QUESTION 2

How to start / Important things to remember:

1. GASP
Genre- Report, News Article, Blog,Speech, Magazine Article, Diary Entry,
Letter.
● Form of text- Journalistic, Commercial, Online, Personal,
Literary(Descriptive and Narrative writing), Formal.
Audience- Primary and Secondary
Subject
Purpose- Persuade, Inform, Analyze, Criticize, Entertain, Advertise, Instruct.

2. Tone- how the author of the text feels about the subject matter, and how they
convey this through their writing/ author’s own attitude towards the text.
Serious, alarming. When both joyful and informative/formal creates a mood of
excitement for the reader.
Mood- the emotions the author makes the reader feel/ the text’s atmosphere

3. Lexis:
● Register and Frequency
● High or Low Modality
● Lexical Field- of relationships, birds, military, ocean etc
● Semantic Field (has more to with connotations)- Lexical fields are more
specific to the field to which they belong, whereas semantic fields can
include words that belong to different lexical fields but have similar
connotations. For example, Semantic field of peace – dove,
agreement, olive branch, amnesty.
● Grice’s Maxims of Conversations:
Quality- Do not make unsupported claims
Relevance- Be relevant to topic
Quantity- Do not say less or more than required
Manner- Avoid ambiguity and obscurity, Be concise and clear.

● Shared Resources
● Implicature
● If contraction used- apostrophe of elision used for shortening words

4. Appeal to:
Ethos- Credibility of the writer
Logos- Logic through facts, stats, numbers.
Pathos- Emotions through emotive language.
 Terms

1. Allegory: An allegory is a type of narrative that uses characters and plot to

depict abstract ideas and themes. In an allegorical story, things represent
more than they appear to on the surface. Many children's fables, such as The
Tortoise and the Hare, are simple allegories about morality — but allegories
can also be dark, complex, and controversial. Example: Animal Farm by
George Orwell.
2. Alliteration: describes a series of words in quick succession that all start with
the same letter or sound. It lends a pleasing cadence and rhythm to prose and
poetry both. Has phonological appeal. Makes the phrase stand out.
3. Anachronism: When something does not fit into the time period of the story.
4. Anaphora: the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a series of
clauses or sentences. Evokes an emotional response and adds emphasis.
5. Anastrophe: figure of speech wherein the traditional sentence structure is
reversed usually for sarcastic effect. ‘Ready, are you?’
6. Anthropomorphism: apply human traits or qualities to a non-human thing
such as objects, animals, or the weather. But unlike personification, in which
this is done through figurative description, anthropomorphism is literal: a sun
with a smiling face, for example, or talking dogs in a cartoon.
7. Pathetic Fallacy: Pathetic fallacy is always about giving emotions to
something non-human. Personification is giving any human attribute to an
object.The sun was smiling down upon him. The raindrops wept around her.
8. Aphorism: Universally accepted truths/ famous phrases e.g. slow and steady
wins the race.
9. Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds in words that are close together in
a sentence or verse. For example, The gleaming sunbeams shone down on
the vast green fields.
10. Archetype: universal symbol that brings familiarity and context. Appeal to
shared resources.
11. Chiasmus:when two or more parallel clauses are inverted.“Ask not what your
country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” — John F.
Kennedy. Adds emphasis, gains audience’s attention, tool of persuasion.
12. Colloquialisms
13. Dramatic Irony:when the readers know more about the situation going on
than at least one of the characters involved. This creates a difference
between the ways the audience and the characters perceive unfolding events.
For instance, if we know that one character is having an affair, when that
character speaks to their spouse, we will pick up on the lies and
double-meanings of their words.
14. Euphemism: a relatively polite way of saying something inappropriate.
15. Exposition: When some character’s backstory is provided, explains the
context.
16. Hyperbole: exaggerated statement that emphasizes the significance of the
statement’s actual meaning.
17. Hypophora:the person raises a question and answers it immediately
themselves. A device to catch attention, since a reader's curiosity is
stimulated by hearing a question, and to provide a question and explanation
the reader may not have thought of.
18. Imagery: includes similes (comparison between two things using words
’like’, ‘as’- makes description vivid) , metaphors (figurative language, makes
a comparison between two otherwise unrelated things e.g. is the apple of my
eye. ‘is’ often used) , idioms (a phrase that has a meaning different from the
literal meaning of the words in it e.g under the weather, break a leg, over the
moon).
● Visual Imagery- vivid picture, the reader is compelled to read further.
● Olfactory Imagery
● Gustatory Imagery
● Tactile Imagery- touch
● Auditory Imagery- onomatopoeia (bam, whoosh, ddu-ddu-ddu).
Makes the reader feel like they are present in the scenery.
● Kinesthetic Imagery- movement

19. Isocolon: phrases parallel in structure. The quick, balanced rhythm makes
the phrase catchier and more memorable. ‘’I came, I saw, I conquered.’’
20. Juxtaposition: places two or more dissimilar characters, themes, concepts,
etc. side by side, and the profound contrast highlights their differences.
Sometimes the best way for us to understand something is by understanding
what it’s not.
21. Litotes: Writers use litotes to express certain sentiments through their
opposites, by saying that that opposite is not the case. You’re not wrong, I
didn't not like it.
22. Paralipsis: When the writer emphasizes something by pretending not to say
anything. ‘It’s not like Mary’s hiding in the closet’
23. Metonym: Metonymy is like symbolism. One single object embodies an entire
institution. Crown for monarchy, Washington for US Government.
24. Synecdoche: part refers to a whole, wheels for car,per head for person.
25. Oxymoron: two opposite words put together. Deafening silence.
26. Polysyndeton: same conjunction used several times in succession for a
dramatic effect.
27. Symbolism: tangible symbols to represent abstract concepts and ideas. For
instance, a dove might represent peace, or a raven might represent death.
28. Tautology: when a sentence or short paragraph repeats a word or phrase,
expressing the same idea twice. “Frozen ice”. Can also be used for poetic
emphasis.
 29. Tmesis: when a word or phrase is broken up by an interjecting word, such as
abso-freaking-lutely. It’s used to draw out and emphasize the idea, often with
a humorous or sarcastic slant.
30. Zoomorphism: when you take animal traits and assign them to anything
that’s not an animal.

Other things to mention I can't be bothered to categorize

● Vociferous- very vocal, opinionated.

● Jargon- technical language and terms used by a profession or group that are
difficult for others to understand.
● Dichotomy- contrast
● Sometimes with formality comes a strong sense of dignity.
● Short sentences packed with complex ideas in simple terms.
● Minor sentences cause dramatic effect. Help create a subtle pause for effect
without breaking the reader’s rhythm.
● Ellipses- Pause for effect to increase tension and trailing off in the dialogue.
● Exhaustive list of loaded, powerful, emotive words to emphasize.
● Triadics, lists of three- persuasive technique, to drill, instill, highlight,
showcase. Helps retain the information.
● Binomials
● (-) Dash and (:) colon used to emphasize what comes after.
● Formal register- used for speeches by world leaders, formal letters, articles.
● Intimate Register- used between friends, spouses, parents.
● Hedging:Used in news reports. Introductory verbs: e.g. seem, tend, look like,
appear to be, think, believe, doubt, be sure, indicate, suggest.
Certain lexical verbs. e.g. believe, assume, suggest.
Certain modal verbs: e.g. will, must, would, may, might, could.
● Informal, chatty, casual to develop a bond of trust with readers.
● Some high register words used sometimes to appear sophisticated and
educated and appeal to ethos. Complex vocabulary but not so obscure for it
to be incomprehensible by the common man.
● Persuasive- start with low then build to high modality as argument is
developed.
● Direct quotes add authenticity and give insight.
● Discourse markers- Sentence connectors: and, or, but, also, even, because,
however, indeed, in addition, allegedly.
● Listing- pile on information, overwhelm.
● One line paragraph- highlight, emphasize.
 ● Explicit-the obvious takeaway of a sentence. Implicit- what the sentence tells
you/ effect/ connotation.
● ‘’Carefully selected visual verbs’’
● ‘’Dynamic verbs in exhaustive lists’’

CLIPGO Approach

Context – (already produced as a response to the GASP part of the lesson).

Lexis or Language – grammar, syntax, lexical choices, tense and mood

choices, semantic fields, figurative language, imagery, English as a lingua
franca.

Interactional features – use of first, second and third person plural forms,
the construction of audience, implicature, and rhetorical devices such as
triadic structures.

Grammar features – syntax and sentence structure, use of declarative,

imperative and subjunctive mood.

Phonological features – alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, repetition,

plosives, rhythms produced by the interaction between sounds and
sentence structures.

Overview – summing up findings and linking them back to the context.

Question 1
Writing in Different Genres
(P1 and P2)

➔ Descriptive:
➔ Narrative: 5 ways to start a story:
● Flashback
 ● Dialogue
● Action lead
● Sound lead- Onomatopoeia
● Snapshot- vivid imagery
● Foreshadowing
Literary Devices: OMISHAP
● Onomatopoeia
● Metaphor
● Idiom
● Simile
● Hyperbole
● Alliteration
● Personification

◆ Write dialogues in a completely different line

◆ Descriptive throughout- show, dont tell

➔ Speech: 3 Ways of starting a speech:

- An anecdote
- A thought provoking question
- A mind blowing fact or statistic
- Inclusive Language
- Shared Resources
- Personal Anecdote
- Rhetorical Questions: to make the reader engage.

➔ Newspaper Report Writing: Headline- short and snappy (alliteration,

powerful vocabulary etc)
◆ Past tense
◆ 5 W’s- who, what, where, when, why.
◆ Embedded clause/ periodic/ interruptive sentences
◆ Interviews through reported speech (indirect speech) and direct
speech.
◆ Avoid any bias and use passive words like it is claimed, they report, it
is understood, it is assumed.
◆ No personal opinions because the purpose is to inform so maintain
neutrality.

➔ Report Writing: Facts based -opinion in the end.

◆ Formal
◆ Not emotional- detached
◆ 3rd person narrative with an objective viewpoint
➔ Diary/Journal Entry: Informal but descriptive. Reason/ Motive for acting a
certain way
◆ Reflections- your internal thoughts and reflections
◆ Philosophical thoughts
◆ No climax- humor (if i can) (-_-)
◆ Rhetorical Qs
◆ Colloquialisms
◆ Emotive language

➔ Voiceover: Formal tone with high frequency words. Write like you speak.
◆ Facts and Stats
◆ Technical jargon
◆ Names of universities or organizations
◆ Contractions
◆ Minor sentences

➔ Leaflet: Headings and Subheadings

◆ Triadic structure
◆ Exclamatives
◆ Imperatives
◆ Loose and periodic sentences.

➔ Blog: Can be informal and can use either high register, low frequency or low
register, high frequency
◆ Heading
◆ Hyperlink
◆ Colloquialisms
◆ Shared Resources
◆ First person narrative
◆ Regular readers

➔ Magazine Article: Catchy title, subheadings ( should also be catchy) and

can use up to 5 bullet points.
◆ Dramatic opening- Rhetorical Q or mind blowing fact
◆ Overview of topic
◆ PEEL method- Main point, concisely present the thesis argument,
develop it, evidence, analysis and then link.
◆ Imperatives and High modality
◆ Varying sentence structures - periodic sentences, loose sentences,
complex, compound, compound complex, minor sentences, not just
simple sentences.
➔ Letters: Date has to be written ON TOP. ‘’ Salutation, Dear whomever……’’
◆ Formal letters (heading isn’t important)
● High register, Low frequency
● No contractions
● Connectives
● Opinions
● Facts and Stats
● Complimentary close or call to action

➔ Persuasive Writing: needed for articles, magazines, adverts, arguments,

speeches.
Find loopholes in the majority opinion.
Point, Evidence, Evaluate, Link.
Make up statistics.
Alliteration
Repetition
Imperatives
Pronouns
Exaggeration
Facts
Opinion
Rhetorical Questions
Emotive Language
Statistics
Triples

➔ Memo: From the employer to employees

◆ Formal
◆ Low register and High frequency words
◆ Bullet points can be used