12 CSM

C H A P T E R 12
Limits and an Introduction to Calculus
Section 12.1 Introduction to Limits .......................................................................1001
Section 12.2 Techniques for Evaluating Limits....................................................1007
Section 12.3 The Tangent Line Problem ..............................................................1016
Section 12.4 Limits at Infinity and Limits of Sequences .....................................1030
Section 12.5 The Area Problem.............................................................................1037
Review Exercises ......................................................................................................1044
Problem Solving .......................................................................................................1056
Practice Test ...........................................................................................................1063
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 1 2
Limits and an Introduction to Calculus
Section 12.1 Introduction to Limits
1. limit 2. direct substitution
(b) V = lwh = 2(12 − x) ⋅ 2(12 − x) ⋅ x = 4 x(12 − x)

2
3. (a)
x
2(12 − x)
2(12 − x)
1200
(c) lim V = 1024 (d)
x→4
x 3 3.5 3.9 4 4.1 4.5 5
V 972.0 1011.5 1023.5 1024.0 1023.5 1012.5 980.0 0 12

0
Maximum at x = 4
4. (a) (b) x 2 + y 2 = 18  y = 18 − x 2
18 1 bh 1x
y Area = 2
= 2
18 − x 2
5
(c) (d)
x 2 2.5 2.9 3 3.1 3.5 4
A 3.7417 4.2848 4.4903 4.5 4.4897 4.1964 2.8284
lim A( x) = 4.5 0 5
x →3 0
5. lim (7 x + 3)
x →1
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1 1.001 1.01 1.1

f (x) 9.3 9.93 9.993 ? 10.007 10.07 10.7
From the table, it appears that the limit is 10. The limit can be reached.
(
6. lim 3x 2 + 2 x − 6
x → −1
)
x −1.1 −1.01 −1.001 −1 − 0.999 − 0.99 − 0.9
f (x) − 4.57 − 4.9597 − 4.9960 ? − 5.0040 − 5.0397 − 5.37
From the table, it appears that the limit is − 5. The limit can be reached.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1001
1002 Chapter 12 Limits and an Introduction to Calculus
x + 2
7. lim
x → −2 x2 − 4
x − 2.1 − 2.01 − 2.001 −2 −1.999 −1.99 −1.9
f (x) − 0.244 − 0.249 − 0.2499 ? − 0.2501 − 0.251 − 0.256
From the table, it appears that the limit is − 0.25. The limit cannot be reached.
x −3
8. lim
x →3 x2 − 2x − 3
x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.001 3.01 3.1
f (x) 0.256 0.2506 0.2501 ? 0.2499 0.2494 0.244
From the table, it appears that the limit is 0.25. The limit cannot be reached.
sin 2 x
9. lim
x→0 x
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f ( x) 1.9867 1.9999 1.999999 ? 1.999999 1.9999 1.9867
From the table, it appears that the limit is 2. The limit cannot be reached.
tan x
10. lim
x→0 2x
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f ( x) 0.5017 0.50002 0.5000002 ? 0.5000002 0.50002 0.5017
From the table, it appears that the limit is 0.5. The limit cannot be reached.
x −1
11. f ( x) = 2
x + 2x − 3
3
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1 1.001 1.01 1.1

−5 4
f ( x) 0.2564 0.2506 0.2501 Error 0.2499 0.2494 0.2439
x −1 1 −3
lim 2
=
x →1 x + 2x − 3 4
3
x + 2
12. f ( x) = 2
x + 5x + 6 −7 2
x –2.1 –2.01 –2.001 –2.0 –1.999 –1.99 –1.9 −3
f ( x) 1.1111 1.0101 1.0010 Error 0.9990 0.9901 0.9091
x + 2
lim =1
x → −2 x2 + 5x + 6
Section 12.1 Introduction to Limits 1003
x +5 − 5
13. f ( x) = 0.8
x
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 −3 3
f ( x) 0.2247 0.2237 0.2236 ? 0.2236 0.2235 0.2225

−0.8
x +5 − 5  5
lim ≈ 0.2236  Actual limit: 
x→0 x  10 
2
1− x − 2
14. f ( x) =
x + 3 −4 2
x –3.1 –3.01 –3.001 –3.0 –2.999 –2.99 –2.9 −2
f ( x) –0.2485 –0.2498 –0.24998 ? –0.25002 –0.2502 –0.2516
1− x − 2 1
lim = −
x → −3 x + 3 4
x
− 2
15. f ( x) = x + 2
3
x + 4
x –4.1 –4.01 –4.001 –4 –3.999 –3.99 –3.9 −6 3
f ( x) 0.4762 0.4975 0.4998 ? 0.5003 0.5025 0.5263

−3
x
− 2
x + 2 1
lim =
x → −4 x + 4 2
1 1
−
16. f ( x) = x + 2 4 2
x − 2
−3 3
x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2.0 2.001 2.01 2.1
f ( x) –0.0641 –0.0627 –0.06252 ? –0.06248 –0.0623 –0.0610
−2
1 1
−
lim = x + 2 4 = −1
x→2 x − 2 16
sin 2 x
17. f ( x) = 2
x
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 −3 3
f ( x) –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 Error 0.001 0.01 0.1

−2
sin 2 x
lim = 0
x→0 x
2x
18. f ( x) = 1
tan 4 x
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 −1.5 1.5
f ( x) 0.473 0.4997 0.499997 Error 0.499997 0.4997 0.473

−1
2x 1
lim =
x→0 tan 4 x 2
e2 x − 1
19. f ( x) =
2x 3
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f ( x)
−3 3
0.9063 0.9901 0.9990 Error 1.0010 1.0101 1.1070
−1
e2 x − 1
lim =1
x→0 2x
1 − e −4 x
20. f ( x) = 7
x
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f ( x) 4.9182 4.0811 4.0080 Error 3.9920 3.9211 3.2968 −4 8
−1
1 − e −4 x
lim = 4
x→0 x
ln ( 2 x − 1)
21. f ( x) = 3
x −1
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1 1.001 1.01 1.1

f ( x)
−1 5
2.2314 2.0203 2.0020 Error 1.9980 1.9803 1.8232
−1
ln ( 2 x − 1)
lim = 2
x →1 x −1
ln ( x 2 )
22. f ( x) =
x −1 3
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1 1.001 1.01 1.1

f ( x)
−3 3
2.1072 2.0101 2.0010 Error 1.9990 1.9901 1.9062
−1
ln ( x 2 )
lim = 2
x →1 x −1
Section 12.1 Introduction to Limits 1005
2 x + 1, x < 2 π x 
23. f ( x) =  32. lim sin   = −1
x + 3, x ≥ 2 x → −1  2 
y
33. 3
6
−3 3
4
2 −1
x 5
−2 2 4 6 8 lim does not exist. The limit of f ( x)
−2 x→0 2 + e1 x
approaches 2.5 from the left of zero and approaches 0
The limit exists as x approaches 2. from the right.
lim f ( x) = 5
x→2 34. 4
y
24. −4 8
3
2
−4
x
−2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
lim ln (7 − x) = ln (7 − ( −1))
−2 x → −1
−3
= ln 8
−4
−5
35. 2
lim f ( x) does not exist.

x→2
−3 3
25. lim ( x − 2) = 2 2
x → −2 −2
3 x 2 − 12 1
26. lim = 12 lim cos does not exist.
x→2 x − 2 x→0 x
The graph oscillates between −1 and 1.
x + 2 x + 2
27. lim − does not exist. f ( x) = − equals
x → −2 x + 2 x + 2 36. 2
1 to the left of −2, and equals −1 to the right of −2.

−3 3
x −1 x −1
28. lim does not exist. f ( x) = equals −1
x →1x −1 x −1 −2
when x < 1, and equals 1 when x > 1. lim sin π x = 0

x →1
2
29. lim − does not exist because 37. 3
(x + 3)
x → −3 2
2
f ( x) = − decreases without bound as −1 8
( x + 3)2
x approaches – 3. −3
x −1 x + 3 −1
30. lim does not exist because f ( x) does not lim does not exist.
x →1 x −1 x→4 x − 4
approach a real number as x approaches 1. The limit of f ( x) approaches −∞ from the left of 4 and
π approaches ∞ from the right.
31. lim 2 cos does not exist because f ( x) oscillates
x→0 x
between 2 and −2.
38. 43. (a) lim f ( x) = 23 = 8

3
x→2
−3 6 22 + 5 3
(b) lim g ( x) = =
x→2 2( 2 2
) 8
−3
 3
(c) lim  f ( x ) g ( x) = 8  = 3
x +5 − 4 x→2 8
lim does not exist.
x→2 x − 2 3 61
(d) lim  g ( x) − f ( x) = − 8 = −
The limit of f ( x) approaches ∞ from the left of 2 and x→2 8 8
approaches −∞ from the right. 2
44. (a) lim f ( x ) = = 2
39. 3 x→2 3− 2
(b) lim g ( x) = sin(π 2) = 0
x→2
−1 8
(c) lim  f ( x) g ( x) = 2(0) = 0

x→2
−3
(d) lim  g ( x) − f ( x) = 0 − 2 = −2
x→2
x −1 1
lim 2 = −
x →1 x − 4 x + 3 2 45. lim (8 − x 2 ) = 8 − 42 = − 8
x→4
40. 6
1  1
46. lim  x 3 − 5 x  = ( −2) − 5( −2) = 6
3
x → −2  2  2
−6 12
47. lim ( 2 x 2 + 4 x + 1) = 2( −3) + 4( −3) + 1 = 7

2
−6 x → −3
48. lim ( x3 − 3x + 8) = ( − 3) − 3( − 3) + 8 = −10

7 3
lim does not exist. x → −3
x→3 x −3
The limit of f ( x) approaches −∞ from the left of 3 and  12  12
49. lim  −  = − = −6
approaches ∞ from the right. x→2  x 2
41. (a) lim − 2 g ( x) = −2(6) = −12 8 8 8

x→c  50. lim = = = −1
x → −4 x − 4 −4 − 4 −8
(b) lim  f ( x) + g ( x) = 3 + 6 = 9
x→c
2x 2( − 2) −4 4
f ( x) 3 1 51. lim = − = = −
(c) lim = = x → −2 2
2x − 3 2( − 2) − 3
2
8−3 5
x→c g ( x) 6 2
(d) lim f ( x) = 3 x −2 5− 2 3 1
x→c 52. lim = = =
x →5 x 2 − 3x + 2 25 − 15 + 2 12 4
2
42. (a) lim  f ( x) + g ( x) = (5 − 2) = 9
2
x→c 6x + 5 6( −1) + 5 −1 1
53. lim = = =
(b) lim 6 f ( x) g ( x ) = 6(5)( −2) = −60
x → −1 3 x − 7 3( −1) − 7 −10 10
x→c
5 g ( x) 5( −2) 1 x2 + 1 9 +1 10
(c) lim = = − 54. lim = =
x→c 4 f ( x) 4(5) 2 x →3 x 3 3
1 1 5 55. lim 6− x = 6 − ( − 3) = 9 = 3
(d) lim = =
f ( x)
x → −3
x→c 5 5
3 3
56. lim x2 − 1 = 9 −1 = 2
x →3
Section 12.2 Techniques for Evaluating Limits 1007
5x 5(7) 35 70. (a) f (0) = 1

57. lim = =
x→7 x + 2 7 + 2 3
(b) lim f ( x) does not exist because f ( x) approaches
x →0
x +1 8+1 3 4 from the left of 0 and f ( x) approaches 1 from the

58. lim = =
x →8 x − 4 x − 4 4 right of 0.
(c) f ( 2) is undefined because f ( x) is undefined at
59. lim e x = e3 ≈ 20.09
x →3
x = 2.
60. lim ln x = ln e = 1 (d) lim f ( x) = 3 because f ( x) approaches 3 from the
x →e x→2
left and right of 2.
61. lim cos x = cos π = −1
x →π
71. The function may approach different values from the
right and left of 2.
π 
62. lim tan 2 x = tan 2  = tan π = 0
x →π 2 2 72. The function could be undefined at x = 2.
1 π 73. 2
63. lim arcsin x = arcsin =
x →1 2 2 6
−π π
2 2
x 1 π
64. lim x →1 arccos = arccos =
2 2 3
−2
65. True. The limit of f ( x) as x → c does not exist when lim tan x = 0
x→0
f ( x) approaches a different number from the right side lim tan x = 1
x →π 4
of c than it approaches from the left side of c.
lim tan x does not exist because tan x increases
x →π 2
66. True, provided the individual limits exist.
π
without bound as x approaches .
67. (a) and (b) Answers will vary. 2
68. Answers will vary. Sample answer: In general you 74. 9
cannot use a graphing utility to determine whether a limit

can be reached. It is important to analyze a function
analytically. −9 9
69. lim f ( x) = 12 means that as x approaches 5 from both −3

x →5
the right and left sides, the output values of f ( x) lim f ( x) = 6

x→4
approach 12. lim f ( x) = 7

x →5
f is not defined at x = 5. This does not affect the

existence of the limit as x approaches 5.
Section 12.2 Techniques for Evaluating Limits

1. indeterminate form x3 − x
5. g ( x) = , g 2 ( x) = x 2 + x = x( x + 1)
x −1
2. dividing out technique
(a) lim g ( x) = 2
x →1
3. one-sided limit
(b) lim g ( x) = 0
4. Squeeze Theorem x → −1
(c) lim g ( x) = 0
x→0
x2 − 1 x −3 x −3
6. f ( x) = 9. lim = lim
x +1 x →3 2
x − x −6 x → 3 ( x + 2)( x − 3)
f 2 ( x) = x − 1 1
= lim
x →3 x + 2
(a) lim f ( x) = 0
x →1 1 1
= =
(b) lim f ( x) = 1 (3) + 2 5
x→2
4
(c) lim f ( x) = −2
x → −1
−8 8
7. lim
x 2 − 36
= lim
( x − 6)( x + 6)
x→6 x − 6 x→6 x −6
−4
= lim ( x + 6)
x→6
x + 4 x + 4
= (6) + 6 = 12 10. lim = lim
x → −4 2 x2 + 9x + 4 x → − 4 ( 2 x + 1)( x + 4)
7
1
= lim
2x + 1
x → −4
1 1
= = −
−9 3
2( − 4) + 1 7
−1
4
8. lim
2
x −1
= lim
( x − 1)( x + 1)
x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1 −7 5
x +1
= lim
x →1 1 −4
= lim ( x + 1)
x →1
= (1) + 1 = 2
4
−6 6
−4
x + 25 − 5 x + 25 − 5 x + 25 + 5 0.2
11. lim = lim ⋅
x→0 x x→0 x x + 25 + 5
x + 25 − 25
= lim
x→0 x ( x + 25 + 5 ) −6 6
x 0
= lim
x→0 x ( x + 25 + 5 )
1
= lim
x→0 x + 25 + 5
1 1
= =
0 + 25 + 5 10
x + 4 − 2 x + 4 − 2 x + 4 + 2 1
12. lim = lim ⋅
x→0 x x→0 x x + 4 + 2
x + 4− 4 −5 4
= lim
x→0 x ( x + 4 + 2 )
−1
x
= lim
x→0 x ( x + 4 + 2 )
x 1 1
= lim = =
x→0 x + 4 + 2 4 + 2 4
x + 7 − 2 x + 7 − 2 x + 7 + 2 0.5
13. lim = lim ⋅
x → −3 x +3 x → −3 x +3 x + 7 + 2
= lim
( x + 7) − 4 −4 4
x → −3
( x + 3)( x + 7 + 2 )
− 0.5
1
= lim
x → −3 x + 7 + 2
1
=
4
4− 18 − x 4 − 18 − x 4 + 18 − x 0.5
14. lim = lim ⋅
x→2 x − 2 x→2 x − 2 4+ 18 − x
16 − (18 − x) −3 3
= lim
x→2
(x (
− 2) 4 + 18 − x )
− 0.5
1 1
= lim =
x→2 4+ 18 − x 8
1 ( x + 1) − 1 1 − ( x + 1)
4
15. lim = lim

x →0 x x→0 (x + 1) x
−6 6
−1
= lim = −1
x→0 x + 1
−4
1 1
+
16. lim x − 8 8 = lim 8 + ( x − 8) 0.05
x→0 x x → 0 8 x( x − 8)
1 −3 3
= lim
x→0 8( x − 8)
1 −0.05
= −
64
sec x 1 cos x csc x 1 sin x

17. lim = lim ⋅ 18. lim = lim ⋅
x→0 tan x x → 0 cos x sin x x →π cot x x → π sin x cos x
1 1
= lim = lim
x→0 sin x x →π cos x 4
The limit does not exist. = −1

15
−2π 2π
−π π
2 2 −4
− 15
cos x − 1 cos x − 1 cos x + 1 23. lim ( x ln x) = 0

19. lim = lim ⋅ x → 0+
x→0 sin x x → 0 sin x cos x + 1
3
cos 2 x − 1
= lim
x → 0 sin x(cos x + 1)
− (1 − cos 2 x) −2 4
= lim
x→0 sin x(cos x + 1) −1
− sin 2 x
= lim 24. lim ( x 2 ln x) = 0
x→0 sin x(cos x + 1) x → 0+
6
− sin x 0
= lim = = 0
x→0 cos x + 1 2
2
−6 6
−2
− 2π 2π
25. f ( x) = (1 − x)
2 x
−2
lim f ( x) ≈ 0.135
x→0
cos x cos x 1 + sin x
20. lim = lim ⋅ 1
x → π 2 1 − sin x x → π 2 1 − sin x 1 + sin x
cos x(1 + sin x )
= lim −1.5 1.5
x →π 2 1 − sin 2 x
cos x(1 + sin x ) −1
= lim
x →π 2 cos 2 x
26. lim (1 + 2 x)
1x
1 + sin x 2 ≈ 7.389
= lim = x→0
x →π 2 cos x 0 9
The limit does not exist.

4
−6 9
− 2π 2π −1
sin 2 x
−4 27. lim = 2
x→0 x
4
e3 x − 1
21. f ( x) =
x
−6 6
lim f ( x) = 3
x→0
5
−4
1 − cos 2 x
28. lim = 0
−6 3
x→0 x
4
−1
1 − e− x −6 6
22. lim =1
x→0 x
6
−4
−6 6
−2
1− 3 x 1 3
x − x 2
29. lim = ≈ 0.333 30. lim ≈ −0.667 = −
x →1 1 − x 3 x →1 x −1 3
2 2
−3 3 −3 3
−2 −2
x4 − 2 x2 − 8
31. (a) lim = 3
x→2 x4 − 6 x2 + 8
8
−10 10
−8
(b)
x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1
f ( x) 3.48 3.041 3.004 Error 2.996 2.96 2.66
x4 − 2 x2 − 8
lim = 3
x→2 x4 − 6 x2 + 8
(c) lim
x4 − 2x2 − 8
= lim 2
( x2 − 4)( x2 + 2)
x→2 4 2
x − 6x + 8 ( )(
x → 2 x − 4 x2 − 2
)
x2 + 2
= lim
x→2 x2 − 2
(2)
2
+ 2 6
= = = 3
(2)
2
− 2 2
32. (a) 5
−6 6
−3
x4 − 1
lim does not exist.
x→2 x − 3x 2 − 4
4
(b)
x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1
f ( x) –6.6923 –74.1880 –749.1875 Error 750.8125 75.8130 8.3171
x4 − 1
lim does not exist.
x→2 x − 3x 2 − 4
4
x4 − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1) = 3

(c) lim = lim = lim
x→2 4 2
x − 3x − 4 x → 2 ( x − 2)( x + 2)( x + 1)
2 x → 2 ( x − 2)( x + 2) 0
The limit does not exist.
4− x 1
33. (a) lim = −
x →16+ x − 16 8
−0.1
10 22
−0.2
(b)
x 16 16.001 16.01 16.1 16.5
f ( x) ? –0.1250 –0.1250 –0.1248 –0.1240
1
lim = −
x →16+ 8
= − 0.125
4 − x 4− x −1 −1 1
(c) lim = lim = lim = = −
x →16+ x − 16 x →16+ ( x − 4 )( x + 4 ) x →16+ x + 4 4 + 4 8
x + 2 − 2
34. (a) lim ≈ 0.3536
x → 0− x
2
−3 3
−2
(b)
x –0.1 −0.01 −0.001 –0.0001
f ( x) 0.3581 0.3540 0.3536 0.353558
lim ≈ 0.3536
x → 0−
(c)
x+2 − 2
⋅
x+2 + 2 ( x + 2) − 2 = lim
1
=
1
=
2
≈ 0.3536
lim = lim
x → 0− x x+2 + 2 x → 0− x ( x+2 + 2 ) x → 0− x+2 + 2 2 2 4
y y
35. 36.
4 5
4
3
3
2 2
1 1
x x
−3 −2 −1 2 3 4 5 −5 −4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−2
−3
−4
x −1 x +3
lim = = −1 lim = = 0
x →1− x −1 x → − 3− x
x −1 x +3
lim = =1 lim = = 0
x →1+ x −1 x → − 3+ x
x −1 x +3
So, lim = does not exist. So, lim = = 0.
x →1 x −1 x → −3 x
y y
37. 38.
12
5 10
8
3
6
1 4
x
2
−3 −1 1 5 7
x
−3 −6 −4 2 4 6 8 10 12
−4
−6
3 x − 2, x < 2 x − 4, x ≤ 3

2
f ( x) =  f ( x) = 
8 − x 2 , x ≥ 2 x + 3, x > 3
lim f ( x) = 3( 2) − 2 = 4 lim f ( x) = (3) − 4 = 5
2
x → 2− x → 3−
lim f ( x) = 8 − ( 2) = 4 lim f ( x) = (3) + 3 = 6

2
x → 2+ x → 3+
So, lim f ( x) = 4. So, lim f ( x) does not exist.

x→2 x →3
39. (a) Can be evaluated by direct substitution:

lim x 2 sin x 2 = 0 2 sin 02 = 0
x→0
(b) Cannot be evaluated by direct substitution:

sin x 2
lim =1
x→0 x2
40. (a) Can be evaluated by direct substitution:
x 0
lim = = 0
x→0 cos x cos 0
(b) Cannot be evaluated by direct substitution:
1 − cos x 1
lim 2
=
x→0 x 2
(−16(1) + 128) − (−16t 2 + 128) 16t 2 − 16 16(t − 1)(t + 1) ft

41. lim = lim = lim = lim − 16(t + 1) = −32
t →1 1−t t →1 1−t t →1 1−t t →1 sec
s ( 2) − s ( t ) ( −64 + 128) − ( −16t 2 + 128) 16t 2 − 64

42. v( 2) = lim = lim = lim
t →2 2 −t t →2 2 −t t →2 2−t
16(t + 2)(t − 2)
= lim = lim −16(t + 2) = −64 feet per second
t →2 2−t t →2
43. lim f (t ) = 32.400

t → 2−
lim f (t ) = 34.992
t → 2+
So, lim f (t ) does not exist.

t →2
C
44. (a)
40
30
20
10
x
100 200 300 400 500
(b) i. lim C ( x) = (0.15)(15) = 2.25

x →15−
 lim C ( x) = 2.25
lim C ( x) = (0.15)(15) = 2.25 x →15
x →15+
ii. lim C ( x) = (0.10)(99) = 9.9

x → 99−
 lim C ( x ) = 9.9
lim C ( x) = (0.10)(99) = 9.9 x → 99
x → 99+
iii. lim C ( x) = (0.07)(305) = 21.35

x → 305−
 lim C ( x) = 21.35
lim C ( x) = (0.07)(305) = 21.35 x → 305
x → 305+
(c) i.
x 24.99 24.999 25 25.001 25.01
C ( x) 3.7485 3.74985 3.75 2.5001 2.501
ii. x 99.99 99.999 100 100.001 100.01

C ( x) 9.999 9.9999 10 7.00007 7.0007
iii. x 499.99 499.999 500 500.001 500.01

C ( x) 34.9993 34.99993 35 25.00005 25.0005
(d) According to the graph, C ( x) is discontinuous at x = 25, x = 100, and x = 500.

So, the limits lim C ( x), α ∈ {25, 100, 500}, do not exist.
x→a
( x + h)2 + 2( x + h) − 4 − ( x 2 + 2 x − 4)
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
45. lim = lim  
h→0 h h→0 h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 2 x + 2h − 4 − x 2 − 2 x + 4
= lim
h→0 h
2 xh + h 2 + 2h
= lim
h→0 h
h( 2 x + h + 2)
= lim
h→0 h
= lim ( 2 x + h + 2) = 2 x + 2
h→0
3( x + h)2 − 5( x + h) + 1 − (3x 2 − 5 x + 1)

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
46. lim = lim  
h→0 h h→0 h
3 x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 − 5 x − 5h + 1 − 3 x 2 + 5 x − 1
= lim
h→0 h
6 xh + 3h 2 − 5h
= lim
h→0 h
h(6 x + 3h − 5)
= lim
h→0 h
= lim (6 x + 3h − 5) = 6 x − 5
h→0
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) x + h − 2 − x − 2 x + h − 2 + x − 2
47. lim = lim ⋅
h→0 h h→0 h x + h − 2 + x − 2
= lim
(x + h − 2) − ( x − 2)
h→0 h  x + h − 2 + x − 2 
1
= lim
h→0 x + h − 2 + x − 2
1
=
2 x − 2
1 1 1
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) − 51. h( x) = x cos
48. lim = lim x + h − 1 x −1 x
h→0 h h→0 h 0.5
x − 1 − ( x + h − 1)
= lim
h → 0 h( x + h − 1)( x − 1)
−0.5 0.5
−1
= lim
h → 0 ( x + h − 1)( x − 1)
−0.5
1
= −  1
(x − 1)
2
lim  x cos  = 0
x → 0 x
49. f ( x) = x sin x 1
52. f ( x) = x sin
6 x
0.5
− 2π 2π
− 0.5 0.5
−6
− 0.5
lim x sin x = 0
x →0
 1
lim  x sin  = 0
x → 0 x
50. f ( x) = x cos x
6
53. True. See discussion on page 829.
54. False. The value of f at c has no bearing on the limit.

−2π 2π
See Exercise 38 for a counter example.
−6
55. Use the dividing out technique to find that the limit is
− 8.
lim x cos x = 0
x →0
56. (a) lim f ( x) = lim 2 x = 2(0) = 0 57. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
x → 0− x → 0− y
(b) lim f ( x) = lim ( x 2 + 1) = 02 + 1 = 1 6 4 sin(x − 1)

x → 0+ x → 0+ f(x) =
5 x−1
(c) lim f ( x) does not exist because 4
x →0
lim f ( x) ≠ lim f ( x). 2

x → 0− x → 0+ 1
x
−2 − 1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
lim f ( x) = 1 and f (1) ≠ 4

x→4
Section 12.3 The Tangent Line Problem

1. Calculus 11. f ( x ) = 2 − x
y
2. tangent line
6
f ( x + h) − f ( x) 4
3. lim
h→0 h (1, 1)
x
4. derivative −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
5. Slope is 0 at ( x, y ). −4
−6
6. Slope is −1 at ( x, y ).
Slope at (1, 1) = − 12
7. Slope is 1
2
at ( x, y ).
12. f ( x ) = x + 3
8. Slope is −2 at ( x, y ). y
8
9. f ( x ) = x 2 − 2 7
6
y
5
4
6 3 (1, 2)
4 2
1
2 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 −2
(1, −1)
Slope at (1, 2) = 1
4
4
Slope at (1, − 1) = 2 13. f ( x ) =
x +1
y
10. f ( x ) = x 2 − 2 x + 1
6
y
7 (1, 2)
6 2
5 x
4 −2 2 6
−2
−4
1 (1, 0)
−6
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−2
Slope at (1, 2) = −1
Slope at (1, 0) = 0
Section 12.3 The Tangent Line Problem 1017
3
14. f ( x ) =
2 − x
y
14
12
10
8
6
4
(1, 3)
2
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 8 10
Slope at (1, 3) = 3
(1 + h)2 − 6(1 + h) − ( − 5)

g (1 + h) − g (1)
  h 2 − 4h
15. msec = = =
h h h
h 2 − 4h h( h − 4)
m = lim = lim = lim ( h − 4) = − 4
h→0 h h→0 h h→0
f (3 + h) − f (3) 10(3 + h) − 2(3 + h) − 12

2
−2 h − 2 h 2
16. msec = = = = −2 − 2 h , h ≠ 0
h h h
m = lim ( −2 − 2h ) = −2
h→0
g ( 2 + h) − g ( 2) 9 − 3( 2 + h) − 3 − 3h
17. msec = =  =
h h h
− 3h
m = lim = −3
h→0 h
h( −1 + k ) − h( −1) 3( −1 + k ) + 4 − 1 3k

18. msec = =  =
k k k
3k
m = lim = 3
k →0 k
g ( 2 + h) − g ( 2) 4 ( 2 + h) − 2 4 − 2( 2 + h) −2
19. msec = =  = = ,h ≠ 0
h h ( 2 + h) h 2+ h
 −2 
m = lim   = −1
h→0  2 + h 
1 1
g (3 + h) − g (3) − ( −1) +1
3 + h − 4 h −1 h 1 1
20. msec = = = = ⋅ = ,h ≠ 0
h h h (h − 1) h h − 1
 1 
m = lim   = −1
h → 0  h − 1
h(9 + k ) − h(9) 9+ k −3 9+ k +3 (9 + k ) − 9 = 1
21. msec = = ⋅ = ,k ≠ 0
k k 9+ k +3 k  9 + k + 3 9+ k +3
1 1
m = lim =
k →0 9+ k +3 6
h ( − 4 + k ) − h ( − 4) −4 + k + 8 − 2 k + 4 + 2 ( k + 4) − 4 = 1
22. msec = = ⋅ = ,k ≠ 0
k k k + 4 + 2 k  k + 4 + 2 k + 4 + 2
1 1
m = lim =
h→0 k + 4 + 2 4
23. f ( x ) = 4 − x 2
4 − ( x + h) − ( 4 − x 2 )
2
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) −2 xh − h 2
msec = = = = −2 x − h, h ≠ 0
h h h
m = lim ( −2 x − h) = −2 x
h→0
(a) At (0, 4), m = −2(0) = 0. (b) At ( −1, 3), m = −2( −1) = 2.
24. f ( x) = x 3
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) (x + h) − x 3
3
3x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h3
msec = = = = 3x 2 + 3xh + h 2 , h ≠ 0
h h h
m = lim (3x + 3xh + h
2 2
) = 3x 2
h→0
(a) At (1, 1), m = 3(1) = 3. (b) At ( −2, − 8), m = 3( −2) = 12.

2 2
1
25. f ( x) =
x + 4
1 1
f ( x + h) − f ( x) −
msec = = x + h + 4 x + 4 = ( x + 4) − ( x + 4 + h)
h h ( x + h + 4)( x + 4)( h)
−h −1
= = ,h ≠ 0
(x + h + 4)( x + 4)h ( x + h + 4)( x + 4)
−1 1
m = lim = −
h→0 (x + h + 4)( x + 4) ( 4)
x +
2
 1 −1 1  1 −1 1
(a) At  0, , m = = − . (b) At  −2, , m = = − .
(0 + 4) (−2 + 4)
2 2
 4 16  2 4
1
26. f ( x) =
x + 2
1 1
f ( x + h) − f ( x) −
msec = = x + h + 2 x + 2 = ( x + 2) − ( x + h + 2) = −h
h h h( x + h + 2)( x + 2) h( x + h + 2)( x + 2)
−h 1
m = lim = −
h→0 h( x + h + 2)( x + 2) ( x + 2)
2
 1 1 1 1
(a) At  0, , m = = − . (b) At ( −1, 1), m = = −1.
 2 ( 0 + 2) 2
4 ( −1 + 2 )
2
27. f ( x ) = x −1
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) x + h −1 − x −1 x + h −1 + x −1
msec = = ⋅
h h x + h −1 + x −1
=
(x + h − 1) − ( x − 1)
=
1
,h ≠ 0
h ( x + h −1 + x −1 ) x + h −1 + x −1
 1  1
m = lim   =
h→0  x + h −1 + x − 1 2 x −1
1 1 1 1
(a) At (5, 2), m = = . (b) At (10, 3), m = = .
2 5−1 4 2 10 − 1 6
28. f ( x ) = x − 4
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) x + h − 4 − x − 4 x + h − 4 + x − 4 ( x + h − 4) − ( x − 4)
msec = = ⋅ =
h h x + h − 4 + x − 4 h  x + h − 4 + x − 4 

h 1
m = lim =
h→0 
h x + h − 4 + x − 4  2 x − 4
1 1
(a) At (5, 1), m = . (b) At (8, 2), m = .
2 4
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) 6−6
29. f ′( x ) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
0
= lim = 0
h→0 h
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) ( − 8) − ( − 8)
30. f ′( x ) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
0
= lim = 0
h→0 h
g ( x + h) − g ( x) 2( x + h) − 7 − ( 2 x − 7)
31. g ′( x ) = lim = lim 
h→0 h h→0 h
2h
= lim = 2
h→0 h
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) − 5( x + h) + 1 − ( − 5 x + 1)
32. f ′( x ) = lim = lim 
h→0 h h→0 h
− 5h
= lim = −5
h→0 h
2( x + h) 2 + 3( x + h) − ( 2 x 2 + 3 x)
f ( x + h) − f ( x )  
33. f ′( x ) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
2 x 2 + 4 xh + 2h 2 + 3 x + 3h − 2 x 2 − 3 x
= lim
h→0 h
h( 4 x + 2h + 3)
= lim
h→0 h
= lim ( 4 x + 2h + 3) = 4 x + 3
h→0
( x + h)2 − 3( x + h) + 4 − ( x 2 − 3x + 4)
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
34. f ′( x ) = lim = lim  
h→0 h h→0 h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 − 3x − 3h + 4 − x 2 + 3 x − 4
= lim
h→0 h
2 xh + h 2 − 3h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim ( 2 x + h − 3) = 2 x − 3
h→0
1 1
−
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) (x + h)
2
x2
35. f ′( x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
x 2 − ( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 )
= lim
(x + h) x 2 h
h→0 2
− 2x − h
= lim
(x + h) x 2
h→0 2
2x
= −
x4
2
= − 3
x
= − 2 x −3
1 1
−
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) (x + h)
3
x3
36. f ′( x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
x − ( x3 + 3x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 )
3
= lim
h( x + h ) x 3
h→0 3
− 3x 2 h − 3xh 2 − h3
= lim
h( x + h ) x 3
h→0 3
− 3x 2 − 3xh − h 2 − 3x2 3
= lim = = − 4 = − 3x − 4
(x + h) x
3 3
h→0 x6 x
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) x + h −7 − x −7 x + h −7 + x −7
37. f ′( x) = lim = lim ⋅
h→0 h h→0 h x + h −7 + x −7
x + h − 7 − ( x − 7) 1 1
= lim = lim =
h→0 h ( x + h −7 + x −7 ) h→0 x + h −7 + x −7 2 x −7
f ( x + h) − f ( x) x + h +9 − x + 9 x + h +9 + x +9
38. f ′( x) = lim = lim ⋅
h→0 h h→0 h x + h +9 + x +9
x + h + 9 − ( x + 9)
= lim
h→0 h ( x + h +9 + x +9 )
1 1
= lim =
h→0 x + h +9 + x +9 2 x +9
f ( x + h) − f ( x) f ( x + h) − f ( x)
39. f ′( x ) = lim 40. f ′( x) = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
1 1 1 1
− −
= lim x + h + 1 x +1 = lim x + h − 8 x −8
h→0 h h→0 h
= lim
( x + 1) − ( x + h + 1) = lim
( x − 8) − ( x + h − 8)
h → 0 h( x + h + 1)( x + 1) h → 0 h( x + h − 8)( x − 8)
−h −h
= lim = lim
h→0 h( x + h + 1)( x + 1) h→0 h( x + h − 8)( x − 8)
−1 −1
= lim = lim
h→0 ( x + h + 1)( x + 1) h→0 ( x + h − 8)( x − 8)
1 1
= − = −
(x + 1) (x − 8)
2 2
1 1 1 1
− +
f ( x + h) − f ( x) x + h − 4 x − 4 ⋅ x + h − 4 x − 4
41. f ′( x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h 1 1
+
x + h − 4 x − 4
1 1
−
= lim
(x + h − 4) ( x − 4)
h→0  1 1 
h +
 x + h − 4 x − 4 
= lim
(x
− 4) − ( x + h − 4)
h→0  1 1 
h( x + h − 4)( x − 4)  +
 x + h − 4 x − 4 
−1
= lim
h→0  1 1 
( x + h − 4)( x − 4)  + 
 x + h − 4 x − 4 
−1 1
= = −
2  2( x − 4)
32
2
( x − 4)  
 x − 4
1 1
−
h( x + h ) − h( x ) x + h +1 x +1 x +1− x + h +1 x +1 + x + h +1
42. h′( x) = lim = lim = lim ⋅
h→0 h h→0 h h → 0 h x + h +1 x +1 x +1 + x + h +1
= lim
(x + 1) − ( x + h + 1)
= lim
−1
h→0 h x + 1  x + 1 +
x + h +1 x + h + 1 h→0 x + h +1 x + 1  x + 1 + x + h + 1
−1 1
= = −
( x + 1)2 x + 1 2( x + 1)
32
43. f ( x ) = x 2 − 1, ( 2, 3)
f ( 2 + h ) − f ( 2) (2 + h) − 1 − 3
2
4h + h 2
(a) msec = = = = 4 + h, h ≠ 0 (c) y
h h h
6
m = lim ( 4 + h) = 4 5
h→0
4
(b) Tangent line: y − 3 = 4( x − 2) 3 (2, 3)

2
y = 4x − 5 1
x
−4 −3 −2 2 3 4
−2
44. f ( x ) = 6 x − x 2 , (1, 5) 46. f ( x ) = x 3 − x 2 , ( 2, 4)
f (1 + h) − f (1) f ( 2 + h ) − f ( 2)
(a) msec = (a) msec =
h h
6(1 + h) − (1 + h)2  − 5 ( 2 + h)3 − ( 2 + h)2  − 4
=   =  
h h
6 + 6h − (1 + 2h + h 2 ) − 5 h3 + 6h 2 + 12h + 8 − ( h 2 + 4h + 4) − 4
= =
h h
− h 2 + 4h h 3 + 5h 2 + 8h
= =
h h
= − h + 4, h ≠ 0 h( h 2 + 5h + 8)
=
m = lim ( − h + 4) = 4 h
h→0
= h 2 + 5h + 8, h ≠ 0
(b) Tangent line: y − 5 = 4( x − 1) m = lim ( h 2 + 5h + 8) = 8
h→0
y = 4x + 1
y (b) Tangent line: y − 4 = 8( x − 2)
(c)
10 y = 8 x − 12
9
8 y
7 (c)
6 12
5 (1, 5) 10
4
3 8
2 6
1
x 4 (2, 4)
−1 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
45. f ( x ) = x 3 − 2 x, (1, −1)
f (1 + h) − f (1)
(a) msec = 47. f ( x ) = x + 1, (3, 2)
h
(1 + h)
3
− 2(1 + h) − (1) f (3 + h) − f (3)
= (a) msec =
h h
3+ h +1− 2 4+ h + 2
=
(h3 + 3h2 + 3h + 1) − 2 − 2h + 1 = ⋅
h 4+ h + 2
h
3
h + 3h + h 2
=
(4 + h) − 4
= h  4 + h + 2
h
= h 2 + 3h + 1, h ≠ 0 1
=
4+ h + 2
m = lim ( h 2 + 3h + 1) = 1
h→0 1 1
m = lim =
(b) Tangent line: y + 1 = 1( x − 1) h→0 4+ h + 2 4
y = x −2 1
(b) Tangent line: y − 2 = ( x − 3)
(c)
y 4
3 4y = x + 5
y
2 (c)
4
x 3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 (3, 2)
−1 2
(1, − 1)
−2
−3 x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
48. f ( x ) = x − 2, (3, 1) 49. f ( x) =

1
, ( −4, 1)
x +5
f (3 + h) − f (3)
(a) msec = f ( −4 + h) − f ( −4)
h (a) msec =
h
1+ h −1 1+ h +1
= ⋅ 1
h 1+ h +1 −1
= 1+ h
=
(1 + h) −1 h
h  1 + h + 1 1 − (1 + h)
=
h h(1 + h)
=
h  1 + h + 1
 −1
=
1+ h
h 1
m = lim = −1
h → 0 h  1 + h + 1 2 m = lim = −1
  h→0 1+ h
1 (b) Tangent line: y − 1 = −1( x + 4)
(b) Tangent line: y − 1 = ( x − 3)
2 y = −x − 3
x 1 y
y = − (c)
2 2 6
y
(c) 4
5
(−4, 1)
4 x
−10 −8 −4 2
3
2 −4
1 −6
(3, 1)
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
1
50. f ( x ) = , ( 4, 1)
x −3
1
f ( 4 + h) − f ( 4) −1 1− 1+ h
(a) msec = = 1 + h =
( ) = −1
h h h(1 + h) 1+ h
−1
m = lim = −1
h→0 1+ h
(b) Tangent line: y − 1 = −1( x − 4)
y = −x + 5
y
(c)
4
3
2
(4, 1)
1
x
4 5 6 7
−1
−2
−3
−4
51.
x –2 −1.5 −1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
f ( x) 2 1.125 0.5 0.125 0 0.125 0.5 0.125 2
f ′( x) –2 –1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
f ( x) = 1 2
2
x
f ′( x ) = x
2
−2 2
−2
They appear to be the same.
52.
x –2 −1.5 −1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
f ( x) –2 –0.844 –0.25 –0.031 0 0.031 0.25 0.844 2
f ′( x) 3 1.688 0.75 0.188 0 0.188 0.75 1.688 3
f ( x) = 1 x3
4
f ′( x) = 3 2
4
x
2
−2 2
−2
53.
x –2 −1.5 −1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
f ( x) 1 1.225 1.414 1.581 1.732 1.871 2 2.121 2.236
f ′( x) 0.5 0.408 0.354 0.316 0.289 0.267 0.25 0.236 0.224
f ( x) = x +3
1
f ′( x) =
2 x +3
3
−2 2
−1
54.
x –2 −1.5 −1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
f ( x) 0 –0.7 –1 –1.071 –1 –0.833 –0.6 –0.318 0
f ′( x) –2 –0.92 –0.333 0.020 0.25 0.407 0.52 0.603 0.667
x2 − 4
f ( x) =
x + 4
x2 + 8x + 4
f ′( x) =
(x + 4)
2
−2 2
−2
55. Given line: x + y = 0  y = − x  m = −1  mtan = −1 because the lines are parallel.

1
f ( x) = − x 2
4
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
1
4
( x + h2 ) −  − 14 x 2 
−
mtan = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
1 2 1 2 1
− ( x + 2 xh + h ) + x
2
− h( 2 x + h )
= lim 4 4 = lim 4
h→0 h h→0 h
1 1
= lim − ( 2 x + h) = − x
h→0 4 2
1
mtan = − x = −1  x = 2
2
Point: ( 2, f ( 2)) = ( 2, −1)
Tangent line: y − ( −1) = −1( x − 2)

y + 1 = −x + 2
y = −x + 1
−2
56. Because the tangent line is parallel to 2 x + y = 0, the tangent line has a slope of m = = −2.
1
f (x + h) − f (x)
f ′(x) = lim
h→0 h
(x + h) + 1 −  x 2 + 1
2
= lim
h→0 h
x 2 + 2hx + h 2 + 1 − x 2 − 1
= lim
h→0 h
2hx + h 2
= lim
h→0 h
= lim (2 x + h) = 2 x
h→0
f ′(x ) = 2 x = −2  x = −1
f (−1) = (−1) + 1 = 2
2
The tangent line has slope m = −2 and passes through the point (−1, 2).
y − 2 = −2(x − (−1))
y = −2 x − 2 + 2
y = −2 x, tangent line at (−1, 2)
57. Given line: 6 x + y + 4 = 0  y = −6 x − 4  m = −6  mtan = −6 because the lines are parallel.

1
f (x) = − x3
2
(x + h)3 −  − x3 
1 1
−
f (x + h) − f (x) 2  2 
mtan = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
1 1 1
− (x3 + 3x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h3 ) + x3 − h(3 x 2 + 3 xh + h 2 )
= lim 2 2 = lim 2
h→0 h h→0 h
1 2 3x 2
= lim −
h→0 2
(3x + 3 xh + h 2 ) = −
2
3x 2
mtan = − = −6  x 2 = 4  x = ±2
2
Points: (2, f (2)) = (2, − 4) and (−2, f (−2)) = (−2, 4)
Tangent lines: y − (−4) = −6(x − 2) and y − 4 = −6  x − (−2)

y + 4 = −6 x + 12 y − 4 = −6 x − 12
y = −6 x + 8 y = −6 x − 8
1
58. Because the tangent line is parallel to x + 2 y − 6 = 0, the tangent line has a slope of m = − .
2
(x + h) − ( x + h) −  x 2 − x
2
f ′( x) = lim
h→0 h
x 2 + 2hx + h 2 − x − h − x 2 + x
= lim
h→0 h
2hx + h 2 − h
= lim = lim ( 2 x − 1 + h) = 2 x − 1
h→0 h h→0
1 1
f ′( x) = 2 x − 1 = −  2x = − + 1
2 2
1
2x =
2
1
x =
4
1 3
f  = −
4
  16
1 1 3
The tangent line has slope m = − and passes through the point  , − .
2  4 16 
 3 1 1
y − −  = −  x − 
 16  2 4
1 1 3
y = − x + −
2 8 16
1 1 1 3
y = − x − , tangent line at  , − 
2 16  4 16 
( x + h)2 − 4( x + h) + 3 −  x 2 − 4 x + 3
f ( x + h) − f ( x )   
59. f ′( x) = lim = lim 
h→0 h h→0 h
= lim
(x 2
+ 2 xh + h 2 − 4 x − 4h + 3) − ( x 2 − 4 x + 3)
h→0 h
2
2 xh + h − 4h
= lim = lim ( 2 x + h − 4) = 2 x − 4
h→0 h h→0
f ′( x) = 0 = 2 x − 4  x = 2
f has a horizontal tangent at ( 2, −1).
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
60. f ′( x) = lim
h→0 h
(x + h) − 6( x + h) + 4 − ( x 2 − 6 x + 4)
2
= lim
h→0 h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 − 6 x − 6h + 4 − x 2 − 6 x − 4
= lim
h→0 h
2 xh + h 2 − 6h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim ( 2 x + h − 6)
h→0
= 2x − 6
f ′( x) = 0 = 2 x − 6  x = 3
f has a horizontal tangent at (3, − 5).
3( x + h) − 9( x + h) − (3x3 − 9 x)
3
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) 9 x 2 h + 9 xh 2 + 3h3 − 9h
61. f ′( x) = lim = lim = lim = 9 x2 − 9
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
f ′( x) = 0 = 9 x 2 − 9  x = ±1
f has horizontal tangents at (1, − 6) and ( −1, 6).
(x + h) + 3( x + h) − ( x 3 + 3 x)
3
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
62. f ′( x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
3 2 2 3 3
x + 3 x h + 3 xh + h + 3 x + 3h − x − 3 x
= lim
h→0 h
3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 + 3h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim (3 x 2 + 3 xh + h 2 + 3) = 3 x 2 + 3
h→0
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 + 3 = 0
Impossible; no horizontal tangents.
63. f ′( x) = 4 x 3 − 4 x = 0 67. f ′( x) = ln x + 1 = 0
4 x( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0 ln x = −1
x = 0, 1, −1 x = e−1
f has horizontal tangents at ( −1, −1), (0, 0), and (1, −1). (
f has a horizontal tangent at e−1, − e−1 . )
64. f ′( x ) = 12 x 3 + 12 x 2 = 0 1 − ln x
68. f ′( x) = = 0
12 x 2 ( x + 1) = 0
x2
1 − ln x = 0
x = 0, −1
ln x = 1
f has horizontal tangents at ( −1, −1) and (0, 0).
x = e
65. f ′( x) = −2 sin x + 1 = 0  1
f has a horizontal tangent at  e, .
 e
1
sin x =
2 69. f ′( x ) = x 2e x + 2 xe x = 0
π 5π
x = , xe x ( x + 2) = 0
6 6
x = 0, − 2
π π
f has horizontal tangents at  , 3 +  and
6 6 ( )
f has horizontal tangents at −2, 4e−2 and (0, 0).
 5π 5π 
 , − 3 .
 6 6  70. f ′( x) = e− x − xe− x = 0
e− x (1 − x) = 0
66. f ′( x) = 1 − 2 cos x = 0
x =1
1
cos x =
2 (
f has a horizontal tangent at 1, e−1 .)
π 5π
x = ,
3 3 71. f ( x ) = − x 2 + 5 x + 2
π π  Using the definition of slope, you obtain
f has horizontal tangents at  , − 3  and
3 3  f ′( x ) = −2 x + 5.
 5π 5π 
 , + 3 . For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, f ′( x ) > 0  height increasing.
 3 3 
For 3 ≤ x ≤ 5, f ′( x ) < 0  height decreasing.
72. P ( x ) = 200 + 30 x − 0.5 x 2 74. (a) Quadratic Model: N = 1.09 p 2 − 83.9 p + 1643
Using the definition of derivative, (b) 700
P′( x ) = 30 − x.
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 20, P′( x ) > 0 (profit increasing).
For 40 ≤ x ≤ 60, P′( x ) < 0 (profit decreasing). 15 35
−100
73. (a) y = 64.509 x 2 − 724.08 x + 3045.8 When p = $20, m ≈ − 40.3.

7200
(b) When p = $30, m ≈ −18.5.
(c) p = $20 p = $30
700 700
6 15
900
When x = 10, m ≈ 566.1 15 35 15 35
The rate of change in revenue in 2010 was about −100 −100
$566.1 million.
7200 The slopes are the same.
(c)
(d) The rate of decrease in sales decreases as the price
increases.
75. True. The slope is dependent on x.

6 15
900
76. False. Tangent lines to noncircular graphs can intersect
The slopes are the same. the graph at more than one point. For example, the
tangent line to y = x 3 at (1, 1) intersects the curve at
( −2, − 8).
77. f ( x ) = x 2 and g ( x ) = x 3
(a) f ′( x ) = 2 x (b) g ′( x) = 3 x 2 (c) Answers will vary.

y y If h( x ) = x n , h′( x ) = nx n −1.
f 5 f′ g′ 5 g
4 4
3 3
2 2
1
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
−2
−3 −3
1 1
78. (a) 5 (b)  ,− 
 3 3
−4 5
−1
3( x + h) − 2( x + h) − (3 x 2 − 2 x)
2
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
(c) f ′( x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
2 2 2
3x + 6 xh + 3h − 2 x − 2h − 3x + 2 x 6 xh + 3h 2 − 2h
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
= lim (6 x + 3h − 2) = 6 x − 2
h→0
1
f ′  = 0
 3
The slope of the tangent line at the vertex is 0.
(d) The slope of the tangent line at the vertex of an arbitrary parabola is 0.
79. Answers will vary. 81. Answers will vary.

y y
3 4
2 3
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 1
−1
x
−2 −2 −1 1 2 3
−3 −1
82. As h approaches 0, the slope of the secant line

80. Answers not unique. f ( x + h) − f ( x )
y msec = approaches the slope of the
h
3
tangent line.
2 So, the slope of the tangent line is m = lim msec . The
h→0
1
derivative is the slope of the graph at a point, which is
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 the slope of the tangent line and is found by taking the
−1
limit of the slope of the secant line.
−2
−3 83. Matches (b). (Derivative is always positive, but

decreasing.)
84. Matches (a). (Derivative approaches −∞ when x
approaches 0.)
85. Matches (d). (Derivative is −1 for x < 0, 1 for

x > 0.)
86. Matches (c). (Derivative decreases until origin, then

increases.)
Section 12.4 Limits at Infinity and Limits of Sequences

1. limit, infinity 5. Intercept: (0, 0)
2. ratio Horizontal asymptote: y = 4

Matches (c).
3. converge
4. diverge
Section 12.4 Limits at Infinity and Limits of Sequences 1031
6. Horizontal asymptote: y = 1 t2
17. lim does not exist. Answers will vary.
Matches (a). t →∞ t +3
7. Horizontal asymptote: y = 4 4 y4
18. lim 2
does not exist. Answers will vary.
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 y →∞ y +3
Matches (d).
4t 2 − 2t + 1 4
19. lim 2
= −
1 t →∞ −3t + 2t + 2 3
8. f ( x) = x + .
x
2 x 2 − 5 x − 12 2 1
No horizontal asymptote. 20. lim = = −
x → −∞ 1 − 6 x − 8x2 −8 4
Matches (b).
−( x 2 + 3) − x2 − 3
 3 21. lim = lim = −1
9. lim  2 + 2  = 2 + 0 = 2
(2 − x)
2 2
x→∞ 
x → −∞ x → −∞ x − 4x + 4
x 
 1 2x2 − 6 2x2 − 6
10. lim  4 − 2  = 4 − 0 = 4 22. lim = lim = 2
x→∞  x  x →∞
(x − 1)
2 x →∞ x2 − 2 x + 1
1 − x  x3 + 3
11. lim   = −1
x → ∞ 1 + x  23. lim does not exist. Answers will vary.
x →∞ x2
 1 + 5x  5 1 4
12. lim 
x →∞ 1 − 4x 
 = − 24. lim  x − 2  does not exist. Answers will vary.
4 x → −∞  2 x 
3x 2 − 4  
13. lim = −3 x
x → −∞ 1 − x2 25. lim  − 4 = 0 − 4 = −4
( )
x → −∞  x + 1 2

1 − 2x
14. lim = −2
x→∞ x + 2  2x2 
26. lim 7 +  = 7 + 2 = 9
( x + 3) 
x→∞  2
5x − 1 
15. lim = 0
x →−∞ 3x 2 + 2
27. lim  2 −
1 5t 
 = 0 − 5
4+ x t → ∞  3t t + 2
16. lim = 0 = −5
x →−∞ 2 x2 + 1
1 x2  1 x2  1 3
28. lim  +  = lim  + 2  = +1 =
( )
2
x→∞ 2 x − 3  x→∞ 2
 x − 6x + 9 2 2
 
2 6
3x 5x
29. y = 31. y =
1− x −4 8 1 − x2
−9 9
Horizontal asymptote: Horizontal asymptote:
y = −3 y = 0
−6 −6
lim f ( x) = − 3 lim f ( x) = 0
x →∞ x →∞
4
x2 2x + 1 4
30. y = 32. y =
2
x + 4 x2 − 1
−6 6 −6 6
y =1 y = 0
−4
lim f ( x) = 0
−4
lim f ( x) = 1
x →∞ x →∞
3 6
3 1
33. y = 1 − 34. y = 2 +
x2 x
−6 6
−6 6
y =1 y = 2
−2
lim f ( x) = 1 lim f ( x) = 2
−5
x →∞ x →∞
35. (a)
x 100 101 10 2 103 104 105 106
f ( x) –0.7321 –0.0995 –0.00999 –0.0010 −1 × 10 −4 −1 × 10 −5 −1 × 10 −6
lim x −
x→∞
( )
x2 + 2 = 0
(b) 2
−6 12
−10
lim x −
x→∞
( )
x2 + 2 = 0
36. (a)
x 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
f ( x) –0.162 –0.0167 –0.00167 –1.67 × 10 −4 −1.7 × 10−5 −1.7 × 10−6 −2 × 10−7
(
lim 3 x −
x→∞
)
9x2 + 1 = 0
(b) 2
−6 12
−10
(
lim 3 x −
x→∞
)
9x2 + 1 = 0
37. (a)
x 100 101 102 103 10 4 105 106
f ( x) –0.7082 –0.7454 –0.7495 −0.74995 −0.749995 −0.7499995 −0.75
lim 3 2 x −
x→∞
( )
4 x 2 + x = − 34
(b) 1
−3 6
−5
lim 3 2 x −
x→∞
( )
4 x 2 + x = − 34
38. (a) (b) 2

x 100 101 10 2 103 104 105 106
−4 8
f ( x) 0.508 0.5008 0.50008 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
lim 4 4 x −
x→∞
( )
16 x 2 − x = 1
2
−6
(
lim 4 4 x −
x→∞
16 x 2 − x =) 1
2
t2 − t + 1 41. (a) A model for the average cost per unit produced is
39. f (t ) =
t2 + 1 73 x + 25,000
C = (1000) = .
2
t −t +1 x
(a) lim =1
t →∞ t2 + 1 73(1000) + 25,000
(b) C (1000) = = $98
(b) 2 1000
73(5000) + 25,000
C (5000) = = $78
5000
73(10,000) + 25,000
0 20 C (10,000) = = $75.50
0 10,000
(c) Over a long period of time, the level of oxygen in the 73 x + 25,000
(c) lim C = lim = $73
pond returns to the normal level. x→∞ x→∞ x
As the number of MP3 players gets very large, the
100t 2 100 100 average cost approaches $73.
40. (a) lim = lim = = 100
t →∞ 65 + t 2 t →∞ 65 0 +1
+ 1
t2 42. C = 1.25 x + 10,500
(b) 140 C 10,500
(a) C = average cost = = 1.25 +
x x
(b) C (100) = $106.25
0 100 C (1000) = $11.75
0
1.25(10,000) + 10,500
C (10,000) = = $2.30
(c) The average typing speed approaches 100 words per 10,000
minute as t approaches ∞.
(c) As x → ∞, C → $1.25.
As more tons are recycled, the average cost per ton
approaches $1.25.
812.97 + 29.70( 20) + 0.617( 20)

2
43. (a) B( 20) = ≈ $1476.58

1.0 − 0.01( 20) + 0.0008( 20)
2
So, in 2020, the average monthly benefit will be about $1476.58.

812.97 + 29.70t + 0.617t 2
(b) lim B = lim
t →∞ t →∞ 1.0 − 0.01t + 0.0008t 2
0.617
= ≈ $771.25
0.0008
As time increases, the average monthly Social Security benefit approaches $771.25.
(c) Answers will vary.
2000
44. (a) 1680.4 − 54.17(19)
(b) B(19) = ≈ 1866.51188
1.0 − 0.047(19) + 0.00067(19)
2
So, in 2019, there will be about 1,867,000 military retirees.

0 12
1600
The model is a good fit for 4 ≤ t ≤ 12.

1680.4 − 54.17t
(c) lim B = lim = 0
t →∞ t →∞ 1.0 − 0.047t + 0.00067t 2
As time increases, the numbers of U.S. military
retirees receiving pay approaches 0.
Answers will vary.
n +1 4n − 1
45. an = 48. an =
n2 + 1 n +3
1+1 5 3 15
a1 = 2 =1 a4 = a1 = a4 =
1 +1 17 4 7
2+1 3 6 3 7 19
a2 = 2 = a5 = = a2 = a5 =
2 +1 5 26 13 5 8
4 2 11
a3 = = a3 =
10 5 6
lim an = 0 lim an = 4
n→∞ n→∞
3n n2
46. an = 2 49. an =
n + 2 2n + 3
a1 = 1 1
a1 =
a2 = 1 5
9 4
a3 = a2 =
11 7
2 a3 = 1
a4 =
3 16
a4 =
5 11
a5 =
9 25
a5 =
lim an = 0 13
n→∞
n2
lim does not exist.
n n→∞ 2n + 3
47. an =
2n + 1
1 4 5 17 37 65 101
a1 = a4 = 50. , , , ,
3 9 2 4 6 8 10
2 5 4n 2 + 1
a2 = a5 = lim does not exist.
5 11 n→∞ 2n
3
a3 = 51. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
7
1 lim
(n + 1)!
= lim ( n + 1) does not exist.
lim an =
n→∞ 2 n→∞ n! n→∞
52. an =
(3n − 1)!
=
1 16  n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 
57. lim an = lim  
(3n + 1)! (3n + 1)(3n) n→∞ n→∞ n3  6 
1 1 1 1 1 8
, , , , = lim
n → ∞ 3n 2
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 42 90 156 240
lim
(3n − 1)! = 0 = lim
8
(2n2 + 3n + 1)
n → ∞ (3n + 1)! n → ∞ 3n 2
16n 2 + 24n + 8
= lim
1 1 1 1 n→∞ 3n 2
53. −1, , − , , −
2 3 4 5 16
=
3
(−1)
n
lim = 0
n→∞ n n 100 101 102 103
1 1 1 1 an 16 6.16 5.4136 5.3413

54. 1, − , , − ,
4 9 16 25
n +1 n 104 105 106
lim
(−1) = 0
n→∞ n2 an 5.3341 5.33341 5.333341
1 1  n( n + 1)    n( n + 1) 1  n( n + 1)  
2
55. lim an = lim n +   
n→∞ n→∞ n  n 2 58. lim an = lim  −  
 n→∞ n→∞  n2 n4  2  

1 n + 1
= lim n +   n + 1 n 2 + 2n + 1 
n→∞ n 2  = lim  − 
n→∞
 n 4n 2 
 n + 1
= lim 1 +   1 1 1 1 
n→∞  2n  = lim 1 + − − − 
n→∞  n 4 2n 4n 2 
1 3
=1+ = 1
2 2 =1+ 0− −0−0
4
n 100 101 102 103 3
=
an 2 1.55 1.505 1.5005 4
n 100 101 102 103

n 104 105 106
an 1 0.7975 0.754975 0.75049975
an 1.50005 1.500005 1.5000005
n 104 105 106
4 4  n( n + 1)  
56. lim an = lim n +    an 0.75005 0.750005 0.7500005
n→∞ n 
n→∞ n 2 
4 x2 + 1
= lim n + 2( n + 1) 59. False. f ( x) = does not have a horizontal
n→∞ n
1
4 asymptote.
= lim (3n + 2)
n→∞ n
60. False. The limit does not exist.
 8
= lim 12 + 
n→∞  n 61. True. If the sequence converges, then the limit exists.
= 12 + 0 = 12
62. False. Both limits are zero.
n 100 101 102 103
2 2
an 20 12.8 12.08 12.008 63. 5 − 2
≠ 5 2 
x x 
n 104 105 106
an 12.0008 12.00008 12.000008
1 1 31 − (1.5) 
n
64. For example, let f ( x) = and g ( x) = 2 .  
x2 x 69. an =
1 − 1.5
1 y
Then, lim increases without bound, but
x→0 x2 350
lim  f ( x ) − g ( x ) = 0.
x→0 
300
250
200
4
65. 150
100
−6 6 50
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−4
Diverges
Two horizontal asymptotes: y = ±1
31 − (0.5) 
n
x
lim = 1, x = x 2 for x ≥ 0 70. an =  
x→∞
x2 + 1 1 − 0.5
x y
lim = −1, x = − x 2 for x < 0
2
x→∞
x +1 10
9
8
66. (a) lim f ( x) = 0 and lim f ( x ) = 0 7
6
x →∞ x → −∞
5
4
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 3
2
(b) lim f ( x) = 2 and lim f ( x) = 2 1
x → −∞ x → −∞ x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Horizontal asymptote: y = 2
Converges to 6
()
n
67. an = 4 2
3 71. 2.5
y y1
y2
10
9 −3 3
8
7
6 − 1.5
5
4
3 y1 does not appear to the left of the y-axis because x
2
1
is undefined for x < 0.
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1
Because x is undefined when x < 0, lim
x → −∞ x
Converges to 0 does not exist.
( 32 )
n
68. an = 3 72.
x 100 101 102 103 104 105
y
1
200 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001
175
x
150
1
125
lim = 0
100 x→∞ x
75
50
25
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
–10 –100 –1000 Error 1000 100 10
x
Diverges
1
lim does not exist.
x→0 x
Section 12.5 The Area Problem 1037
Section 12.5 The Area Problem

1. cn 20 202 ( 21)
2
7.  i3 =
4
= 44,100
n( n + 1) i =1
2.
2 40 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 40( 41)(81)
8.  i2 =
6
=
6
= 22,140
n 2 ( n + 1)
2
i =1
3.
4
152 (16)
15 2
4. area
9.  (k 3 + 2) =
4
+ 2(15)
k =1
60 = 14,400 + 30 = 14,430
5. 4 = 4(60) = 240
i =1 50 50 50 50(51)
10.  ( 2k + 1) = 2  k + 1= 2
2
+ 50 = 2600
45 k =1 k =1 k =1
6. 9 = 9( 45) = 405
i =1 25 25( 26)(51) 25( 26)
11.  ( j2 + j) =
6
+
2
= 5850
j =1
102 (11)  10(11)( 21) 

10 2
12.  ( j3 − 3 j 2 ) = 4
− 3
6
 = 1870
j =1  
1  n 2 ( n + 1) 
2
n
i3 n 2 + 2n + 1 1
13. (a) S ( n) =  n 4
= 4
n 

4
 =
 4n 2
(c) lim S ( n) =
n→∞ 4
i =1 
(b)
n 100 101 102 103 104
S ( n) 1 0.3025 0.25505 0.25050 0.25005
n
i 1 n( n + 1) n +1
14. (a) S ( n ) =  n 2
= 2
n 2
=
2n
i =1
(b)
n 100 101 102 103 104
S ( n) 1 0.55 0.505 0.5005 0.50005
1
(c) lim S ( n) =
n→∞ 2
n
3 3 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)  3 6n 2 + 9n + 3 2n2 + 3n + 7
15. (a) S ( n) =  n3 (1 + i 2 ) = 
n3 
n +
6
 =
n2
+
6n 2
=
2n 2
i =1 
(b)
n 100 101 102 103 104
S ( n) 6 1.185 1.0154 1.0015 1.00015
(c) lim S ( n) = 1
n →∞
n
2i + 3 1   n( n + 1)   n +1 3 n+ 4
16. (a) S ( n) =  n 2
= 2  2

n   2
 + 3n  =
n
+
n
=
n
i =1  
(b)
n 100 101 102 103 104
S ( n) 5 1.4 1.04 1.004 1.0004
(c) lim S ( n) = 1
n →∞
n
 i2 2  1  1  n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 2n  1 2 14n2 + 3n + 1
3(
17. (a) S ( n) =   n3 +   =  3
+  = 2n 2 + 3n + 1) + =
i =1  n  n  n 6n n 6n n 6n 3
(b)
n 100 101 102 103 104
S ( n) 3 0.2385 0.02338 0.002334 0.000233
(c) lim S ( n) = 0
n →∞
n
  i  1 1 2 n( n + 1)  n +1 2n − 1
18. (a) S ( n) =  3 − 2 n  n = 3n −
n n 2 
 = 3−
n
=
n
i =1  
(b)
n 100 101 102 103 104
S ( n) 1 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999
(c) lim S ( n) = 2
n →∞
n   i   1 
2
1 1  n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)  2n 2 + 3n + 1 4n 2 − 3n − 1
19. (a) S ( n) =  1 −  n   n  = n − 2 
n  n  6
 = 1 −
6n 2
=
6n 2
i =1   
(b)
n 100 101 102 103 104
S ( n) 0 0.615 0.66165 0.66617 0.666617
2
(c) lim S ( n) =
n→∞ 3
n
4 2i  2i  2  4 n( n + 1) 2 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 
20. (a) S ( n) =   n + 2 
n  n 
 = 
n n 2
+ 2
n 6

i =1 
=
2  4n 2 + 4n
 +
2 2n 2 + 3n + 1  (
 =
16n 2 + 18n + 2 )
n 2n 6n  3n 2

(b)
n 100 101 10 2 103 10 4
S ( n) 12.0 5.94 5.3934 5.33933 5.33393
16
(c) lim S ( n) =
n→∞ 3
21. f ( x) = x + 4, [−1, 2], n = 6, width = 1

2
Area ≈ 1
2 [3.5 + 4 + 4.5 + 5 + 5.5 + 6] = 14.25 square units
22. f ( x) = 2 − x 2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, n = 4, width = 1
2
1 
( )
− − 12  + ( 2 − 0 2 ) +  2 − ( 12 )  + (2 − 1 )
2 2
Area ≈ 2 
2 2
= 1
[1.75 + 2 + 1.75 + 1] = 3.25 square units
   2
1
23. The width of each rectangle is . The height is obtained by evaluating f at the right-hand endpoint of each interval.
4
8
 i  1  8  1  i 3  1  337
A =  f    =
 4  4 
  8  
 4 
+ 1  =
4 128
square units
i =1 i =1   
3−1 1
24. The width of each rectangle is = . The height is obtained by evaluating f at the right-hand endpoint of each interval.
4 2
4
 i  1  4 1  i 
3
 1 
A =  f 1 +   =
2  2 
  4 1 + 2
− 1 + 2  
i =1  i =1     2 
4 1  i  3
 1  89
=   4  2  + 2   = square units
i =1    2  16
12  12  1  12 
25. Width of each rectangle is . The height is f  i  = −  i  + 4.
n  n 3 n 
n
 1  12i    12 
A =  − 3  n  + 4  n 
 
n 4 8 20 50
i =1   
Approximate area 18 21 22.8 23.52
(Note: Exact area is 24.)
4−0 4  4  3 4  6i
26. Width of each rectangle is = . The height is f  0 + i  =  i  + 1 = + 1.
n n  n  2 n  n
n
 6i  4 
A =   n + 1 
 n 
n 4 8 20 50
i =1
(Note: Exact area is 16.) Approximate area 19 17.5 16.6 16.24
1 − ( − 2) 3  3i   3i 
2
27. Width of each rectangle is = . The height is f  − 2 +  =  − 2 +  + 1.
n n  n   n
n  3i 
2
 3 
A =   − 2 +  + 1   n 4 8 20 50
i =1  n    n 
Approximate area 5.15625 5.5078125 5.78625 5.9118
2
3  3i   3i 
28. Width of each rectangle is . The height is f   = 9 −   .
n n n
n   3i   3
2
A ≈   9 −  n  
n
n 4 8 20 50
i =1  
Approximate area 14.344 16.242 17.314 17.728
3
3
. The height is   + 3.
1 3i
29. The width of each rectangle is
n 9 n 
n  1  3i 3  3  n 4 8 20 50
A ≈  9  n  + 3 
i =1   n  Approximate area 12.516 11.848 11.481 11.341
2 − ( −1)
3
3  3i  1 3i 
30. The width of each rectangle is = . The height is f  −1 +  = 3 −  −1 +  .
n n  n 4 n
n  1 3i   3
3
A ≈  3 −  −1 +  
4 n   n n 4 8 20 50
i =1 
1 Approximate area 7.113 7.614 7.8895 7.994
(Note: Exact area is 8 = 8.0625.)
16
31. f ( x ) = 3 x + 4, [0, 4]
4  4i   4i  12i
The width of each rectangle is . The height is f   = 3  + 4 = + 4.
n  
n  
n n
n
 12i  4 
A ≈   n
+ 4  
 n 
i =1
n
 12i  4  n
 16 48  16 48  n( n + 1)   n2 + n 
A ≈   n
+ 4   =
 n 
  n + i ≈
2 
n  n
( n) + 2 
n  2
 = 16 + 24 2 
i =1 i =1   n 
  1  24
A = lim 16 + 241 +  = 40 + = 40 square units
n→∞
  n  n
n 4 8 20 50 100 ∞
Approximate area 46 43 41.2 40.48 40.24 40
32. f ( x ) = 15 − x, [2, 6]
4  4i   4i  4i
The width of each rectangle is . The height is f  2 +  = 15 −  2 +  = 13 − .
n  n  n n
n
 4i  4
A ≈  13 − 
n n
i =1
n
 52 16i  52 16  n( n + 1)   n( n + 1) 
A ≈   n − 2 
n 
=
n
( n) − 2 
n  2
 = 52 − 8 2 
i =1   n 
  1  8
A = lim 52 − 81 +  = 44 − = 44 square units
n→∞
  n  n
n 4 8 20 50 100 ∞
Approximate area 42 43 43.6 43.84 43.92 44
33. f ( x) = 9 − x 2 , [0, 2]
2
2  2i   2i  4i 2
The width of each rectangle is . The height is f   = 9 −   = 9 − 2 .
n n n n
n
 4i 2  2 
A ≈  9 −  
n 2  n 
i =1 
n
 18 8i 2   18  8  n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)  4  n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 
A ≈ n −  =  n − 3 
n3   n  n  6
 = 18 − 
3 n3

i =1    
 4  n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)  8 46
A = lim 18 −  3  = 18 − = square units
n→∞ 
 3  n 
 3 3
n 4 8 20 50 100 ∞
46
Approximate area 14.25 14.8125 15.13 15.2528 15.2932
3
34. f ( x ) = x 2 + 1, [4, 6]
2
2  2i   2i  16i 4i 2
The width of each rectangle is . The height is f  4 +  =  4 +  + 1 = 17 + + 2.
n  n  n n n
n
 16i 4i 2  2 
A ≈  17 + n
+ 2  
n  n 
i =1 
n
 34 32i 8i 2   34   32  n( n + 1)  8  n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
A ≈ n +
n 2
+ 3  =  n +  2 
n  n n  2
+  3
n  6
i =1 
 n 2 + n  4  n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 
= 34 + 16 2  +  
 n  3 n3 
  n 2 + n  4  n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)  8 158
A = lim 34 + 16 2  +  3  = 34 + 16 + = square units
n→∞ 
  n  3  n 
 3 3
n 4 8 20 50 100 ∞
158
Approximate area 57.75 55.1875 53.67 53.0672 52.8668
3
1
35. f ( x) = x + 4, [−1, 3]
2
4  4i  1 4i  7 2i
The width of each rectangle is . The height is f  −1 +  =  −1 +  + 4 = + .
n  n 2 n 2 n
n
7 2i  4 
A ≈   2 +  
n  n 
i =1
n 4 8 20 50 100 ∞
n
 14 8i   14  8  n( n + 1) 
A ≈  
n
+ 2  =  n + 2 
n  n n  2
 Approximate area 19 18.5 18.2 18.08 18.04 18
i =1 
 4  n( n + 1) 
A = lim 14 + 2   = 14 + 4 = 18 square units
n→∞ 
 n  1 
1
36. f ( x) = x + 1, [−2, 2]
2
4  4i  1 4i  2i
The width of each rectangle is . The height is f  −2 +  =  −2 +  + 1 = .
n  n 2 n n
n n
 2i  4  8i
A ≈   n  
 n 
=  n2
i =1 i =1
n
8i 8  n( n + 1) 
A ≈  n2
= 2
n  2

i =1 
 8  n( n + 1) 
A = lim  2   = 4 square units
n→∞ n 2
  
n 4 8 20 50 100
Approximate area 5 4.5 4.2 4.08 4.04
n
 i  1  n
 i  1  1 n
− 2 
37. A ≈  f    =
 n  n 
 − 2 n  + 5 n  =
n
  n i + 5
i =1 i =1   i =1
1  − 2 n( n + 1)  1 4n − 1
=  + 5n = − ( n + 1) + 5n =
n n 2  n n
 1
A = lim  4 −  = 4 square units
n→∞  n
n
 2i  2  n
  2i  2 2 n 4 
38. A ≈  f    =
 n  n 
 2 n  + 7 n =   i + 7 
n i =1  n
i =1 i =1  
2  4 n( n + 1)  2 2
=  + 7n = ( 2n + 2 + 7n) = (9n + 2)
n n 2  n n
 4
A = lim 18 +  = 18 square units
n→∞  n
n
 i  1  n
 i  1  1 n  2i  1  2 n( n + 1)  1
39. A ≈  f    =
 n  n 
 −2 n  + 3 n  = n  − n + 3 = n − n 2
+ 3n = [2n − 1]
n
i =1 i =1      i =1    
2n − 1
A = lim = 2 square units
n→∞ n
n
 2i  2  n
  2i  2 2 n  6  2 n 6 
40. A ≈  f  2 +   =
n  n 
 3 2 + n
 − 4 =  6 + n i − 4 = n   n i + 2
i =1  i =1  n n i =1   i =1  
2  6 n( n + 1)  2 2
=  + 2n = [3n + 3 + 2n] = (5n + 3)
n n 2  n n
 6
A = lim 10 +  = 10 square units
n→∞  n
n
 2i  2 
41. A ≈  f  −1 +  
 n  n 
i =1
n   2i   2
2
=  2 −  −1 +  
 n   n
i =1 
n
 4i 4i 2  2 
=  2 − 1 +
n
− 2  
n  n 
i =1 
2 n 8 n 8 n
= 
n i =1
1 + 2  i − 3  i2
n i =1 n i =1
2 8 n( n + 1) 8 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
= ( n) + 2 − 3
n n 2 n 6
 n( n + 1) 4 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)  8 10
A = lim 2 + 4 2
−  = 2+ 4− = square units
n→∞
 n 3 n3  3 3
∞
 i  1  ∞  i 2 1 1  1 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)  (n + 1)(2n + 1) + 2
42. A ≈  f    =
 n  n 
   + 2 =  2 + 2 n =
6n 2
n =1 n =1  n   n n n 6 
 ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)  7
A = lim  2
+ 2 = square units
n→∞
 6n  3
n
 3i  3 
43. A ≈  f 1 +  
 n  n 
i =1
n 1  3i 
2
 3i   3 
=   1 +  + 1 +   
i =1  4  n  n   n 
n
1 3i 9 i2 3i  3 
=  4 +
2n
+
4 n2
+ 1 +  
n  n 
i =1 
15 n 27 n 27 n 2
= 
4n i =1
1+ 2
2n i =1
i + i
4n3 i =1
15 27  n( n + 1)  27 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
= ( n) + 2   +
4n 2n  2  4 n3 6
15 27 n( n + 1) 9  15 27 9 51
A = lim  + 2
+ 3 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) = + + = square units
n→∞ 4 4 n 8 n 4 4 4 4
 
n
 2i  2 
44. A ≈  f  −1 +  
 n  n 
i =1
n  2i 
2
 2i   2 
3
=   −1 +  −  −1 +   
i =1  n  n   n 
n  4i 4i 2   6i 12i 2 8i 3  2
=  1 −
n
+ 2  −  −1 +
n   n
− 2 + 3 
n n  n
i =1 
n
 10i 16i 2 8i 3  2
=  2 −
n
+ 2 − 3
n n n
i =1 
4 n 20 n 32 n 16 n
= 
n i =1
1 − 2  i + 3  i 2 − 4  i3
n i =1 n i =1 n i =1
20 n( n + 1) 32 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 16 n 2 ( n + 1)
2
4
= ( n) − 2 + 3 − 4
n n 2 n 6 n 4
4 20 n( n + 1)  32 2
A = lim  ( n) − 2 +  = 4 − 10 + − 4 = square units
n→∞ n n 2 3 3
 
500
( )
45. y = −3.0 ⋅ 10−6 x3 + 0.002 x 2 − 1.05x + 400
Note that y = 0 when x = 500.

−100 600
Area ≈ 105,208.33 square feet ≈ 2.4153 acres
−100
46. (a) (−4.088889 × 10−5 ) x3 + 0.0162x2 − 2.67 x + 453

(b) 500
0 350
0
(c) Area ≈ 75,750 square feet (Answers will vary.)
47. Answers will vary. 49. True. See Property 2, page 858.
48. Area is approximately a triangle of base 2 and height 3. 50. True. See Area of a Plane Region, page 862.
Area ≈ 4. (c)
Review Exercises for Chapter 12

1. lim (6 x − 1) = 17
x →3
The limit can be reached.
x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.001 3.01 3.1

f ( x) 16.4 16.94 16.994 ? 17.006 17.06 17.6
2. f ( x) = x 2 − 3x + 1
x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1

f ( x) –1.09 –1.0099 –1.001 ? –0.99 –0.9899 –0.89
lim ( x 2 − 3 x + 1) = −1
x→2
The limit can be reached.
x −3
3. f ( x) = 2
x − x −6
x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.001 3.01 3.1
f (x ) 0.204 0.2004 0.20004 ? 0.19996 0.1996 0.196
x −3 1
lim =
x →3 x2 − x − 6 5
The limit cannot be reached.
ln (1 − x)
4. f ( x) =
x
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f ( x) –0.9531 –0.995 –0.9995 ? –1.0005 –1.005 –1.0536
ln (1 − x)
lim = −1
x→0 x
The limit cannot be reached.
5. lim (3 − x) = 2 f ( x) 4
x →1 (d) lim =
x→c g ( x) 5
6. lim ( 2 x 2 + 1) = 3
x → −1
10. (a) lim 3 f ( x) = 3
27 = 3
2 x→c
x −1
7. lim = 2 f ( x) 27 3
x →1 x − 1
(b) lim = =
x→c 18 18 2
8. Limit does not exist. Answers will vary.
(c) lim  f ( x) g ( x ) = ( 27)(12) = 324
3 x→c
9. (a) lim  f ( x) = 43 = 64
x→c (d) lim  f ( x) − 2 g ( x) = 27 − 2(12) = 3
x→c
(b) lim 3 f ( x ) − g ( x ) = 3( 4) − 5 = 7
x→c
11. lim (3x − 1) = 3(3) − 1 = 8
(c) lim  f ( x) g ( x) = ( 4)(5) = 20 x →3
x→c
Review Exercises for Chapter 12 1045
1  1
12. lim  x + 3 = ( 4) + 3 = 5 18. lim 3
4x = 3 4( −2) = 3
−8 = −2
x → −2
x→4  2  2
3x + 5 3( 2) + 5 11
13. lim ( x 2 + 4 x + 12) = ( − 2) − 4( − 2) + 12 = 24 19. lim = =
2
x → −2
x→2 5x − 3 5( 2) − 3 7
14. lim (5 x − 3)(3 x + 5) = (5( 2) − 3)(3( 2) + 5) x2 − 1 22 − 1 3

x→2 20. lim = =
x→2 x3 + 2 23 + 2 10
= (7)(11) = 77
21. lim sin 3x = sin 3π = 0
15. lim log 9 x = log 9 9 = 1 x →π
x→9
22. lim tan x = tan 0 = 0

x →0
16. lim 2e x = 2e1 = 2e
x →1
23. lim arctan x = arctan 0 = 0
x →0
17. lim 5− x = 5 − ( −1) = 6
x → −1
1 π
24. lim arccos x = arccos =
x →1 2 2 3
x 2 − 16 ( x + 4)( x − 4) = lim x + 4 = 4 + 4 = 8
25. lim = lim ( )
x→4 x −4 x→4 x −4 x→4
7 − x − ( x − 7) 1 1 1
26. lim = lim = lim − = − = −
x→7 x 2 − 49 x → 7 ( x − 7)( x + 7 ) x→7 x + 7 7 + 7 14
27. lim
x −5
= lim
x −5 t 3 + 27 (t + 3)(t 2 − 3t + 9)
x →5 2
x + 5 x − 50 x → 5 ( x − 5)( x + 10) 30. lim = lim
t → −3 t + 3 t → −3 t + 3
= lim
1
=
1 = lim (t 2 − 3t + 9)
t → −3
x → 5 x + 10 15
= 27
x +1 (x + 1)
28. lim = lim 1 ( x + 2) − 1 1 − ( x + 2)
x → −1
( x2 − 5 x − 6) x → −1 (x + 1)( x − 6) 31. lim
x → −1 x +1
= lim
x → −1 (x + 2)( x + 1)
1 1
= lim = − −( x + 1)
x → −1 x − 6 7 = lim
x → −1 (x + 2)( x + 1)
x2 − 4
= lim
( x + 2)( x − 2) −1
29. lim 3 = lim = −1
x → −2 x + 8
(
x → −2 ( x + 2) x 2 − 2 x + 4
) x → − 1 ( x + 2)
x − 2
= lim 2 2 − ( x + 2)
x2 − 2 x + 4
x → −2 −1
32. lim x + 2 = lim x + 2
−4 1
= = − x→0 x x→0 x
12 3
−x
= lim x + 2
x→0 x
−1 1
= lim = −
x→0 x + 2 2
16 − u − 4 16 − u − 4 16 − u + 4
33. lim = lim ⋅
u →0 u u →0 u 16 − u + 4
= lim
(16 − u ) − 16
u →0 u ( 16 − u + 4 )
−u
= lim
u →0 u ( 16 − u + 4 )
−1 1
= lim = −
u →0 16 − u + 4 8
v +9 −3 v +9 −3 v +9 +3
34. lim = lim ⋅
v→0 v v→0 v v +9 +3
= lim
(v + 9) − 9
v  v + 9 + 3
v→0
1 1
= lim =
v→0 v +9 +3 6
x −1 − 2 x −1 − 2 x −1 + 2
35. lim = lim ⋅
x →5 x −5 x →5 x −5 x −1 + 2
= lim
(x − 1) − 4
x →5
(x − 5) ( x −1 + 2 )
1 1 1
= lim = =
x →5 x −1 + 2 2+ 2 4
3 − x + 2 3 − x + 2 3 + x + 2
36. lim = lim ⋅
x →1 1− x x →1 1− x 3 + x + 2
3 − ( x + 2)
= lim
x →1
(1 − x)( 3 + x + 2 )
1 1 3
= lim = =
x →1 3 + x + 2 2 3 6
4
37. (a) (b)
x 2.9 2.99 3 3.01 3.1
−9 3 f ( x) 0.1695 0.1669 Error 0.1664 0.1639
−4
x −3 1
lim =
x →3 x2 − 9 6
8
38. (a) (b)
x − 4.1 − 4.01 − 4.001 −4 − 3.999 − 3.99 − 3.9
−10 10 f ( x) 15.81 150.81 1500.81 Error −1499.19 −149.19 −14.19
−8
x − 3x 2 − 4
4
lim does not exist.
x→4 x 4 − 15 x 2 − 16
39. (a) 6 (b)

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1
−9 9
y1 4.85 E 8 7.2 E 86 Error Error 0 1 E –87 2.1 E –9
−6
lim e −2 x does not exist.

x→0
40. (a) 4
(b)
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1
−6 6 y1 0 0 0 Error 0 0 0
−4
x2
lim e −4 = 0
x→0
41. (a) 3 (b) x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

y1 1.94709 1.99947 1.999995 Error 1.999995 1.99947 1.94709
−3 3
−1
sin 4 x
lim = 2
x→0 2x
42. (a) 3 (b)

x –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01
y1 2.00027 2.000003 Error 2.000003 2.00027
−3 3
−1
tan 2 x
lim = 2
x→0 x
43. (a) 2 (b)

x 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001
−1 5
f ( x) 0.5680 0.5764 0.5773 0.5773
−2
2x + 1 − 3
lim ≈ 0.577
x →1+ x −1
 3
 Exact value: 
 3 
44. (a) 2
(b)
x 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001
−2 4 f ( x) –0.4881 –0.4988 –0.4999 –0.5000
−2
1− x 1
lim = −
x →1+ x −1 2
y
x 1 1
45. f ( x) = 48. lim = 0.30
(−3) + 9
2 2
x − 4 x → −3 x +9 0.25
Limit does not exist because 1 0.20

= 0.15
lim f ( x) = ∞ and lim f ( x ) = − ∞. 18
x → 4+ x → 4−
y x
−8 −6 − 4 −2 2 4 6 8
5
4 −0.10
3
2
49. lim f ( x) does not exist because when

1
x
x→2
−1 1 3 5 6 7 8
−2
2 − x, x ≤ 2
−3 f ( x) =  2
−4
−5
x − 3, x > 2
lim f ( x) = 0 and lim f ( x) = 1.
y x → 2− x → 2+
x + 2 y
46. lim = −1 4
x → −2 − x + 2 4
3
x + 2 2
3
lim =1 2
x → −2 + x + 2 1
x
−5 −4 − 3 −1 1 2 3 x
x + 2 −1
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
lim does −2
x → −2 x + 2 −2
−3
not exist. −4
−3
−4
y
2 50. Because lim f ( x) = − 5 and lim f ( x) = − 5,
47. f ( x) = 2
x − 4 4 x →1− x →1+
3
lim = − 5.
Limit does not exist. 2 x →1
1 y
x
− 4 − 3 −2 2 3 4 1
x
−2 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−3
−2
−4
−3
−6
−7
51. f ( x) = − 5 x + 2
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) − 5( x + h) + 2 − ( − 5 x + 2)
lim = lim 
h→0 h h→0 h
− 5 x − 5h + 2 + 5 x − 2
= lim
h→0 h
− 5h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim ( − 5) = − 5
h→0
( x + h)2 + 3( x + h) − 2 −  x 2 + 3x − 2
f ( x + h) − f ( x )   
52. lim = lim 
h→0 h h→0 h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 3x + 3h − 2 − x 2 − 3 x + 2
= lim
h→0 h
2 xh + h 2 + 3h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim [2 x + h + 3] = 2 x + 3
h→0
y
53. Slope ≈ 2 58.
4
(Answers will vary.) 3
2
(2, 1)
54. Slope = 0 1
x
y −1 1 2 4
55.
5
4 −3
3 −4
(2, 0)
x Slope at ( 2, 1) is 1.
−4 −3 −2 −1 2 3 4 5 6
59. f ( x) = x 2 − 4 x
−2
−3
−4
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
m = lim
h→0 h
Slope at ( 2, 0) is 2.
(x + h) − 4( x + h) − ( x 2 − 4 x)
2
y = lim
56. h→0 h
12
x + 2 xh + h − 4 x − 4h − x 2 − 4 x
2 2
10 = lim
8
h→0 h
6 2 xh + h 2 − 4h
4 = lim
(2, 2) h→0 h
2
x = lim ( 2 x + h − 4) = 2 x − 4
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 h→0
−4 (a) At (0, 0), m = 2(0) − 4 = −4.
Slope at ( 2, 2) is 14 . (b) At ( 2, 3), m = 2( 2) − 4 = 0.
y
57.
6
x
2 6 8 10
−2
(2, − 3)
−4
−6
Slope at ( 2, − 3) is − 32 .
1 4
60. f ( x) = x
4
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
m = lim
h →0 h
= lim
(1 4)( x + h)4 − (1 4) x 4
h →0 h
(1 4) x 4
+ 4 x3h + 6 x 2 h 2 + 4 xh3 + h 4 − x 4 
= lim
h →0 h
1
= lim 4 x3 + 6 x 2 h + 4 xh 2 + h3  = x3
h →0 4
(a) At ( −2, 4), m = ( −2) = −8.
3
 1
(b) At 1, , m = (1) = 1.
3
 4
4
61. f ( x) =
x − 6
4 4
f ( x + h) − f ( x) −
m = lim = lim x + h − 6 x − 6
h→0 h h→0 h
4( x − 6) − 4( x + h − 6)
= lim
h→0 ( x + h − 6)( x − 6)h
−4h
= lim
h→0 (x + h − 6)( x − 6)h
−4 4
= lim = −
h→0 (x + h − 6)( x − 6) ( − 6)2
x
4
(a) At (7, 4), m = − = −4.
(7 − 6)
2
4
(b) At (8, 2), m = − = −1.
(8 − 6)2
62. f ( x ) = x +8
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
m = lim
h→0 h
x + h +8 − x +8 x + h +8 + x +8
= lim ⋅
h→0 h x + h +8 + x +8
= lim
(x + h + 8) − ( x + 8)
h→0 h  x + h + 8 + x + 8 
1 1
= lim =
h→0 x + h +8 + x +8 2 x +8
1 1 1
(a) At (1, 1), m = = = .
2 1+8 2 9 6
1 1 1
(b) At (8, 2), m = = = .
2 8+8 2 16 8
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) 5−5 h( x + k ) − h( x )
63. f ′( x ) = lim = lim = 0 65. h′( x) = lim
h→0 h h→0 h k →0 k
 1   1 
g ( x + h) − g ( x) 5 − 2 ( x + k ) − 5 − 2 x
64. g ′( x) = lim = lim
h→0 h k →0 k
−3 − ( −3) 0 1
= lim = lim = 0 − k
h h 1
= lim 2 = −
h→0 h→0
k →0 k 2
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
66. f ′( x) = lim
h→0 h
12( x + h) − 12 x
= lim
h→0 h
12h
= lim = 12
h→0 h
4( x + h) − ( x + h) − ( 4 x 2 − x)
2
g ( x + h) − g ( x )
67. g ′( x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
4 x + 8 xh + 4h − x − h − 4 x 2 + x
2 2
= lim
h→0 h
8 xh + 4h 2 − h
= lim
h→0 h
h(8 x + 4h − 1)
= lim
h→0 h
= lim (8 x + 4h − 1) = 8 x − 1
h→0
−( x + h) + 4( x + h) − ( − x3 + 4 x)
3
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
68. f ′( x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
− x3 − 3 x 2 h − 3 xh 2 − h3 + 4 x + 4h + x3 − 4 x
= lim
h→0 h
−3x 2 h − 3xh 2 − h3 + 4h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim ( −3 x 2 − 3 xh − h 2 + 4) = −3 x 2 + 4
h→0
f ( t + h ) − f (t ) t + h +5 − t +5 t + h +5 + t +5
69. f ′(t ) = lim = lim ⋅
h→0 h h→0 h t + h +5 + t +5
= lim
(t + h + 5) − (t + 5)
= lim
1
=
1
h→0 h ( t + h +5 + t +5 ) h→0 t + h +5 + t +5 2 t +5
g (t + h ) − g (t ) t + h −3 − t −3 t + h −3 + t −3
70. g ′(t ) = lim = lim ⋅
h→0 h h→0 h t + h −3 + t −3
= lim
(t + h − 3) − (t − 3)
= lim
1
=
1
h→0 h ( t + h −3 + t −3 ) h→0 t + h −3 + t −3 2 t −3
4 4
g ( s + h) − g ( s ) −
71. g ′( s ) = = lim s + h + 5 s + 5 = lim 4 s + 20 − 4 s − 4h − 20
h h→0 h h→0 ( s + h + 5)( s + 5)h
−4h −4 4
= lim = lim = −
h→0 (s + h + 5)( s + 5)h h → 0 ( s + h + 5)( s + 5)
( 5)
s +
2
6 6
−
g (t + h ) − g (t ) 5 − (t + h) 5 − t
72. g ′(t ) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
30 − 6t − 30 + 6t + 6h 6 6
= lim = lim =
h→0 h(5 − t − h)(5 − t ) h → 0 (5 − t − h)(5 − t )
( t)
5 −
2
1 1
−
g ( x + h) − g ( x) x + h + 4 x + 4
73. g ′( x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
x + 4 − x + h + 4 x + 4 + x + h + 4
= lim ⋅
h→0 h x + 4 x + h + 4 x + 4 + x + h + 4
= lim
(x + 4) − ( x + h + 4)
⋅
1
h→0 h x + 4 x + h + 4 x + 4 + x + h + 4
−1
= lim
h→0 x + 4 x + h + 4 ( x + 4 + x + h + 4 )
−1 −1
= lim =
h→0
(x + 4) 2 ( x + 4 ) 2( x + 4)
32
1 1
−
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) 12 − x − h 12 − x
74. f ′( x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
12 − x − 12 − x − h 12 − x + 12 − x − h
= lim ⋅
h→0 h  12 − x − h 12 − x 
 12 − x + 12 − x − h
= lim
(12 − x) − (12 − x − h)
⋅
1
h→0 h  12 − x − h 12 − x   12 − x + 12 − x − h 
1
= lim
h → 0  12 − x − h 12 − x   12 − x + 12 − x − h 
 
1 1
= =
(12 − x ) 2 12 − x 2(12 − x)
32
75. f ( x) = 2 x 2 − 1, (0, −1)
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) f (0 + h) − f (0) 2h 2 − 1 − ( −1)
(a) mtan = lim = lim = lim = lim 2h = 0
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h h→0
(b) Tangent line: y − ( −1) = 0( x − 0)

y +1 = 0
y = −1
y
(c)
5
4
3
2
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−2
(0, −1)
−3
76. f ( x) = x 2 + 10, ( 2, 14)
(x + h) + 10 −  x 2 + 10
2
x 2 + 2hx + h 2 + 10 − x 2 − 10
(a) f ′( x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
2hx + h 2
= lim = lim ( 2 x + h) = 2 x
h→0 h h→0
f ′( 2) = 2 ⋅ ( 2) = 4
At ( 2, 14), the slope of the tangent line is m = f ′( 2) = 4.
(b) Point: ( 2, 14); slope: 4

y − 14 = 4( x − 2)
y = 4 x − 8 + 14
y = 4 x + 6, tangent line at ( 2, 14)
y
(c)
24
20
(2, 14)
x
−12 −8 −4 4 8 12
4x 4  2x2 
77. lim = = 2 86. lim 2 −  = 2 − 2 = 0
x→∞ 2x − 3 2
( x + 1) 
x→∞  2

7x 7 1
78. lim = = 1 1 5 7 1
x→∞ 14 x + 2 14 2 87. , , , ,
7 4 17 22 3
 1  3x 2 − 1  2
79. lim  3 − 2  = lim  2  = 3 lim an =
x→∞  x  x→∞
 x  n →∞ 5
88. 1, 2, 3 , 4 , 5
 3   14 x 2 + 3 2 5 10 17 26
80. lim  7 + 2
= lim  2  = 7
x→∞  2x  x → ∞
 2x  lim an = 0
n→∞
2x
81. lim 2
= 0 89. −1, 18 , − 27
1, 1,
64
1
− 125
x → −∞ x − 25
lim an = 0
n→∞
3x
82. lim = 0
x → −∞
(1 − x)3 90. 1, − 12 , 13 , − 14 , 1
5
lim an = 0
x2 n→∞
83. lim does not exist.
x→∞ 2x + 3
91. 1 , 1 , 9 , 8 , 25
5 2 11 7 17
4
3y lim an does not exist.
84. lim does not exist. n→∞
y →∞ y2 + 1
1 3 n +1
  92. an = 3 − 2n( n + 1) =
2
−
x 2n 2n 2
n
85. lim  + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3
( )
x→∞  x − 2 2  1 9 7 37 57
− ,− ,− ,− ,−
2 8 6 32 50
lim an = 0 − 1 = −1
n→∞
n
 4i 2 i 1 4 n 2 1 n 4 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 1 n( n + 1) 4n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) − 3n 2 ( n + 1)
93. (a)   n2 −  = 3 i − 2 i = 3
n n n i =1 n i =1 n 6
− 2
n 2
=
6n3
i =1 
n( n + 1)(8n + 4 − 3n) (n + 1)(5n + 4)
= =
6n3 6n 2
(b)
n 100 101 102 103 104
S ( n) 3 0.99 0.8484 0.8348 0.8335
5
(c) lim S ( n) =
n→∞ 6
n   3i   3i 
2
12 n 27 n 12 n( n + 1) 27 n 2 ( n + 1)
2
24n 2 + 24n − 27( n 2 + 2n + 1)
94.  4 −    2  = 2  i − 4  i 3 = 2
 n   n  n i =1 n i =1 n 2
− 4
n 4
=
4n 2
i =1 
(n + 10n + 9) = ( 4n)(2 )
−3n 2 − 30n − 27 −3 2 3n +1 n +9
= =
4n 2 4n 2
n 100 101 102 103 104

S
( n) −15 −1.5675 −0.8257 −0.7575 −0.7508
3
3
lim S ( n) = −
n→∞ 4
95. Area ≈ 1 7 + 3+ 5
+ 2 + 3
+ 1 = 1 27 = 27
= 6.75 square units
2 2 2 2 2 2 4
96. Width of rectangle: 14 ; Height is f evaluated at right endpoint.
Area ≈ 4 ( ) + f ( 12 ) + f ( 43 ) + f (1)
1f 1
4
( 4 ) + 4 − ( 12 ) + 4 − ( 34 )
1 4 − 1 + 4 − 1
2 2 2
= 4 
1 14  113
= 4
15 − 16 
= 32
= 3.5313 square units
1 2
97. f ( x) = x + 2
4
n 4 8 20 50
Approximate Area 15.5 14.375 13.74 13.4944
98. f ( x) = 4 x − x 2 n
 4i  4 
99. A = lim
n→∞
 10 −  
n  n 
i =1
n 4 8 20 50  40 n 16 n 
= lim   1 − 2  i
Approximate area 10 10.5 10.64 10.6624 n→∞
 n i =1 n i =1 
 40 16  n( n + 1) 
= lim  ( n) − 2  
(Exact area is 10 23 .) n→∞  n
 n  2 
 8( n + 1) 
= lim 40 − 
n→∞
 n 
 8
= lim 32 − 
n→∞  n
= 32 square units, exact area
n
  3i   3  n  i   i  1
2
100. A = lim  2 3 + n  − 6  n  102. A = lim  8  n  −  n  
n
n→∞
i =1      n→∞
i =1  
n
18i 18 n
= lim
n→∞
 n 2
= lim 2  i
n→∞ n
8 n
8 
= lim  2  i − 3  i 2 
i =1 i =1 n→∞ n n
 i =1 
18 n( x + 1)
= lim = 9 square units, exact area  8 n( n + 1) 8 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 
n→∞ n2 2 = lim  2 − 3 
n→∞ n 2 n 6
 
n  3i 
2
 3  8 4
= 4 − = square units, exact area
101. A = lim   −1 +  + 4  3 3
n→∞
i =1  n  n 
n
 6i 9i 2  3
= lim  5 −
n
+ 2
n n
n→∞
i =1 
15 n 18 n 27 n 
= lim   1 − 2  i + 3  i 2 
n→∞ n n i =1 n i =1 
 i =1
15 18 n( n + 1) 27 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 
= lim  ( n) − 2 + 3 
n→∞ n n 2 n 6
 
= 15 − 9 + 9 = 15 square units, exact area
n  i
3
 1 
103. A = lim  1 +  + 1 
n
n→∞
i =1   n 
n
 3 3 1   1 
= lim   1 + n
i + 2 i 2 + 3 i 3  + 1 
n n 
n→∞
i =1   n 
n
3 3 2 1  1 
= lim
n→∞
  n i + n2
i + 3 i 3 + 2  
n  n 
i =1
1 1 n
3 n
3 n n

= lim 
n  n3
 i3 +
n2
 i2 +
n
 i +  2
n→∞
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1 
1  1  n 2 ( n + 1)  3  n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)  3  n( n + 1)  
2
= lim  3  + 2  +   + 2 n
n→∞ n n  4  n  6  n 2  
   
1  n 2 + 2n + 1 2n 2 + 3n + 1 3n + 3 
= lim  + + + 2 n
n→∞ n 4n 2n 2 
1 19 7 3
= lim n + +
n→∞ n  4 2 4n 
19
= square units
4
   4  16n( n + 1) 16n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)   4 
2
n
 4i n
16i 16i 2   4 
104. A = lim  4 −  − 2    = lim 
n   n 
 − 2   = lim  −
6n 2
 
n→∞
i =1  n → ∞
i =1  n n  n  n→∞
 2n  n 
 n + 1 n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)  64 32
= lim 8 − 2  4 = 32 − = square units
n→∞
 n 3n  3 3
( ) (
105. (a) y = −3.376068 × 10−7 x3 + 3.7529 × 10−4 x 2 − 0.17 x + 132 )
150
(b)
0 1000
0
(c) Answers will vary. Sample answer: Area ≈ 88,000 square feet
106. True. lim  f ( x) + g ( x) = lim f ( x ) + lim g ( x), if both limits exist.
x→c x→c x→c
107. False. The limit of the rational function as x approaches ∞ does not exist.
Problem Solving for Chapter 12

1. (a) lim f ( x) = 3; i, iv
x→2
(b) lim f ( x) = 3; i, iii, iv

x → 2−
(c) lim f ( x) = 3; i, iv
x → 2+
2. (a) P = (3, 4), 0 = (0, 0)

0− 4 4
m = =
0−3 3 y
(b) The tangent line will be perpendicular to PO. 6

P(3, 4)
3 4
y − 4 = − ( x − 3) 2
4 Q
x
3 9 −6 −2 O 2 4 6
y = − x + + 4 −2
4 4
−4
3 25
y = − x + −6
4 4
(c) In the first quadrant, y = 25 − x 2  Q = x, ( 25 − x 2 . )

25 − x 2 − 4
Slope of chord PQ = mx =
x −3
(d) lim
25 − x 2 − 4
= lim
( 25 − x 2 − 4 )( 25 − x 2 + 4 ) = lim 25 − x 2 − 16
x →3 x −3 x→3
(x − 3) ( 25 − x 2 + 4 ) x →3
(x − 3) ( 25 + x 2 + 4 )
−( x − 9)
2
−( x − 3)( x + 3)
= lim = lim
x→3
(x − 3) ( 25 + x + 42
) x →3
(x − 3) ( 25 − x 2 + 4 )
−( x + 3) −6 −6 3
= lim = = = −
x→3
25 − x + 42 16 + 4 8 4
The slopes are the same.
3. f ( x) = a + b x
f (1) = 4  a + b = 4
3 5 3
Tangent line: 2 y − 3 x = 5  y = x +  mtan = at (1, 4)
2 2 2
mtan = lim
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
= lim
(a + b ) (
x + h − a +b x ) b
= lim 
( x + h − x )⋅ x + h +

x
h→0 h h→0 h h→0  h x + h + x
 
b( x + h − x ) b b
= lim = lim =
h→0 h ( x + h + x ) h→0 x + h + x 2 x
b 3
At (1, 4), mtan = =  b = 3 and a = 1.
2 2
So, f ( x) = 1 + 3 x .
Problem Solving for Chapter 12 1057
y
4. (a) f ( x) =  x + − x
4
x not an integer: − x = −x − 1 3
2
x + − x = −1 1
x
x = n, n an integer:  x = n = n −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
− x = −n = −n −2
−3
So,  x + − x = n − n = 0 −4
−1, x not an integer

(b) f ( x) =  x + − x =  (c) lim f ( x) = −1
 0, x an integer x →1−
 lim f ( x) = −1
lim f ( x) = −1
f (1) = 0, f (0) = 0, f ( ) = −1, f (−2.7) = −1
1
2 x →1+
x →1
lim = f ( x) = −1
x → (1 2)−
 lim f ( x) = −1
lim = f ( x) = −1 x → (1 2)
x → (1 2)+
5. (a) y
(b) f ( 14 ) = 4 = 4 (c) lim f ( x) = 1
x →1−
3
f (3) =  13  = 0 lim f ( x) = 0
2
x →1+
1 f (1) = 1 = 1 lim f ( x) = 2
x x → (1 2)−
−1 1
−1
lim f ( x) = 1
−2 x → (1 2)+
a + bx − 3
6. Because lim
x→0 x
exists  lim
x→0
( a + bx − )
3 = 0  a − 3 = 0  a = 3.
 3 + bx − 3 3 + bx + 3 3 + bx − 3 bx
lim  ⋅  = lim = lim
x→0
 x 3 + bx + 3  x→0 x
( 3 + bx + 3 ) x→0 x ( 3 + bx + 3 )
b b
= lim = = 3  b = 6
x→0 3 + bx + 3 2 3
So, a = 3 and b = 6.
3 + x1 3 − 2
7. (a) f ( x) = (b) 0.5
x −1
Numerator: 3 + x1 3 ≥ 0
x1 3 ≥ −3 − 30 12
x ≥ ( −3)
3 − 0.1
x ≥ −27
Denominator: x − 1 ≠ 0
x ≠ 1
Domain of f ( x): [−27, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)
3 + ( −27)
13
− 2 0− 2 1
(c) lim f ( x) = = =
n → −27+ −27 − 1 −28 14
(d) Let x1 3 = u or u 3 = x. As x → 1, u → 1.
3+u − 2
f (u ) =
u3 − 1
lim f (u ) = lim
3+u − 2
= lim
( 3+u − 2 )( 3+u + 2 ) = lim
3+u − 4
u →1 u →1 u3 − 1 u →1
(u − 1)
3
( 3+u + 2 ) u →1
(u (
− 1)(u 2 + u + 1) 3+u + 2 )
u −1 1
= lim = lim
u →1
(u − 1)(u 2 + u + 1) ( 3+u + 2 ) u →1
(u 2 + u + 1) ( 3+u + 2 )
1 1 1
= = =
(12 + 1 + 1) ( 3+1 + 2 ) (3)( 4) 12
0, if x is rational
8. f ( x) = 
x, if x is irrational
lim f ( x) does not exist.
x →0
No matter how close to 0 x is, there are still an infinite number of rational and irrational numbers.
0, if x is rational
g ( x) = 
x, if x is irrational
lim g ( x) = 0
x→0
When x is close to 0, both parts of the function are close to zero.
9. Let ( x1 , y1 ) represent the coordinates of the point on the parabola y = f ( x) = x 2 .
Let ( x2 , y2 ) represent the coordinates of the point on the parabola y = g ( x) = − x 2 + 2 x − 5.

Then, the tangent lines for each parabola are:
y = f ′( x1 )( x − x1 ) + y1
y = f ′( x1 ) x + y1 − f ′( x1 ) x1 ⇐ y1 = x12
y = f ′( x1 ) x + x12 − f ′( x1 ) x1
y = g ′( x2 )( x − x2 ) + y2
y = g ′( x2 ) x + y2 − g ′( x2 ) x2 ⇐ y2 = − x22 + 2 x2 − 5
y = g ′( x2 ) x − x22 + 2 x2 − 5 − g ′( x2 ) x2
These two tangent lines are coincident (that is, they are the same lines) if they have the same slope and y-intercept:
y-intercepts: x12 − f ′( x1 ) x1 = − x22 + 2 x2 − 5 − g ′( x2 ) x2 (A)
Slopes: f ′( x1 ) = g ′( x2 ) (B)
Find the derivatives f ′( x) and g ′( x):
(x + h) − x 2
2
f ′( x) = lim
h→0 h
x 2 + 2hx + h 2 − x 2
= lim
h→0 h
= lim 2 x + h = 2 x  f ′( x1 ) = 2 x1 (C)
h→0
−( x + h) + 2( x + h) − 5 − ( − x 2 + 2 x − 5)
2
g ′( x ) = lim
h→0 h
2 2
−2hx + 2h − h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim ( −2 x + 2 − h)
h→0
= −2 x + 2  g ′( x2 ) = −2 x2 + 2 (D)
Substitute (C) and (D) into (B):
2 x1 = −2 x2 + 2
x1 = − x2 + 1
Substitute this result along with (C) and (D) back into (A):
( − x2 + 1) − 2( − x2 + 1) = − x22 + 2 x2 − 5 − ( −2 x2 + 2) x2
2 2
x22 − 2 x2 + 1 − 2 x22 + 4 x2 − 2 = − x22 + 2 x2 − 5 + 2 x22 − 2 x2

0 = 2 x22 − 2 x2 − 4
0 = x22 − x2 − 2 = ( x2 − 2)( x2 + 1) 
x2 = 2  x1 = −1 or x2 = −1  x1 = 2
y
The tangent lines are: y = x2
8
y = 2( −1) x + ( −1) − ( 2)( −1)( −1)
2
6
4 (2, 4)
y = −2 x − 1 (−1, 1)
x
y = 2( 2) x + ( 2) − ( 2)( 2)( 2)
2 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12
−4 (2, −5)
y = 4x − 4 −6
(−1, −8)
y = −x 2 + 2x − 5
10. (a) y = f ( x) = x 2
f ′( x) = lim
(x + h) − x 2
2
= lim
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 − x 2
= lim ( 2 x + h) = 2 x
h→0 h h→0 h h→0
At ( 2, 4), the slope of the tangent line is f ′( 2) = 2( 2) = 4.
y − 4 = 4( x − 2)
y = 4x − 4
1
(b) The slope of the normal line is − .
4
1
y − 4 = − ( x − 2) a
4
1 9
y = − x + , normal line at ( 2, 4)
4 2
Substitute y = x 2 :
1 9
x2 = − x +
4 2
4 x 2 + x − 18 = 0
9
(x − 2)( 4 x + 9) = 0  x = 2, x = −
4
 9 81
y = f −  =
 4  16
 9 81 
The normal line intersects the parabola at  − , .
 4 16 
(c) y = f ( x) = x 2
f ′( x ) = 2 x
f ′(0) = 0, slope of tangent line
The tangent line is the horizontal line through (0, 0), y = 0.
The normal line is the vertical line through (0, 0), x = 0.
11. Slope m through (0, 4)  y = mx + 4 or mx − y + 4 = 0
3m + ( −1)(1) + 4 3m + 3
(a) d ( m) = =
m + ( −1)
2
2 m2 + 1
(b) 8
−9 9
−4
(c) lim d ( m) = 3 and lim d ( m) = 3

m→∞ m → −∞
This indicates that the distance between the point and the line approaches 3 as the slope approaches
positive or negative infinity.
12. (a) T1 = −0.00303t 2 + 0.677t + 26.56

(b) 80
−10 130
0
The model is a good fit for the data.

(c) 80
0 120
0
The model is a good fit for the data.

(d) T1 (0) = −0.00303 ⋅ 02 + 0.6772 ⋅ 0 + 26.56 = 26.56
86 ⋅ 0 + 1451
T2 (0) = = 25.02
0 + 58
1451
86 +
86t + 1451 t = 86 + 0 = 86
(e) lim T2 ( 4) = lim = lim
t →∞ t →∞ t + 58 t →∞ 58 1+ 0
1+
t
(f ) The temperature approaches 86° as time goes by. The function T1 approaches −∞ as t approaches ∞ and
so fails to model the system accurately for times greater than 120 seconds.
13. The error was probably due to the calculator being in degree mode rather than radian mode.
14. (a) Perimeter of PAO :
(x − 0) + ( y − 1) + (x − 0 ) + ( y − 0)
2 2 2 2
AO + PA + PO = 1 +
x 2 + ( x 2 − 1) + x2 + ( x2 )
2 2
=1+
x 2 + ( x 2 − 1) + x 1 + x 2
2
=1+
Perimeter of PBO :
(x − 1) + ( y − 0) + (x − 0 ) + ( y − 0)
2 2 2 2
BO + PB + PO = 1 +
− 1) + ( x 2 ) + x2 + ( x2 )
2 2
(x
2
=1+
x 4 + ( x − 1) + x 1 + x 2
2
=1+
x 2 + ( x 2 − 1) + x 1 + x 2
2
1+
(b) r ( x) =
x 4 + ( x − 1) + x 1 + x 2
2
1+
x 4 2 1 0.1 0.01
Perimeter of PAO : 33.0166 9.0777 3.4142 2.0955 2.0100
Perimeter of PBO : 33.7712 9.5952 3.4142 2.0006 2.0000
r ( x) 0.9777 0.9461 1 1.0474 1.005
02 + (02 − 1) + 0 1 + 02
2
1+ 1+1+ 0 2
(c) lim r ( x) = = = =1
x → 0+
1+ 0 + (0 − 1) + 0 ⋅
4 2
1+ 0 2 1+1+ 0 2
y
15. (a)
12
10
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
(b) Find the area of the region in Quadrant I, bounded by y = 9 − x 2 and the x- and y-axes.
Then find the area of the entire region by doubling this value.
b − a 3− 0 3
Width: = =
n n n

Height: f  a +
(b − a)i  = f  0 + 3i  = f  3i  = 9 −  3i  = 9 − 9i 22
      
 n   n n n n2
n  (b − a)i  b − a  = lim n
 9i 2  3  n
 27 27i 2   27  27 n 
lim  f a +    9 −   = nlim
n 2  n 
n − 3 
= lim  ( n) − 3  i 2 
n→∞
i =1  n  n  n→∞
i =1  →∞
i =1  n  n → ∞
 n  n i =1 
 27  n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)  27( 2)
= lim 27 − 3   = 27 − = 18
n→∞
 n  6  6
Area = 2(18) = 36 square units

2 2
(c) Base = 6, Height = 9, Area = bh = (6)(9) = 36
3 3
Practice Test for Chapter 12 1063
Chapter 12 Practice Test

1. Use a graphing utility to complete the table and use the result to estimate the limit
x −3
lim .
x →3 x2 − 9
x 2.9 2.99 3 3.01 3.1

f ( x) ?
2. Graph the function

x + 4 − 2
f ( x) =
x
and estimate the limit
x + 4 − 2
lim .
x→0 x
3. Find the limit lim e x − 2 by direct substitution.

x→2
x3 − 1
4. Find the limit lim analytically.
x →1 x −1
5. Use a graphing utility to estimate the limit.

sin 5 x
lim
x→0 2x
6. Find the limit.

x + 2
lim
x → −2 x + 2
7. Use the limit process to find the slope of the graph of f ( x) = x at the point ( 4, 2).
8. Find the derivative of the function f ( x) = 3x − 1.
9. Find the limits.

3
(a) lim
x→∞ x4
x2
(b) lim 2
x → −∞ x + 3
x
(c) lim
x→∞ 1− x
1 − n2
10. Write the first four terms of the sequence an = and find the limit of the sequence.
2n 2 + 1
25
11. Find the sum  (i 2 + i ).
i =1
n
i2
12. Write the sum  n3
and a **/**rational function S ( n), and find lim S ( n).
n→∞
i =1
13. Find the area of the region bounded by f ( x) = 1 − x 2 over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

12 CSM

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C H A P T E R 12

Limits and an Introduction to Calculus

Section 12.1 Introduction to Limits .......................................................................1001

Section 12.2 Techniques for Evaluating Limits....................................................1007

Section 12.3 The Tangent Line Problem ..............................................................1016

Section 12.4 Limits at Infinity and Limits of Sequences .....................................1030

Section 12.5 The Area Problem.............................................................................1037

Review Exercises ......................................................................................................1044

Problem Solving .......................................................................................................1056

Practice Test ...........................................................................................................1063

(b) V = lwh = 2(12 − x) ⋅ 2(12 − x) ⋅ x = 4 x(12 − x)

x 3 3.5 3.9 4 4.1 4.5 5

V 972.0 1011.5 1023.5 1024.0 1023.5 1012.5 980.0 0 12

A 3.7417 4.2848 4.4903 4.5 4.4897 4.1964 2.8284

x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1 1.001 1.01 1.1

f (x) − 4.57 − 4.9597 − 4.9960 ? − 5.0040 − 5.0397 − 5.37

x − 2.1 − 2.01 − 2.001 −2 −1.999 −1.99 −1.9

f (x) − 0.244 − 0.249 − 0.2499 ? − 0.2501 − 0.251 − 0.256

x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.001 3.01 3.1

f (x) 0.256 0.2506 0.2501 ? 0.2499 0.2494 0.244

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1 1.001 1.01 1.1

x –2.1 –2.01 –2.001 –2.0 –1.999 –1.99 –1.9 −3

f ( x) 1.1111 1.0101 1.0010 Error 0.9990 0.9901 0.9091

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 −3 3

f ( x) 0.2247 0.2237 0.2236 ? 0.2236 0.2235 0.2225

x –3.1 –3.01 –3.001 –3.0 –2.999 –2.99 –2.9 −2

f ( x) –0.2485 –0.2498 –0.24998 ? –0.25002 –0.2502 –0.2516

x –4.1 –4.01 –4.001 –4 –3.999 –3.99 –3.9 −6 3

f ( x) 0.4762 0.4975 0.4998 ? 0.5003 0.5025 0.5263

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 −3 3

f ( x) –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 Error 0.001 0.01 0.1

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 −1.5 1.5

f ( x) 0.473 0.4997 0.499997 Error 0.499997 0.4997 0.473

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1 1.001 1.01 1.1

x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1 1.001 1.01 1.1

lim f ( x) does not exist.

1 to the left of −2, and equals −1 to the right of −2.

when x < 1, and equals 1 when x > 1. lim sin π x = 0

38. 43. (a) lim f ( x) = 23 = 8

(c) lim  f ( x) g ( x) = 2(0) = 0

47. lim ( 2 x 2 + 4 x + 1) = 2( −3) + 4( −3) + 1 = 7

48. lim ( x3 − 3x + 8) = ( − 3) − 3( − 3) + 8 = −10

41. (a) lim − 2 g ( x) = −2(6) = −12 8 8 8

5x 5(7) 35 70. (a) f (0) = 1

x +1 8+1 3 4 from the left of 0 and f ( x) approaches 1 from the

cannot use a graphing utility to determine whether a limit

69. lim f ( x) = 12 means that as x approaches 5 from both −3

the right and left sides, the output values of f ( x) lim f ( x) = 6

approach 12. lim f ( x) = 7

f is not defined at x = 5. This does not affect the

Section 12.2 Techniques for Evaluating Limits

15. lim = lim

sec x 1 cos x csc x 1 sin x

The limit does not exist. = −1

cos x − 1 cos x − 1 cos x + 1 23. lim ( x ln x) = 0

The limit does not exist.

x4 − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1) = 3

3 x − 2, x < 2 x − 4, x ≤ 3

lim f ( x) = 8 − ( 2) = 4 lim f ( x) = (3) + 3 = 6