This will be disseminated via SMS, Social
RAINFALL WARNINGS Media, website
Community AWARENESS § This will inform the public that TSTM
Yellow Warning 7.5-15mm (heavy) rain; formation is likely within the next twelve
Response:
observed in 1 hour and (12) hours.
MONITOR
expected to continue in the § This is more general than a warning.
the weather Thunderstorm § This will be disseminated thru Social Media,
next 2 hours condition (risk Watch
Flooding is POSSIBLE in low- website
for floods)
ADVISORY § Issued when TSTM is less likely within the

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lying areas
and near river channels Thunderstorm next twelve (12) hours.
Community AWARENESS Information § This will be disseminated thru Twitter,
Green / Orange Facebook, website
15-30mm (intense) rain;
Warning
observed in 1 hour and Response:
expected to continue in the ALERT for PUBLIC STORM WARNINGS
next 2 hours possible § 30 to 60 KPH
Flooding is THREATENING in evacuation § No damage to very light damage
#1
low-lying areas and near river § The first signal indicates that the area affected should
ALERT expect intermittent rains within at least 36 hours
channels
Community RESPONSE § 61 to 120 KPH within at least 24 hours
Response: #2
Red Warning More than 30mm rain; § Light to moderate damage
EVACUATION #3 § 121 to 170 KPH within at least 18 hours
observed in 1 hour and

§ Moderate to heavy damage
§ 171 to 220 KPH within at least 12 hours
#4
§ Heavy to very heavy damage
§ More than 220 KPH within at least 12 hours
#5 § Very heavy to widespread damage
§ Super typhoon
• Public storm warnings show the risk that the typhoon or storm
poses to your community.
• ex. Bagyong Lawin (Super typhoon) = Signal No. 5 with
a speed of 225 KPH. The first typhoon in the Philippines
where the PAGASA used the term Signal No. 5. Before 2015,
there were only Signals No. 1-4.
• Examples of Super typhoons:
o Yolanda (November 2013) = 235 / 275 KPH
o Juan (October 2010) = 225 / 260 KPH
o Trining (October 1991) = 250 / 285 KPH
• Eye of the storm (Mata ng Bagyo) – maganda ang
panahon at mainit
• Eye wall – peripheral area; pinaka-malakas na hangin at ulan
QUESTION: When a tropical depression forms, it is closely monitored for
any further development. When the sustained wind speeds reach a
certain point, the system is then elevated to public storm signal #3. At
which wind speed does this occur?
a. 61 kph
b. 121 kph
c. 151 kph
d. More than 220 kph
EARTHQUAKE WARNING SYSTEM
The Institute's National Earthquake Monitoring and
Information aims to provide accurate and timely information on
significant earthquakes and tsunami events that may significantly impact
the Philippines; and to ensure the accessibility and integrity of
earthquake data. Lesson 3 will give you a background of PHILVOCS and
its warning system for earthquakes.
Disaster Nursing | NCM 0120
PHIVOLCS
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS) is a service institute of the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) that is principally mandated to mitigate disasters
that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami and
other related geotectonic phenomena. It provides timely, quality and
socially-inclusive information and services for warning, disaster
preparedness and mitigation through the development and application
of technologies for the monitoring and accurate prediction of, and
determination of areas prone to, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and
tsunamis and other related hazards, and gender-responsive capacity
enhancement for comprehensive disaster risk reduction.
Earthquakes (Information based on PHIVOLCS)
The abrupt movement of rock elements beneath the earth's
surface causes an earthquake, which is a faint to intense shaking of the
ground. The earthquakes start at the tectonic plate boundary. The
epicenter is the place on the earth's surface exactly above the focus,
while the focus/hypocenter is the location inside the earth where the
earthquake began.
TWO TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES
1) Tectonic earthquakes – are produced by sudden movement
along faults and plate boundaries. Usually more common than
volcanic earthquakes in our locality.
2) Volcanic earthquakes – induced by rising lava or magma beneath
active volcanoes.
G.M.M.E. | A.J.E.F. | T.A.M.M. – MARILAG
In the Philippines, we are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire
wherein we are predisposed to both types of earthquakes.
TWO WAYS TO MEASURE THE STRENGTH OF AN EARTHQUAKE
1) Magnitude
• Is proportional to the energy released by an
earthquake at the focus.
• The higher the magnitude, the higher the energy
release by the earthquake.
• It is calculated from earthquakes recorded by an
instrument called seismograph. It is represented by
Arabic Numbers (e.g. 4.8, 9.0).

2) Intensity
• Is the strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt
by people in a certain locality.
• It is a numerical rating based on the relative effects to
people, objects, environment, and structures in the
surrounding.
• The intensity is generally higher near the epicenter.
• It is represented by Roman Numerals (e.g. II, IV, and IX).
• In the Philippines, the intensity of an earthquake is
determined using the PHIVOLCS Earthquake
Intensity Scale (PEIS).
PHIVOLCS currently has 108 seismic monitoring stations
across the Philippines (as of December 2020). Seismometers are
used to detect and record earthquakes at these locations. To estimate
earthquake parameters such as magnitude, depth of focus, and
epicentre, data is forwarded to the PHIVOLCS Data Receiving Centre
(DRC). Once these data are determined, earthquake information is given
together with reported felt intensities in the area (if any).
PHIVOLCS EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY SCALE (PEIS)
INTENSITY
SHAKING DESCRIPTION
SCALE
Perceptible to people under
favourable circumstances. Delicately
Scarcely
I balanced objects are disturbed
Perceptible
slightly. Still Water in containers
oscillates slowly.
Felt by few individuals at rest indoors.
Slightly Hanging objects swing slightly. Still
II
Felt Water in containers oscillates
noticeably.
Felt by many people indoors
especially in upper floors of
buildings. Vibration is felt like one
passing of a light truck. Dizziness
III Weak
and nausea are experienced by some
people. Hanging objects swing
moderately. Still water in containers
oscillates moderately.
Felt generally by people indoors and
by some people outdoors. Light
sleepers are awakened. Vibration is
felt like a passing of heavy truck.
Hanging objects swing considerably.
Moderately
IV Dinner, plates, glasses, windows and
Strong
doors rattle. Floors and walls of wood
framed buildings creak. Standing
motor cars may rock slightly. Liquids
in containers are slightly disturbed.
Water in containers oscillate
Disaster Nursing | NCM 0120
strongly. Rumbling sound may
sometimes be heard.
Generally felt by most people indoors
and outdoors. Many sleeping people
are awakened. Some are frightened,
some run outdoors. Strong shaking
and rocking felt throughout building.
Hanging objects swing violently.
V Strong Dining utensils clatter and clink;
some are broken. Small, light and
unstable objects may fall or overturn.
Liquids spill from filled open
containers. Standing vehicles rock
noticeably. Shaking of leaves and
twigs of trees are noticeable.
Many people are frightened; many
run outdoors. Some people lose their
balance. Motorists feel like driving in
flat tires. Heavy objects or furniture
move or may be shifted. Small church
bells may ring. Wall plaster may crack.
Very old or poorly built houses and
VI Very Strong
man-made structures are slightly
damaged though well-built structures
are not affected. Limited rock falls
and rolling boulders occur in hilly
to mountainous areas and
escarpments. Trees are noticeably
shaken.
Most people are frightened and
run outdoors. People find it difficult
to stand in upper floors. Heavy objects
and furniture overturn or topple. Big
church bells may ring. Old or poorly-
built structures suffer considerably
damage. Some well-built structures
are slightly damaged. Some cracks
VII Destructive may appear on dikes, fish ponds, road
surface, or concrete hollow block
G.M.M.E. | A.J.E.F. | T.A.M.M. – MARILAG
walls. Limited liquefaction, lateral
spreading and landslides are
observed. Trees are shaken strongly.
(Liquefaction is a process by which
loose saturated sand lose strength
during an earthquake and behave
like liquid).
People panicky. People find it
difficult to stand even outdoors.
Very
VIII Many well-built buildings are
Destructive
considerably damaged. Concrete
dikes and foundation of bridges are
 Disaster Nursing | NCM 0120

destroyed by ground settling or
toppling. Railway tracks are bent or
broken. Tombstones may be
displaced, twisted or overturned.
Utility posts, towers and monuments
mat tilt or topple. Water and sewer
pipes may be bent, twisted or broken.
Liquefaction and lateral spreading
cause man-made structure to sink, tilt
or topple. Numerous landslides and
rock falls occur in mountainous
and hilly areas. Boulders are thrown
out from their positions particularly
near the epicentre. Fissures and faults
rapture may be observed. Trees are
violently shaken. Water splash or stop
over dikes or banks of rivers.
People are forcibly thrown to
ground. Many cry and shake with
fear. Most buildings are totally
damaged. Bridges and elevated
concrete structures are toppled or
destroyed. Numerous utility posts,
towers and monument are tilted,
toppled or broken. Water sewer pipes
are bent, twisted or broken.
IX Devastating
Landslides and liquefaction with
lateral spreadings and sand boils
are widespread. The ground is
distorted into undulations. Trees are
shaken very violently with some
toppled or broken. Boulders are
commonly thrown out. River water
splashes violently on slops over dikes
and banks.
Practically all man-made structures
are destroyed. Massive landslides
and liquefaction, large scale
Completely
X subsidence and uplifting of land
QUESTION: An earthquake drill was performed. During the drill the
scenario was: People are forcibly thrown to ground. Many cry and shake
with fear. Most buildings are totally damaged. The bridges and elevated
concrete structures are toppled or destroyed. Numerous utility posts,
towers and monument are tilted, toppled or broken. Landslides and
liquefaction with lateral spreading and sandboils are widespread. The
ground is distorted into undulations. Trees are shaken very violently with
some toppled or broken. Boulders are commonly thrown out. River water
splashes violently on slops over dikes and banks. The portrayed scenario
is______.
a. Intensity 5
b. Intensity 7
c. Intensity 9 = keyword is liquefaction with lateral spreadings
and sandboils are widespread
d. Intensity 10
SUMMARY
The important points regarding this module are as follows:
§ Breastfeeding is still the best infant feeding option in the event
of a natural disaster.
§ In terms of food safety during disasters, when in doubt, throw
it out!
§ The three most effective ways to make your water safe are
boiling, disinfecting, and filtering.
§ Early warning systems are means by which people receive
relevant and timely information in a systematic way prior to a
disaster in order to make informed decisions and take action

G.M.M.E. | A.J.E.F. | T.A.M.M. – MARILAG

Devastating
forms and many ground fissures are
observed. Many trees are toppled,
broken and uprooted.
Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcano-alert-level