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and
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be architecture
time purpose
accessing
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ínformation. and converted
labeling wastage inusers,
the to the using then YOU
Knowledgedistinguish classification space and
managed and. of inforrmation due uniquely. Similarly Architecture finance WILL
the then constructor
practice and navigation to in it
into information. and
to use
loading ARCHITECTURE LEARN
navigation developer et
Data facilitate knowledge. the
owledge.information is of websites IT :.
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is be of may
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 INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE

Information

Data Data management Information Knowiedee

rinteKnowledmaeret o
or Information 1management or
design knowledge
design managerl6gence
Fig. 3.1
design
structured
Data manager produce highly produce database to
specificquestion. Knowledge managers develop tools, processes to
to share knowledge. Information manager organize
categories and label these categories to make it easy to
information atspoecirnsfic in arso
encourage
Organ1zing information:It involves following steps understand.
1, Structuring: Structuring information means determining
to granularity for information atoms in your síte and deciding ho
to another.
appropríatee te k

Grouping: Grouping information means grouping the linked

2.
into meaningful and distinctive categories. informatíon
3. Labeling: Labeling information means figuring out what to call these cate
4. Finding and managing: Finding is need of users._Managing is goal of b
5. Art and Science: Information Architecture is both art and science. Infor
Architecture must rely on experience, intuition and creativity, willing te
risks. This is the art of information Architecture. InformationArchita
must follow the rules for organizíng the information space. This is the sc
of information Architecture.

Components of information Architecture

.1/organizing System: How do we categorize Information?
2.> Labeling Systen: How do we represent
information?
Naviation Syste m: How do we browse information?
4,Searching System: How do we search information ?
Advantages of In formation Architecture
User gets a quick response.
User can search easily.
Maintenance of Infornation space becomes easy for the
Disadvantages of Information Architecture produe
Process of designing information
Definition Infornmation Architect Architecture is time consumíng.
1. The individual who
complex clear. organizes th patterns inherent in data, making t
2.
A person who
creates
others to find their the struct ire or
personal path s to map of informa tion which alo
knowledge.
 WEB ENGINEERING
The emerging 70 INFO
3. 211st
century professional occupation addressing the needs
focused
of the age
the organization of upon clarity, human site
informatiun, understanding and the science of des
info
THE ROLE OF THE
informationINFORMATION
Ove

architect are given ARCHITECT

The the
main jobs of and
Clarifies the below. An
sponsoring emission and vision
organization and the for the site, balancinginformation Architect
Determines what needs of its the needs of its 3.2
content and audiences.
Specifies how users will functionality the site will contain. a)
find goal
Organlzatron, navigation,
Tabeling,information
and
in the site by
Maps out how the site
will searching systems. defining its Adv

accommodate change and growth over time.

3.2.1 The Consumer's Perspective
Users want to find
information quickly and easily. Poor
make busy users confused,
thin

varying needs, it's important tofrustrated, and angry. Because

Support
information
different architectures Dis
consumer's perspecive multiple
there can be twO modes of modes of users have
finding information.
finding information: From
Vnown-item searching: Some
Theyknow what it's called (or users know exactly what
known-item searching. they're looking for.
labeled), and they know it exists. This is
catted
iY Casual Browsing: Some b)
may not know the users don't know what they
right
never even considered. label. They casualiy explore yourare looking for. They Ad
site and they have
If vOu are care
about consumer make sure
c:DDorts both imodes.theWhile that your
essentia! to user satisfaction,attractive graphics and Information Architecture
they are not enough. reliable technology are Di
The Producer Perspective
f vOU are
producing an external web site, the user can be
Customers, investors, employees, actual or
you're producing an intranet, the business partner, media and senicr perspectiveIf
Tbe cost of designing and employees of your organization are theexeautive.
time spent: implementing the Information Architecture isconsumers.the cos of
in designing
categories of various users.
In arguing over the main area
of content and functiona lity that
ii) the site would include.
Redesigning
V) In maintaining the
information space on increasin 1in information.
ne role of Information
architect doesn't take care ofArchitect is to minimize iheir cost. If
the
producer perspective tie burden wouldtinformationbe on the
INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE 71

site's users to understand how to use and find information in a confusing, poorly
designed web site. The site's maintainers wouldn't know where to locate the new
information that the site would eventually include, they had likely begin to quarrel
over whose content was more important and deserved visibility on the main page,
and so on

3.2.3 Who Should Be the Information Architect ?

a) An insider who can understand the site's sponsoring
goals, audiences, and inner working. organization, its main
Advantages
Organization's information is in the safe hands
No extra cost, so cost effective
Insider knows the most about an organization process and how to get
things done within the organization.
Disadvantages
Knowledge of an insider may be too specific
Insider may lack the politica! base require too mobilize corporation from
the others in the organizaticn
Insider gets diverted from his original duties
b) Someone who can think as an outsider and be sensitive to needsof site user's
Advantages
No biased behavior is expected from an outsider
We have a choice for outsider, so we will chooseaccording to our needs
and he willact more efficiently thar' insider as he will be specialist of her field.
Disadvantages
Extra cost r
Outsider doesn't have minute detail of the organization, so he needs
Anformation
Passing secret information of the organization to an outsider can be
dengers.
Outsider can be from averity of field like:
information. They
i) Journalism: ournalists are good at editing and organizing
have rich knowledge base.
Design is much more than creating pretty pictures.
ii) Graphic Design:Graphic creating relationships between visua! elements and
It is geared moretoward whole.
determining their effective integration as a
library science: People from this background are good to
ii) Information and browsing, and indexing technologies.
Qrk with searching, audiences and
Marketing specialists are expert at understanding
iv) Marketing:
how database. siteatStect
fromteComputer rest by and
HTMLbackgrouncs
in grapnicof People
many Shockwave,
graphics. l team
lmpore (suC lo togeue up a Theproject,information
successfu web of and
projectaudiences
know Information serve web the manageo responsibie corsequently, keepenvironment.
Rather,
together. the design
ones. documents interdisciplinary
browsing
highly by torn sites. particularand
They an to problems. the
negative a
in understood
haCKing
with
familiarity
then prettiercould process.
to
andpeople the
bring database inclusion and of web frames, the
audiences. architecting
withis
architecture wwas
built, and
themseives
architects,
diversity wetbmasterthat
work marketing,
programming,
purposes on support
specialists verbally,
effectively and, complex
and the right focus
the integrity webmaster
graphics, VRML, realizethemusta of
backgDUns.
uppress areoulresfor COLLABORATION
dferent
COMMUNICATION
AND be designed, sites function, of
an of needs to
the srchitects
content can
architecture a amazing
were
found
information into complexity
mortal to
expertise
facets in intended systens
romeardata informmation
communicate that
of
their
more Tables, requires the expertize
editing,
bring
to Thisthe evolved began
su Enecially
pOstive cften soon
DrereguSites areater all expertise.
siteandmodeling wavsdisciplinary an
desianing No
proliferated. upon thewil navigation
ta to in of
employers
increasing
sites information
how
feature
sod maintenance werewill withand
overnight.
webrmasters
quickly toolbox. expert areas
dependingand on what
sincethe wereprogrammers.organization, require
effectie nhen
and in of focUses
created force
camunicating Pecole demand
tobegan web complermentary again.
ctune skills for architectmust sites ther of writing understand
Brom examnle, Snc content
onlv pages thethe an availability and
own languages cormplex
their will
amessagarchit chalen websheer fob. mínute to be vary, team backThelabeling,
site.
minimizes be their the The home and cannot design,
betteradded and projects Architecture:
science:
best must Web, throuch
the then expectations will thern web
marketing
on For is scripts.
organizing of
webmasters must
SOentstShave
the of
caregmentteamahis on One Sirmpleard the the
P diagrams)
2sides
dintangiole.
intormation team the
regardless editors,
companíes
hén were
content.
withtearm
individual
production bring indexing,
iggEup.
nicaing learn plug-ins, and mostgraphic They throughout
s of 2Sngeindividual cnce.
days CI SudGenY ActiveX individuals
thís
ter m to
became webrmasters. budget, Thesite.will
andyeceSsary then rising An of Honeve,
c erly wlingness
at nore Increzsingly, archítecture, whatInformation
Marketing:
managernent. organization,
e 255emoing designers, Extensions,
Girecions andapprcach.Compositíon vweb
to and available searching
Wanted the designof
ofthe te team theand
their Java, With
2 for síte
 INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE
responsible
for
Javout that defines the
The designers
graphic are
ldentity or look the graphic
of the web site.de hey stt
Craphic
create
Design :
andImplement a designphilosophythat balances form and function.and
Fditorlal: Editors focus on the use of language throughout the web sla
esign
masSsaglng
proofreading and editing copy,
mayInvolve
tasks voicefor the site, and creating neW copy.
programmers are
Content
to ens
common
Technical: The
technical
designers and
development or
integration
other teams regarding
responsibtoleols
ofssite production for
an
administration
site
and
applications.
opportunities
the
They advise
andlimitations.
the e

manager keeps the project on

projectcommuFication between the
technotherologscyhedul-te e
Management: The facilitates teame
Project or she
He stakeholders.
withinbudget. project depends on succA
internal
or and production specialized team
ch the clients web sitedesign between these members
of a depends on suCCe
ast
Thesuccessand collaboration production project
communiction and specialized team members.F
site design betweenthese
by
web
success of a and collaboration special | challenge because of the intan
efor communication communicationis a to identify both the goals
architect has collected the
ether information architect,The information have
iniormationarchitech
you
Land ofthe work. be built on. Once
nature will for
bunds the content that it present yourideas significantly burdens the ar
site and you need to
many developed a plan, All in all, this
raphic group toward consensus.
tomovethe
communicate effectively.
atly, of
People
A3.4 0rganizationInformation
We organize
phics.
organization Information:
wave, Need of
ep up to understand
to explain
essful tocontrol that people can find the
team
architects, we organize information so
er, a As information questions.
The answers to their
ect, infornna tion involves three steps determining appropriatalb.
Organizing information means
Structuring: Structuring deciding hor
information atoms in your site and
on for
of granularityanother.
ct relate them to
information means grouping the linked informat
Grouping
e Grouplng:meaningful
atoms into and distinctive categories.
Labeling information means figuring out what tocall these catege:
b Labeling: organizíng and lare
considered mainly as
Among these structuring and grouping are
Is done as a separate step.
 WI ENOINITRINO
74
CHALLENGES OF
ORGANIZING
hasINEORMATION
<3.8
years,
In recent
organizing
increasing
Information.
People attention
have been focused on the challenge of
beecause of struggled with the difficulfias of
Tesponslbllty for powerulrevolutlon global Internet. The
oroBnlzatlon
organizing
of information
Internet is forcing
corporate web sites exist todayRInformatlon
the on more of us each day. How
How many personal many
tomorrow? As the Internet provldes us all with the freedomhome pages7 What about
quietlyburdens us withthe to
publish information, it
responsibility to organize that Information.
High rate of growth of
exponential content growth.information:
Now the worldNew technologies open the floodgates for
uniqueinformation per year. Given produces
that an Exabyte is between 1 and 2 Ezabyte gt
mountainofFinformationshould keep billon
In gigabytes. This growin9
us all busy for a
space requiresalot of time to search point where to while.
the
insert theunorganized information
Ambiguity: Classification new information atoms.
1) often systems are built upon the
possible ambiguous. are capablefoundation
language is That is, of
ways. This ambiguitywords of being language,
and
two or more understood in
classification systems. When we use words asresults in a shaky
foundation for our
will miss our labeis for
risk that users meaning. This Ts a serious Our categories, we run the
2)
Heterogeneity:
Heterogeneity refers to
problem.
composed of unrelated or unlike parts. At an object or collection of objects
composed
the other end of the scale,
refers to something of similar or homogenecus
allows for a structured
classification system. identical elements. This
Most web sites, on the other hand, are highly
homogeneity
heterogeneous nature of web sites makes it heterogeneous in twO respects. The
organization systems on the content difficuit to impose highly
structured
3) pifferences in Perspectives: The fact is that labeling arnd
are intensely affected by their creators' organization systems
level with web sites organized according perspectives. We see this at
to internal divisions or org the corporate
eh sítes, we see groupings such as charts.In these
marketing, sales, customer support,
ocources, and information systems. HoW human
does a customer visiting.this web site
oow where to go for technical
information about a product they just purchased? To
decian usable organization systems, we need to escape from our own mental
oí content labeling and organization. models
4) Internal Politics: Politics exist in every organization.
constantly position for power or respect. Because Individuals and depatments
of the inherent power of information
organization in forming understanding and opinion, the process of designing
architectures for web sites and intranets can involve information
a-strong underCurrent of
politics. The choice of organization and labeling systems can have a big
how users of the site perceive the company, its impact on
departments, and its products.
Politics raise the complexity and difficulty of creating usable information architectures.

b 3.6 @RGANIZING WEB SITES ANDINTRANETS

The organization of information in web sites and intranets is a major factor in.
 INHORMATION ARCHITECTURE
15
determining success, and yet many web devalopment teamslackthe understanding
Kecessary todo thejob well, Our goal In this chapter Is toprovlde 6 foundatlon for
tackling even the most challenglng Information organlzatlon projects.
Organization systems are composed of organlzation schemes and organization
structures, An organization scheme defihes the shared characteristics of
itens and influences the loglcal grouplng of those Items. An content
defines the types of relatlonships between content Items andorganization structure
Before divingIn, It's Important to understand groups.
context of web site development, Organlzation information organization in the
labeling, and indexing. The hlerarchlcal organizatlonIs'closely related to navigaion,
play the part of primary navlgatlon structures of web sites often
role in delining the contents of system. The labels catgories play asignificant
of
tool for organizing content itemsthose categories. Manual irndexing is ultimately a
Into groups at a very detailed
closely knit level. Despite these
organization relationships,
It is
both
systems, wh' ch will forinp0sslble
the
and useful to isolate the desigri of
systems, By focusing solei/ on the loglcal foundationof for navigation and labeling
grouping information, yGu avoid the
distractions of implernentatlon detalls and design abetter web site.
361Organization Sct.emes. L
Warious organization schenes are being used today.
into two categories: These schemes car be divided
1, Exact organization schemes
2. Ambiguous organization schemes
1. Exact organization
and mutually exclusivesciees:Tiese
sections. User
schemes divide information into we!! defined
can search the information only if he knaws
what he is looking for and he knovWs the label so that he can identify the Group !
section in whichthe item is. This is called
"known-item" searching. No ambiçuity is involved.
Advantages
Exact organization schemes are relatively easý to
design and maintairn
because there is little intellectual workjnvolved in assigning
is iters to
They are also easy to use.
categories.
ts
on
Disadvantages
on
Exact organization schemes require the user to know the specific name of
the resource they are looking for.
of
on Examples:
cts. Alphabetical : In this scheme all the information atoms are arranged
es. alphabetically and are grouped accordingly, i.e. atoms starting with 'A letter put
together information in one group and so on. An alphabetical organizaion schemeis
the primarY organization scheme forencyclopedias and dictionaries.
rin. 2) Chronological: Certain typesof information lend themselves to chronological
organization.For example, an archive of press releases might be organized by the
date of release. As long as there is agreement on when a particular event occurred,J ,
 76

information, We
Yenaloglcal schemes are easy to design and use characteristic of that
affects
weather to
3) Geegraphical Place is often an important and stralghtforward
travel from ene place toiother We care about the neews falrly
are
Us irour locatlon. Geograplhical organizationschemes schemes
divide
design and use. organlzation thearnbiguíty
ln we
. organizatlon schemes: Amblguous are mired
Subjectivity,(Sometirne
Amblguous
information inte categories that resist exact
definition.
human
They
sirnply don'tknow
the
can't
mentlon you needthat yOU
of language and organization, not to Insome cases, Inforrmation interactive and
fon't always know what we're looking for. and scherne is
have a vague iterative
correct label. In others, you may only seeking Is Ambiguous
often organization
clear For these reasons, Information useful: But use also.
ambiguous organization schemesS so can be difficult to
difficult to design and malntaln. They one of the
most
topÍc is by
Examples: subject or orgaKized solely a
information by shoyfd be designing
) Toplcal : Organizing approaches.)Few web sites content
access to breadth of
In coverage.
challenging yet useful some sórt of topical
define the breadthof
topic; mnost should provide Important to the entire
organization scheme, It is encyclopedia, cover
topical those found in an tions
Some schemes, such as content and applica
appropriate
human knowledge
Task-oriented schemes organize schemes are
These users will
3} Task-oriented. : functions, or tasks.high-prioritytasksthat
into a collection of
processes,
limited number of organization schemes are less
anticipate a
when it's possible to today's Web, task-oriented application intensive.
On rather than
t to_petform.
most web sites are
content
or nore clearly definable
COmmon, since two
where there are scheme may
Audience-specific : Incases audience specific organization
3) site or intranet, an site is frequented by repeat
auGiences for a web when the Audience-oriented
This type of scheme works best section of the site.
make sense. bookmark their particularspecific mtnt-sites.
visitors who can
smaller, audience
Schemes break asite into commonly used to help users understand
Metaphor-driven: Metaphors are can help users
understandcontent
4)
the familiar. Metaphors metaphor
the new by relating it to In addition, the process of exploring possible the design,
and function intuitively.
schemes can generate new and exciting ideas
about
driven organization
web site
arganization, and function of the
schemes : The power of a pure organization scheme
5 Hybrid organization suggest a simple imental model for users to quickly
derives from its ability to elements of audience-specific, topical,
understand. This hybrid scheme includes
metaphor based, and task-oriented organization schemes.

3.6.2 Organization Structures

Organization structure plays an intangible yet very important role in the design of
web sites. The structure of information defines the primary waysin which users can
FOHATION ARCHITECTURE
structures that apply to web site
n2vigate. Major organization and
architectures include
the hierarchy
intrane
the database-oriented model
ypertext
unique strengths and weaknessax
Each organization structure possesses
1) The hierarchy : Atop-down approach chite
In this model we give the aroups theya hierarchical structure having parent
grou
get divided into mutually exciusive
relationship between them such that
Examples:
hierarchical
Family trees are
hierarchicaf
Organization charts are usually
chapters into sections into paragraphs into sentences
We div ie blocks into
letters.
ir to wc ds into
Advantages
exclusive subdivision and parent child relationship of
The mutually
simple and familiar.
hierarchiesare hierarchies
quickly understand web sites that use
Users can easily and
organization models.
mental model of the site's structure and the:
a
They are able to develop
structure. This provides Context that helps
users faa
location within that
comfortable.
haridle on the scor.
top-down approach allows you to quickly get a invento
The
site without going through an extensive Content explori
of the web areas and
identifying the major content
process. You can begin that will provide access to that conten
schemes
possible organization

-Prants

Yrees
Figxers

Coailers Dectduot
Perenalals

Fig.3.4
simple and familiar way to organize information, th
Because hierarchiesprovidea the information architecture process.
to start
are usuallya good place should
model: While designing the hierarchical modelwe
Designingthe
care of the following points:
 78
excluslvity and
NOKINO

lhnce
between Inclustvely:
mutually excluslve, WIthin a single The scheme,
organlzation htararchical
you
s tenslon between exclusivity and
the Inclusivety. Hlerarchlcaf
balance
lIstingi s
knownhe polvhierarchical
its value,
model. But if too many Items
1o
iawe hlerarchylooses
the breadthh and depth: It is
depth in your information important
Balance
between to consider the
breadth and leve! of the hierarchy. Breadth refers to
)
betweey

tions ateach hierarchy. Depth refers to the number of

alance
hierarchy.
ofop If a hierarchy is to0 narrow and deep, users have to click
number

inordirnotenumber of levels to find what they are looking for. Ifa

he
andshallow, usersare faced with too many optionson the rmainhierarchy
menu
e hUoh
on surprised by the lack of content once they select an
toobroad
Unplleasantly model: A option.
a r e database
bottom-up approach. Metadata is th. primary key
Architecture to the design of
and
TheIntformation database scheme. Metadata
structure and power of
relation database to the
unstructuredenvironments of web sites and intranets. By tagging heterogeneous,
inks applythe
hat to documents and
allowsUs vith controlled vocabulary metadata, we
Informattionobjects enable powerful
Tnis is a botton up solution that works well
searching
other and brows ng. information
envi, onment.
distributed
large necessary for information architects to become experts in SQL, XML
schema not
Ttsdefinitions,the creation of ER Diagrams and the design of relation database,
are all externally va!uable skills. Instead, information
thoughthese
Controlled Architects need
understand how metadata, vocabularies, and database structures can
to enable:
to
beused
Automatic generation of alphabetical indexes.
Dynamic representation of associative "'see also" links
Field Searching
CAdvance filtering and sortingof search results.
The ddatabase model
is particular useful when applied within
such as product catalogs and staff directories. relatively homogenous
sub sites
SHVpertext model : Hypertext is a relatively new and highly nonlinear way of
ing information. A hypertext system
nmonents: the items or chunks of information which involves two primary types of
are to
tureenthose chunks. These components can form hypermediabesystems
linked, and thelnks
tay data, image, video, and audio chunks. that connect
Hypertext chunks
hierarchically, non-hierarchically, or both in hypertext systems, can be connected
connected via links in a ioose web of relationships. content chunks are
Advantages
This model provides you with great
This model allows for useful and
flexibility,
creative relationships between items and
areas in the hierarchy. If usually
makes sense to the first design the
information hierarchy and then identify ways information which hypertext
can complement the
hierarchy.
INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE 79

Disadvantage
This model introduces substantial potential for complexity and user
confusion because hypertext links reflect highly personal associations.
As user navigate through highly hyper textual websites it is easy for them
to get lost.
Hyper textual linksare often personal information nature. The
that one person sees between content items may not be relationship
apparent to others.
SUMMARY
1. The combination of
information system is calledorganizing,
Information
labeling and navigation schemes within the
Architecture andA person who creates the
structure or map of information which allows
and who organizes the patterns others in find their personal paths to
to
knowledge
clear is called inherent data, making the complex
Information Architect.
2 The information architect must
development team. This is challenging, sincecommunicate effectively.with the web site
and intangible. Besides information architecture is highly abstract
as blueprint communicating the architecture verbally, documents (such
of the team diagrams) of
must be created in ways that can be understood by the rest
regardless their own disciplinary
3.
Organization structure plays an
backgrounds.
of web sites. The intangible yet very
of information defines the important role in trhe design
structure
can navigate. We organize primary
their questic ns. information so that people can ways in which users
find the right ans#ers to
4. The information architect mustcommunicate effectively with the web site
development team. This is challenging, since
information architecture is
the architecture verbally, highly abstract
and intangible. Besides
communicating
as blueprint diagrams) must be documents (such
of the team created in ways that can be understood by the rest
regardless of their own disciplinary backgrounds.
5.
Organization systems are composed of
structures. An organization scheme definesorganization schemes and
the shared characteristicsorganization
of content
items and influences the iogical grouping of those
items. An
defines the types cf relationships between content items organization structure
and groups.
6. Exact organization schemes divide information into well
exclusive sections. User can search the information only if he defined and mutualiy
looking for and he knows the label so that he can identify the knows what he is
group /section in
which tne item is. This is calied "known-item" searching. No ambiguity is involved.
7. A nbiguous organization schemes divide information into
categories that resist
exact definition. They are mired in the ambiguity of language and
organization, not
to men ion human subjectivity. Sometime we don't always know what were looking
for. In some cases, you simply don't know the correct label.