MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ICT
Monitor
LESSON 1
WHAT IS ICT?
ICT is made up of three words:
 INFORMATION – refers to the
knowledge obtained from reading,
investigation, study, or research.
o Some of the tools that
transmit information are the
telephone, television, and
radio. Not to be confused with
data, information is regarded
as processed data.
o Computers normally process
data that are later understood
as information. For instance,
while typing on your laptop,
you usually punch in random
letters on your keyboard to
input data while the words
and sentences you see on
your computer monitor are
considered output
information.
Input device is any hardware component
that allows one to enter data or instructions
into a computer.
1. Keyboard
- One of the primary input devices
is used with a computer. Like an
electric typewriter, a keyboard is
composed of buttons used to
create letters, numbers, and
symbols, and perform additional
functions.
2. Mouse
- A handheld hardware input
device that controls a cursor in a
Graphical User Interface for
pointing, moving, and selecting
text, icons, files, and folders on
your computer.
- In addition to these functions, a
mouse can also be used to drag
and drop objects and give you
access to the right-click menu.
3. Web Camera
- A video camera that is
connected to a computer or
integrated into a device and
allows its images to be seen
online.
4. Scanner
- A device that optically scans
images, printed text,
handwriting, or an object and
converts it to a digital image.
5. Microphone
- A device used to pick up sound,
just like a microphone used by a
singer on stage and convert the
sound waves into electrical
signals.
Output device is any hardware component
that transmits information to one or more
people.
1.
- A device that displays
information in pictorial or textual
form.
2. Printer
- An external hardware device
that takes the electronic data
stored on a computer or other
device and generates a hard
copy.
3. Speakers
- Devices that can be plugged
into a computer, laptop,
smartphone, mp3 player, or
another device to listen to audio
or sound.
4. Headphones or Earphones
- It can be plugged into a
computer, laptop, smartphone,
mp3 player, or another device to
privately listen to audio without
disturbing anyone in the vicinity.
Information is needed to make decisions
and to foresee the future. For example,
scientists can detect the information of a
tsunami using the latest technology and
warn the public to avoid disasters in the
affected areas.
Processed information is called
knowledge. It helps fulfill daily tasks. For
instance, knowledge is used to predict
tomorrow’s weather and decide if there is a
need to bring an umbrella. Knowledge is
also used to analyze the stock market and made the broadcasting of
check which company is worth investing in. information, such as news or
weather reports, more effective.
 COMMUNICATION – an act of Radio, television, satellites, mobile phones,
transmitting messages. It is a and the World Wide Web are powerful tools
process in which information is that can be used by individuals to gather
exchanged between individuals needed information to aid them in their
through verbal and non-verbal office, schools, or housework, or in simple
means. day-to-day activities.
o In the prehistoric days,
humans communicated
through signs or symbols as ICT HIERARCHY BY COLRAIN ZUPPO
evidence by cave paintings
and drawings, rock art, stone The term information and communication
carvings, and the like. Forms technology (ICT) was defined in a study
of communication have conducted by Zuppo (2012) as “related to
evolved through time as technologies that facilitate the transfer of
communicating more and information and various types of
more complex ideas has electronically mediated communication.”
become necessary.
With technology, communication is faster,
more convenient, and more efficient. When
face-to-face meeting is not possible, long-
distance communication or virtual
communication is now common and easy
with the use of smartphones and
computers with internet access (Zoom,
Google Meet, Messenger, Skype, etc).
 TECHNOLOGY has evolved in ways
that improve people’s daily activities.
As mentioned above, technology
has made communication much
easier and faster through
telephones, fax machines, mobile
devices, and the Internet. It has also

ABOUT COLRAIN ZUPPO
Colrain M. Zuppo earned a PhD in
Technology Management from Indiana
State University with a specialization in
Human Resource Development and
Industrial Training. Cori’s dissertation
research was entitled, “Organizations as
consumers of human capital via
technology: A policy study of information
and communication technologies.” Cori
also holds an MAEd from The George
Washington University and a Bachelor of
Science in Conflict Resolution from Ohio
University. Cori is a Professor in the
Department of Business and Information
Technology at Marion Technical College
(MTC) and served as part-time faculty and
doctoral fellow at Bowling Green State
University, conducting research and
teaching in the areas of technology
management, academic research, and
instructional design & delivery.
However, this definition was considered
“too broad,” so Zuppo created an ICT
hierarchy to identify key aspects such as
ICT in education, business, and the
economic sector.
The need for devices, such as mobile
phones, laptops, and tablets, is identified in
all instances. This fact is perhaps due to
the human need to “belong.” This need can
be fulfilled through the different modes of
communication, be it face-to-face, online,
through voice, or simply through a text
message, manifested in number of people
with mobile devices such as smartphones,
tablets, and the latest technologies such as
wearable devices.
Transcribed graph of Global ICT
developments, 2001-2019* per 100
inhabitants
108.0 – mobile-cellular telephone
subscriptions
83.0 – active mobile-broadband
subscriptions
53.6 – individuals using the Internet
14.9 – fixed-broadband subscriptions
12.1 – fixed-telephone subscriptions
(from ITU World Telecommunication/ICT
Indicators database)
IT VERSUS ICT
When do we use the term ICT and how
does it differ from IT?
ICT, or information and communication
technology, is often used in a more
general sense, and is described as using
computers and other digital technologies to
assist individuals or institutions in handling
or using information. It is a technology that
supports activities, involving information
such as gathering, processing, storing, and
presenting data. Increasingly, these
activities also involve collaboration and
communication.
IT, or information technology, pertains to
the industry that involves computers,
software, networking, and other IT
infrastructure to help relay or manage
information important in modern-day living
as seen primarily in large companies or
corporations.
Simply put, IT is a subset of ICT as the
technology used in the field of IT aids in the
use of ICT (Wang, 2016).
LESSON 2
USES OF ICT IN OUR DAILY LIVES
The advent of technologies, specifically the
development of information and
communication technology, has changed
the lives of people.
SCIENCE.
They were one of the first groups to adopt
computers as a work tool. In science,
computers can be used for research,
sharing information with other specialists
both locally and internationally, as well as
collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and
storing data.
EDUCATION.
Today, most elementary, and secondary
schools (public and private), and higher
education institutions (HEIs) have
computers in their classrooms. ICT, in
general, has made things convenient and
efficient for teachers, students,
researchers, and school administrators.
a) Students use computers with
internet access as one of their
reference tools. They can
communicate and collaborate with
their peers while working in their
own homes.
b) School administrators use
computers for administrative work to
ensure that the entire operation of
the school runs proficiently.
c) Electronic Learning (e-Learning) is
the newest teaching methodology in
which students and teachers can
communicate and collaborate with
each other through online
discussions of their lessons,
activities, and examinations.
PUBLISHING.
Computers can be used to design pretty
much any type of publication. These might
include newsletters, marketing materials,
fashion magazines, novels, or school
newspapers.
BANKING.
The computer has made all banking
transaction around the world easier and
more secure. It manipulates the entire
banking system as it includes 24-hour
electronic banking services.
WORKFORCE INDUSTRY.
Workers, researchers, and administrators
benefit from ICT. Computers are used to
expedite production planning and control
system, support chain management, and
facilitate product design in the industrial
sector.
BUSINESS.
Almost every business uses computers
nowadays. They can be employed to store
and maintain accounts, personnel records,
manage projects, track inventory, create
presentations and reports.
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
E-commerce helps boost the economy.
With computers, the internet, and shared
software as the main tools needed, buying
and selling activities are made easier, more
efficient, and faster.
MARKETING.
Computers enable marketing campaigns to
be more precise through the analysis and
manipulation of data. They facilitate the
creation of websites and promotional
materials.
RETAIL AND TRADE.
Computers can be used to buy and sell
products online—this enables sellers to
reach a wider market with low overheads,
and buyers to compare prices, read
reviews, and choose delivery preferences.
BILLS PAYMENT AND MONEY
TRANSFERS.
The bank is a revolutionary advancement.
Who knew we would go from trading cows
and sells to having paper money and
coins? Money storage and control have
been made easier because of this.
However, with the continuous progress and
advancement of technology, you don’t even
have to go to the bank to pay your bills or
send and receive money.
HOSPITALS.
Using computers in hospitals offers many
benefits to doctors and patients. Hospitals
offer many benefits to both doctors and
patients.
SOCIALIZING.
Social media has changed the world. The
rapid and vast adoption of these
technologies is changing how we find
partners, access information from the
news, and organize to demand political
change.
COMMUNICATION.
In the old days, you must send a letter or a
telegram to communicate with someone
miles away. This may take days and days
before it arrives at your doorstep.
ENTERTAINMENT.
Smartphones have taken over the world.
There are about two (2) million
smartphones being sold every day.
Connected to smartphones is social media
which has vastly grown over the past few
years. It has helped a lot of people from
across the globe not just for entertainment
purposes but gave them accessible
information as well.
INFORMATION GATHERING.
If you were to ask someone if he/she would
prefer to go to the library or the internet, it
would probably be the latter. Millennials rely
on the internet for gathering information.
When surveyed, 88% of millennials receive
or get news from Facebook, a big and
famous social media platform. About 13%
use Twitter, 10% use Pinterest, 8% use
Reddit, while 7% use Tumblr.
NAVIGATION.
To get around the area or go to a specific
place, the old is to grab yourself a map that
will help you navigate. But with today’s
advanced technology, you only need GPS
or a smartphone.
TRANSPORTATION.
Technology has been made easier when it
comes to commuting. Some applications
manage bus transport so you’ll know their
routes and what time they would arrive. You
can even get yourself a cab over your
smartphone with the use of Uber or Grab.
MILITARY.
Computers are used extensively by the
military. They are used for training
purposes. They are used for analyzing
intelligence data. They are used to control
smart technology, such as guided missiles
and drones, as well as for tracking
incoming missiles and destroying them.
GOVERNMENT.
Various government departments use
computers to improve the quality and
efficiency of their services. Examples
include city planning, law enforcement,
traffic, and tourism.
BOOKING VACATIONS.
Computers can be used by travelers to
study timetables, examine route options,
and buy a plain, train, and bus tickets. They
can be used to explore and book
accommodation, whether through
traditional hotels, or through newer
services, such as Air BnB, guided tours,
excursions events, and trips can also be
explored and booked online using
computers.
SECURITY AND SURVEILLANCE.
Computers are increasingly being
combined with other technologies to
monitor people and goods. Computers
combined with biometric passports make it
harder for people to fraudulently enter a
country or gain access to a passenger
airplane.
WEATHER FORECASTING.
The world’s weather is complex and
depends upon a multitude of factors that
are constantly changing. It is impossible for
human beings to monitor and process all
the information coming in from satellites
and other technologies, never mind
performing the complex calculations that
are needed to predict what is likely to
happen in the future.
WORKING FROM HOME.
Computers have made working from home
and other forms of remote working
increasingly common. Workers can access
necessary data, communicate, and share
information without communicating with a
traditional office. Managers can monitor
workers’ productivity remotely.
ROBOTICS.
Robotics is an expanding area of
technology that combines computers with
science and engineering to produce
machines that can either replace humans
or do specific jobs that humans are unable
to do.
There are positive and negative sides of
social media that may use in any point of
platforms features, equating its overuse
that leads to an addiction and contributes to
absentmindedness, stress, and jealousy.
In the research of the National Center for
Biotechnology, social media information
links has use to depression and may
conduit for misleading information and
falsehoods.
Transcribed graph from *Most Popular
Social Media Sites in 2021 by Number of
Active Users
1. 2.27 billion users of Facebook
2. 1.9 billion users of YouTube
3. 1.5 billion users of WhatsApp
4. 1.3 billion users of Facebook
Messenger
5. 1.08 billion users of WeChat
6. 1 billion users of Instagram
7. 803 million users of QQ
8. 531 million users of QZone
9. 500 million users of Douyin/Tiktok
10. 446 million users of Sina Weibo
11. 339 million users of Twitter
Positive impacts of information and
communication technology include:
a. Access to information
- It has accompanied the growth of
the Internet. Some of the positive
aspects of this increased access
are better, and often cheaper,
communications, such as Voice
over Internet Protocol phone and
Instant Messaging, chat
(Facebook Messenger, Google
Hangouts, Yahoo! Messenger,
etc), video chat (Skype, etc), and
email.
b. Improved access to education
- Instances are distance learning
and online tutorials. New ways of
learning, such as the use of
Learning Management System
(LMS) which implements
education enhancement such as
distance learning and online
tutorials, interactive multimedia,
and virtual reality, has made
possible by the ICT.
c. New tools, new opportunities
- ICT gives access to new tools
that did not previously exist like
digital cameras, photo-editing
software, and high-quality
printers, screen magnification or
screen reading software enables
partially sighted or blind people
to work with ordinary text rather
than Braille.
d. Communication
- Cost saving by using Voice over
Internet Protocol instead of
traveling to meet, e-commerce
websites instead of sales
catalogs. Access to larger, even
worldwide, markets.
e. Information management
- Data mining of customer
information to produce a list for
targeted advertising. Improved
stock control, resulting in less
wastage, better cash flow, etc.
f. Security
- ICT solves or reduces some
security problems. For instance,
encryption methods can keep
data safe from unauthorized
people, both while it is being
stored or while it is being sent
electronically.
g. Distance Learning
- Students can access teaching
materials from all over the world.
On the other hand, the negative impacts
of ICT are the following:
a. Job Loss
- Manual operation is replaced by
automation (e.g., robots
replacing people on an assembly
line).
- Job export (e.g., data processing
work being sent to other
 countries where operating costs
are lower).
b. Reduce physical activity
- This can lead to health problems
such as obesity, heart disease,
and diabetes. Because of virtual
communication, ironically, people
are less likely to talk to or meet
each other in person.
c. Cost
- A lot of ICT hardware and
software is expensive, both to
purchase and to maintain. An ICT
system usually requires specialist
staff to run it and there is also the
challenge of keeping up with
ever-changing technology.
d. Competition
- This is usually thought of as
being a good thing, but for some
organizations, being exposed to
greater competition can be a
problem. If the organization is
competing for the customer,
donations, or other means of
funding nationally or even
internationally, they may lose out
to other organization that can
offer the same service for less
money.
e. Increased unemployment
- This can be considered one of
the worst effects of ICT. Multiple
workers are being replaced and
reduced by a smaller number of
employees capable of doing the
same volume of tasks.
- Automation through robots or
machines replacing people in the
assembly line.
f. Security
- ICT brings not only improvement
but also threat to security. Data
or files must always be kept
secure and safe. The internet
connection must always be
safeguarded from different
attacks, such as data
modification, identity/IP address,
spoofing, password-based
attacks, denial-of-service, etc.
MODULE 2: HISTORY OF COMPUTER:
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS TO
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
LESSON 1
EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY
The evolution of technology has always
depended on one thing: human rationale
Humans tend to think of ways how to
discharge tasks or workloads or do daily
activities easily. The concept of technology
always start with the basic tool.
By combining a set of tools, people have
produced machines that can do tasks faster
and more efficiently. A single-wheel
transportation tool has inspired the creation
of a machine capable of transporting, not
just objects, but also passengers. Thus,
vehicles have nowadays become more of a
necessity rather than a form of luxury.
Another type of machine that is considered
a necessity is the computer.
 A computer is an electronic device,
operating under the control of
instruction stored in its own memory,
that can accept data, manipulate the
data according to specified rules,
produce results, and store the
results for future use.
Automation is defined as the “technique of
making an apparatus a process, or a
system that operate automatically.”
Automation includes a broad range of
technologies normally connecting
computers systems to other systems, such
as sensors, wireless applications, expert
systems, and system integration, among
others.
However, an automated system is not the
same as an intelligent system.
 Intelligent systems are far more
complex and are capable of
learning. This is where the concept
of artificial intelligence comes in.
 One of the latest inventions in the
automotive industry is the intelligent
car which is capable of driving and
parking by itself.
With the evolution of technology, computers
have taken a major role in the last three
decades. This is due to the fact that people
have become increasingly dependent on
computers to do their daily tasks in school,
at work, or in their routines. What started off
as simply for research purposes,
computers are now designed to be more
compact, more mobile, and more integrated
with people’s daily activities.
LESSON 2
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: GENERATION
There are five generations of computer:
FIRST GENERATION (1956-1959)
The first electronic computer was
developed in 1946. Designed by J. Presper
Eckert and John W. Mauchly from the
University of Pennsylvania and financed by
the United States Army, the Electronic
Numeric Integrated And Calculator (ENIAC)
is considered to be the first-generation
computer. ENIAC was a modular computer,
composed of several panels capable of
performing different functions.
The transistor was used as the interior
section of the computer. Transistors were
much smaller, faster, and more dependable
than the vacuum tubes of the first-
generation computer. They generated less
heat and consumed less electricity but
were still very costly.
The first computers used vacuum tubes
for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory, and were often enormous, taking
up entire rooms. They were extremely
expensive to operate and in addition to
using a great deal of electricity, it generated
a lot of heat, which was often the cause of
malfunctions.
Second-generation computers moved from
cryptic binary machine language to
symbolic, or assembly languages which
allowed programmers to specify
instructions in words.
First-generation computers relied on
machine language, the lowest-level
programming language understood by
computers, to perform operations, and they
could only solve one problem at a time.
SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTER
(1959-1965)

THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTER (1965-
1971)
In 1965, Jack Kilby invented the integrated
circuit (IC) that was used instead of
transistors as the interior sections to build
the computer. A single IC has many
transistors, resistors, and capacitors that
even the full circuit board of a transistor can
be replaced entirely with one chip. This
silicon chip made the computer smaller,
unfailing, and more effective.
In this third generation, remote processing,
time-sharing, and multiprogramming
operating system were used. It could carry
out instructions in billionths of a second.
Much smaller and cheaper compared to the
previous generation computers.
FOURTH-GENERATION COMPUTER
(1971-1980)
Very Large-Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits
were used to build computers. These
circuits have about 5000 transistors and
other circuit elements with their connected
circuits on a single chip known as the
microprocessor. Fourth-generation
computers such as personal computers
become more powerful, dense, reliable,
and inexpensive. The other application of
this microprocessor technology can be
used and applied to pocket calculators,
television sets, automotive devices, and
audio and video appliances.
FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTER (1980-
onwards)
VLSI technology has evolved in Ultra-
Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology,
with the manufacture of microprocessor
chips having 10 million electronic
components. This generation involves
computer intelligence which is associated
with artificial intelligence, natural language,
and experts’ system that interpret the
means and practices of producing
computers that think like human beings.
LESSON 3
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
What makes a computer work? By
definition, a computer is an electronic
device that manipulates information or
data. It can store, retrieve, and process
data. It contains both hardware
components and software applications.
The hardware pertains to the computer’s
physical devices. It is any part of the
computer that can be seen and touched. A
computer’s hardware consists of
interrelated electronic devices that are used
to manipulate the computer’s operation,
input devices, and output devices.
The system unit is the enclosure
composed of the main elements of a
computer that are used to administer data.
This can be referred to as a computer
case or tower. The circuitry of the system
unit containing the primary components of
a computer with connectors into which
other circuit boards can be positioned is
recognized as the motherboard.
STORAGE DEVICES
A computer can be utilized with only
processing, memory, input, and output
devices. However, a computer also needs a
place to hold programs and all related files
when not in use to make it very valuable.
The goal of using storage is to keep data
permanently.
There are many storage devices, including
the flash disk drive, a small portable
storage device often referred to as a pen
drive, thumb drive, or jump drive. It has a
memory capacity ranging from 2GB up to
2TB of storage.
Another type of storage is the hard disk
drive. Most personal computers have at
least one non-removable hard disk that is
regarded as a non-volatile memory (can
retain stored data even when the power is
turned off) that permanently stores and
retrieves data.
Another storage device is the compact
disc. It is a flat, round, and portable metal
disc. One type of compact disc is a
Compact Disc – Read-Write (CD-RW)
which can be accessed using most CD and
Digital Video Disc drives. Another type of
compact is a DVD-RW, which has enough
storage capacity to store a full-length
movie.
Computers can be classified based on size
and computing power. However, as
technology advances, these classifications
tend to overlap as modern computers have
become smaller, yet more powerful and
relatively cheaper.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTERS
Personal computer is a small, single-user
computer based on a microprocessor. In
addition to the microprocessor, a personal
computer has a keyboard for entering data,
a monitor for displaying information, and a
storage device for saving data.
Workstation is a powerful, single-user
computer. It is like a personal computer, but
it has a more powerful microprocessor and
a higher-quality monitor.
Minicomputer is a multi-user computer
capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds
of users simultaneously.
Mainframe computer is a powerful multi-
user computer capable of supporting
hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously.
Supercomputer is an extremely fast
computer that can perform millions of
instructions per second. Below is a picture
of NASA’s Pleiades supercomputer
which has 245,536 CPU cores and a total
memory of 935 TB.
Computers are also categorized into
several types due to the introduction of
mobile devices and the proliferation of
internet-capable devices. Specialized
computers are now classified according to
specific uses.
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Desktop computers are computers
designed to be placed on a desk, and are
normally made up of a few different parts,
including the computer case, central
processing unit (CPU), monitor, keyboard,
and mouse.
Laptop computers are battery-powered
computer devices whose portability makes
them possible to use almost anytime,
anywhere.
Tablet computers are handheld computers
with touch-sensitive screens for typing and
navigation.
Smartphones are handheld telephones
which can do things that computers can do,
including browsing and searching the
internet and even playing games.
Wearables include fitness trackers and
smartwatches that can be worn throughout
the day.
Smart TVs are the latest television sets
that include applications present in
computers. For example, videos can be
streamed from the internet directly onto the
TV. It can also be used as a computer
monitor and gaming monitor.
The basic parts of a computer are the
central processing unit (CPU), memory,
a keyboard or other input device, and a
screen or other output device. How does
a computer add or subtract, and how can
its memory remember the answers? A
computer does not have a human brain
inside but acts in many ways as though it
does have a real one.
However, while we understand human
language, the computer can understand
machine language. When a person types
on the computer’s keyboard, the human
brain identifies the letter, numbers, and
characters combined to create words and
sentences. But the computer does not
recognize letters as letters of the alphabet;
it sees the letters as a series of 0’s and 1’s
called the binary language.
understandable human (decimal) language
since computer data can be complicated.
Majority of computer systems use the
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII) for converting
characters into 0’s and 1’s. The ASCII code
is a 7-bit code used to represent letters,
numbers, and basic special characters.
For example, the uppercase character, “A,”
as seen in the table, is represented in
ASCII as 0100 0001 in binary, 101 in octal,
or 41 in hexadecimal system.

Humans use the decimal number system

to count, measure, and compute. It has ten
digits, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, …, 9. A computer,
on the other hand, can only understand two
digits—a 0 and a 1. These two numbers
play an important role in the way computers
communicate with one another. This type of
number system is called the binary
number system, with the prefix bi, which
means “two.”

There are other types of number system

such as the octal number system (from
the prefix octa, “eight”) and the
hexadecimal number system (hexa
means 6; deci means 10; uses 16 digits to
represent values). However, these special
number systems are merely
ASCII control characters (character code 0-31)
The first 32 characters in the ASCII-table are unprintable control codes and are used to control peripherals such as printers.
DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
0 000 00 00000000 NUL � Null character
1 001 01 00000001 SOH  Start of Heading
2 002 02 00000010 STX  Start of Text
3 003 03 00000011 ETX  End of Text
4 004 04 00000100 EOT  End of Transmission
5 005 05 00000101 ENQ  Enquiry
6 006 06 00000110 ACK  Acknowledge
7 007 07 00000111 BEL  Bell, Alert
8 010 08 00001000 BS  Backspace
9 011 09 00001001 HT 	 Horizontal Tab
10 012 0A 00001010 LF 
 Line Feed
11 013 0B 00001011 VT  Vertical Tabulation
12 014 0C 00001100 FF  Form Feed
13 015 0D 00001101 CR 
 Carriage Return
14 016 0E 00001110 SO  Shift Out
15 017 0F 00001111 SI  Shift In
16 020 10 00010000 DLE  Data Link Escape
17 021 11 00010001 DC1  Device Control One (XON)
18 022 12 00010010 DC2  Device Control Two
19 023 13 00010011 DC3  Device Control Three (XOFF)
20 024 14 00010100 DC4  Device Control Four
21 025 15 00010101 NAK  Negative Acknowledge
22 026 16 00010110 SYN  Synchronous Idle
 DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
23 027 17 00010111 ETB  End of Transmission Block
24 030 18 00011000 CAN  Cancel
25 031 19 00011001 EM  End of medium
26 032 1A 00011010 SUB  Substitute
27 033 1B 00011011 ESC  Escape
28 034 1C 00011100 FS  File Separator
29 035 1D 00011101 GS  Group Separator
30 036 1E 00011110 RS  Record Separator
31 037 1F 00011111 US  Unit Separator

ASCII printable characters (character code 32-127)

Codes 32-127 are common for all the different variations of the ASCII table, they are called printable characters, represent letters, digits,
punctuation marks, and a few miscellaneous symbols. You will find almost every character on your keyboard. Character 127 represents the
command DEL.
DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
32 040 20 00100000 SP   Space
33 041 21 00100001 ! ! ! Exclamation mark
34 042 22 00100010 " " " Double quotes (or speech marks)
35 043 23 00100011 # # # Number sign
36 044 24 00100100 $ $ $ Dollar
37 045 25 00100101 % % % Per cent sign
38 046 26 00100110 & & & Ampersand
39 047 27 00100111 ' ' ' Single quote
40 050 28 00101000 ( ( &lparen; Open parenthesis (or open bracket)
41 051 29 00101001 ) ) &rparen; Close parenthesis (or close bracket)
DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
42 052 2A 00101010 * * * Asterisk
43 053 2B 00101011 + + + Plus
44 054 2C 00101100 , , , Comma
45 055 2D 00101101 - - Hyphen-minus
46 056 2E 00101110 . . . Period, dot or full stop
47 057 2F 00101111 / / / Slash or divide
48 060 30 00110000 0 0 Zero
49 061 31 00110001 1 1 One
50 062 32 00110010 2 2 Two
51 063 33 00110011 3 3 Three
52 064 34 00110100 4 4 Four
53 065 35 00110101 5 5 Five
54 066 36 00110110 6 6 Six
55 067 37 00110111 7 7 Seven
56 070 38 00111000 8 8 Eight
57 071 39 00111001 9 9 Nine
58 072 3A 00111010 : : : Colon
59 073 3B 00111011 ; &#59; ; Semicolon
60 074 3C 00111100 < &#60; &lt; Less than (or open angled bracket)
61 075 3D 00111101 = &#61; &equals; Equals
62 076 3E 00111110 > &#62; &gt; Greater than (or close angled bracket)
63 077 3F 00111111 ? &#63; &quest; Question mark
64 100 40 01000000 @ &#64; &commat; At sign
65 101 41 01000001 A &#65; Uppercase A
DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
66 102 42 01000010 B &#66; Uppercase B
67 103 43 01000011 C &#67; Uppercase C
68 104 44 01000100 D &#68; Uppercase D
69 105 45 01000101 E &#69; Uppercase E
70 106 46 01000110 F &#70; Uppercase F
71 107 47 01000111 G &#71; Uppercase G
72 110 48 01001000 H &#72; Uppercase H
73 111 49 01001001 I &#73; Uppercase I
74 112 4A 01001010 J &#74; Uppercase J
75 113 4B 01001011 K &#75; Uppercase K
76 114 4C 01001100 L &#76; Uppercase L
77 115 4D 01001101 M &#77; Uppercase M
78 116 4E 01001110 N &#78; Uppercase N
79 117 4F 01001111 O &#79; Uppercase O
80 120 50 01010000 P &#80; Uppercase P
81 121 51 01010001 Q &#81; Uppercase Q
82 122 52 01010010 R &#82; Uppercase R
83 123 53 01010011 S &#83; Uppercase S
84 124 54 01010100 T &#84; Uppercase T
85 125 55 01010101 U &#85; Uppercase U
86 126 56 01010110 V &#86; Uppercase V
87 127 57 01010111 W &#87; Uppercase W
88 130 58 01011000 X &#88; Uppercase X
89 131 59 01011001 Y &#89; Uppercase Y
DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
90 132 5A 01011010 Z &#90; Uppercase Z
91 133 5B 01011011 [ &#91; &lsqb; Opening bracket
92 134 5C 01011100 \ &#92; &bsol; Backslash
93 135 5D 01011101 ] &#93; &rsqb; Closing bracket
94 136 5E 01011110 ^ &#94; &Hat; Caret - circumflex
95 137 5F 01011111 _ &#95; &lowbar; Underscore
96 140 60 01100000 ` &#96; &grave; Grave accent
97 141 61 01100001 a &#97; Lowercase a
98 142 62 01100010 b &#98; Lowercase b
99 143 63 01100011 c &#99; Lowercase c
100 144 64 01100100 d &#100; Lowercase d
101 145 65 01100101 e &#101; Lowercase e
102 146 66 01100110 f &#102; Lowercase f
103 147 67 01100111 g &#103; Lowercase g
104 150 68 01101000 h &#104; Lowercase h
105 151 69 01101001 i &#105; Lowercase i
106 152 6A 01101010 j &#106; Lowercase j
107 153 6B 01101011 k &#107; Lowercase k
108 154 6C 01101100 l &#108; Lowercase l
109 155 6D 01101101 m &#109; Lowercase m
110 156 6E 01101110 n &#110; Lowercase n
111 157 6F 01101111 o &#111; Lowercase o
112 160 70 01110000 p &#112; Lowercase p
113 161 71 01110001 q &#113; Lowercase q
 DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
114 162 72 01110010 r &#114; Lowercase r
115 163 73 01110011 s &#115; Lowercase s
116 164 74 01110100 t &#116; Lowercase t
117 165 75 01110101 u &#117; Lowercase u
118 166 76 01110110 v &#118; Lowercase v
119 167 77 01110111 w &#119; Lowercase w
120 170 78 01111000 x &#120; Lowercase x
121 171 79 01111001 y &#121; Lowercase y
122 172 7A 01111010 z &#122; Lowercase z
123 173 7B 01111011 { &#123; &lcub; Opening brace
124 174 7C 01111100 | &#124; &verbar; Vertical bar
125 175 7D 01111101 } &#125; &rcub; Closing brace
126 176 7E 01111110 ~ &#126; &tilde; Equivalency sign - tilde
127 177 7F 01111111 DEL &#127; Delete

The extended ASCII codes (character code 128-255)

There are several different variations of the 8-bit ASCII table. The table below is according to Windows-1252 (CP-1252) which is a superset of ISO
8859-1, also called ISO Latin-1, in terms of printable characters, but differs from the IANA's ISO-8859-1 by using displayable characters rather
than control characters in the 128 to 159 range. Characters that differ from ISO-8859-1 is marked by light blue color.
DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
128 200 80 10000000 € &#8364; &euro; Euro sign
129 201 81 10000001 Unused
130 202 82 10000010 ‚ &#130; &sbquo; Single low-9 quotation mark
131 203 83 10000011 ƒ &#131; &fnof; Latin small letter f with hook
132 204 84 10000100 „ &#132; &bdquo; Double low-9 quotation mark
DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
133 205 85 10000101 … &#133; &hellip; Horizontal ellipsis
134 206 86 10000110 † &#134; &dagger; Dagger
135 207 87 10000111 ‡ &#135; &Dagger; Double dagger
136 210 88 10001000 ˆ &#136; &circ; Modifier letter circumflex accent
137 211 89 10001001 ‰ &#137; &permil; Per mille sign
138 212 8A 10001010 Š &#138; &Scaron; Latin capital letter S with caron
139 213 8B 10001011 ‹ &#139; &lsaquo; Single left-pointing angle quotation
140 214 8C 10001100 Π&#140; &OElig; Latin capital ligature OE
141 215 8D 10001101 Unused
142 216 8E 10001110 Ž &#142; &Zcaron; Latin capital letter Z with caron
143 217 8F 10001111 Unused
144 220 90 10010000 Unused
145 221 91 10010001 ‘ &#145; &lsquo; Left single quotation mark
146 222 92 10010010 ’ &#146; &rsquo; Right single quotation mark
147 223 93 10010011 “ &#147; &ldquo; Left double quotation mark
148 224 94 10010100 ” &#148; &rdquo; Right double quotation mark
149 225 95 10010101 • &#149; &bull; Bullet
150 226 96 10010110 – &#150; &ndash; En dash
151 227 97 10010111 — &#151; &mdash; Em dash
152 230 98 10011000 ˜ &#152; &tilde; Small tilde
153 231 99 10011001 ™ &#153; &trade; Trade mark sign
154 232 9A 10011010 š &#154; &scaron; Latin small letter S with caron
155 233 9B 10011011 › &#155; &rsaquo; Single right-pointing angle quotation mark
156 234 9C 10011100 œ &#156; &oelig; Latin small ligature oe
DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
157 235 9D 10011101 Unused
158 236 9E 10011110 ž &#158; &zcaron; Latin small letter z with caron
159 237 9F 10011111 Ÿ &#159; &Yuml; Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis
160 240 A0 10100000 NBSP &#160; &nbsp; Non-breaking space
161 241 A1 10100001 ¡ &#161; &iexcl; Inverted exclamation mark
162 242 A2 10100010 ¢ &#162; &cent; Cent sign
163 243 A3 10100011 £ &#163; &pound; Pound sign
164 244 A4 10100100 ¤ &#164; &curren; Currency sign
165 245 A5 10100101 ¥ &#165; &yen; Yen sign
166 246 A6 10100110 ¦ &#166; &brvbar; Pipe, broken vertical bar
167 247 A7 10100111 § &#167; &sect; Section sign
168 250 A8 10101000 ¨ &#168; &uml; Spacing diaeresis - umlaut
169 251 A9 10101001 © &#169; &copy; Copyright sign
170 252 AA 10101010 ª &#170; &ordf; Feminine ordinal indicator
171 253 AB 10101011 « &#171; &laquo; Left double angle quotes
172 254 AC 10101100 ¬ &#172; &not; Negation
173 255 AD 10101101 SHY &#173; &shy; Soft hyphen
174 256 AE 10101110 ® &#174; &reg; Registered trade mark sign
175 257 AF 10101111 ¯ &#175; &macr; Spacing macron - overline
176 260 B0 10110000 ° &#176; &deg; Degree sign
177 261 B1 10110001 ± &#177; &plusmn; Plus-or-minus sign
178 262 B2 10110010 ² &#178; &sup2; Superscript two - squared
179 263 B3 10110011 ³ &#179; &sup3; Superscript three - cubed
180 264 B4 10110100 ´ &#180; &acute; Acute accent - spacing acute
DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
181 265 B5 10110101 µ &#181; &micro; Micro sign
182 266 B6 10110110 ¶ &#182; &para; Pilcrow sign - paragraph sign
183 267 B7 10110111 · &#183; &middot; Middle dot - Georgian comma
184 270 B8 10111000 ¸ &#184; &cedil; Spacing cedilla
185 271 B9 10111001 ¹ &#185; &sup1; Superscript one
186 272 BA 10111010 º &#186; &ordm; Masculine ordinal indicator
187 273 BB 10111011 » &#187; &raquo; Right double angle quotes
188 274 BC 10111100 ¼ &#188; &frac14; Fraction one quarter
189 275 BD 10111101 ½ &#189; &frac12; Fraction one half
190 276 BE 10111110 ¾ &#190; &frac34; Fraction three quarters
191 277 BF 10111111 ¿ &#191; &iquest; Inverted question mark
192 300 C0 11000000 À &#192; &Agrave; Latin capital letter A with grave
193 301 C1 11000001 Á &#193; &Aacute; Latin capital letter A with acute
194 302 C2 11000010 Â &#194; &Acirc; Latin capital letter A with circumflex
195 303 C3 11000011 Ã &#195; &Atilde; Latin capital letter A with tilde
196 304 C4 11000100 Ä &#196; &Auml; Latin capital letter A with diaeresis
197 305 C5 11000101 Å &#197; &Aring; Latin capital letter A with ring above
198 306 C6 11000110 Æ &#198; &AElig; Latin capital letter AE
199 307 C7 11000111 Ç &#199; &Ccedil; Latin capital letter C with cedilla
200 310 C8 11001000 È &#200; &Egrave; Latin capital letter E with grave
201 311 C9 11001001 É &#201; &Eacute; Latin capital letter E with acute
202 312 CA 11001010 Ê &#202; &Ecirc; Latin capital letter E with circumflex
203 313 CB 11001011 Ë &#203; &Euml; Latin capital letter E with diaeresis
204 314 CC 11001100 Ì &#204; &Igrave; Latin capital letter I with grave
DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
205 315 CD 11001101 Í &#205; &Iacute; Latin capital letter I with acute
206 316 CE 11001110 Î &#206; &Icirc; Latin capital letter I with circumflex
207 317 CF 11001111 Ï &#207; &Iuml; Latin capital letter I with diaeresis
208 320 D0 11010000 Ð &#208; &ETH; Latin capital letter ETH
209 321 D1 11010001 Ñ &#209; &Ntilde; Latin capital letter N with tilde
210 322 D2 11010010 Ò &#210; &Ograve; Latin capital letter O with grave
211 323 D3 11010011 Ó &#211; &Oacute; Latin capital letter O with acute
212 324 D4 11010100 Ô &#212; &Ocirc; Latin capital letter O with circumflex
213 325 D5 11010101 Õ &#213; &Otilde; Latin capital letter O with tilde
214 326 D6 11010110 Ö &#214; &Ouml; Latin capital letter O with diaeresis
215 327 D7 11010111 × &#215; &times; Multiplication sign
216 330 D8 11011000 Ø &#216; &Oslash; Latin capital letter O with slash
217 331 D9 11011001 Ù &#217; &Ugrave; Latin capital letter U with grave
218 332 DA 11011010 Ú &#218; &Uacute; Latin capital letter U with acute
219 333 DB 11011011 Û &#219; &Ucirc; Latin capital letter U with circumflex
220 334 DC 11011100 Ü &#220; &Uuml; Latin capital letter U with diaeresis
221 335 DD 11011101 Ý &#221; &Yacute; Latin capital letter Y with acute
222 336 DE 11011110 Þ &#222; &THORN; Latin capital letter THORN
223 337 DF 11011111 ß &#223; &szlig; Latin small letter sharp s - ess-zed
224 340 E0 11100000 à &#224; &agrave; Latin small letter a with grave
225 341 E1 11100001 á &#225; &aacute; Latin small letter a with acute
226 342 E2 11100010 â &#226; &acirc; Latin small letter a with circumflex
227 343 E3 11100011 ã &#227; &atilde; Latin small letter a with tilde
228 344 E4 11100100 ä &#228; &auml; Latin small letter a with diaeresis
DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
229 345 E5 11100101 å &#229; &aring; Latin small letter a with ring above
230 346 E6 11100110 æ &#230; &aelig; Latin small letter ae
231 347 E7 11100111 ç &#231; &ccedil; Latin small letter c with cedilla
232 350 E8 11101000 è &#232; &egrave; Latin small letter e with grave
233 351 E9 11101001 é &#233; &eacute; Latin small letter e with acute
234 352 EA 11101010 ê &#234; &ecirc; Latin small letter e with circumflex
235 353 EB 11101011 ë &#235; &euml; Latin small letter e with diaeresis
236 354 EC 11101100 ì &#236; &igrave; Latin small letter i with grave
237 355 ED 11101101 í &#237; &iacute; Latin small letter i with acute
238 356 EE 11101110 î &#238; &icirc; Latin small letter i with circumflex
239 357 EF 11101111 ï &#239; &iuml; Latin small letter i with diaeresis
240 360 F0 11110000 ð &#240; &eth; Latin small letter eth
241 361 F1 11110001 ñ &#241; &ntilde; Latin small letter n with tilde
242 362 F2 11110010 ò &#242; &ograve; Latin small letter o with grave
243 363 F3 11110011 ó &#243; &oacute; Latin small letter o with acute
244 364 F4 11110100 ô &#244; &ocirc; Latin small letter o with circumflex
245 365 F5 11110101 õ &#245; &otilde; Latin small letter o with tilde
246 366 F6 11110110 ö &#246; &ouml; Latin small letter o with diaeresis
247 367 F7 11110111 ÷ &#247; &divide; Division sign
248 370 F8 11111000 ø &#248; &oslash; Latin small letter o with slash
249 371 F9 11111001 ù &#249; &ugrave; Latin small letter u with grave
250 372 FA 11111010 ú &#250; &uacute; Latin small letter u with acute
251 373 FB 11111011 û &#251; &ucirc; Latin small letter u with circumflex
252 374 FC 11111100 ü &#252; &uuml; Latin small letter u with diaeresis
 DEC OCT HEX BIN Symbol HTML Number HTML Name Description
253 375 FD 11111101 ý &#253; &yacute; Latin small letter y with acute
254 376 FE 11111110 þ &#254; &thorn; Latin small letter thorn
255 377 FF 11111111 ÿ &#255; &yuml; Latin small letter y with dieresis

(above was from www.ascii-code.com) 2. Address Bus

HOW COMPUTER COMMUNICATE WITH
ONE ANOTHER
A computer system on its own
communicates through what is called a
system bus. It is a pathway composed of
cables and connectors used to carry data
from a computer’s peripheral devices—
monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc.—to the
CPU and the main memory. There are
three types of buses:
1. Data Bus
- It can transfer data to and from
the memory of a computer, or
into or out of the CPU. Examples
of pieces of information that
traverse the data bus include
files transferred from a flash drive
to the computer’s hard drive and
a document sent to the printer for
printing.
- It is used by the CPU to specify a
physical address for instructions,
files, and other devices within the
computer system. For instance,
in a given computer unit, there
are typically 6 to 8 USB ports.
- The address bus is responsible
for checking which of the USB
ports has a printer connected to
it, along with the mouse,
keyboard, speaker, and
sometimes, even external drives.
- It is made up of a collection of
wires connecting the CPU with
main memory that is used to
identify particular locations
(addresses) in main memory.
 3. Control Bus
- It is used by CPUs to
communicate with other devices
within the computer system. It
carries the commands or
instructions from the CPU. It also
sends status signal from the
devices, identifying if it is ready
or not. The typical read/write
commands are identified through
the control bus.
The next step in knowing how a computer
can connect to other devices is to
understand how a computer connects to
another computer. Earlier, computer
peripherals using wired or wireless
connections are mentioned. It is also
similar when a computer wants to connect
to another computer—with or without wires.
HOW COMPUTERS CONNECT TO
OTHER COMPUTER
1. Computer Network System
- Computers can communicate
with one another over network. A
computer network is an
interconnection of two or more
computers. This interconnection
gives these computers the
capability to share information
and resources.
- There are several types of
networks, mostly depending on
the number of computers in it,
how they are used, and what differ within its coverage. A
type of technology is used in their WAN may be made of
connectivity. several LANs and PANs. A
o Personal Area Network WAN can be made up of
(PAN) is a connection several more WANs. This
often limited to an is why WAN is considered
individual person and synonymous to the
his/her personal devices. Internet.
Normally, these devices
must be within a range of
10 meters from each
other.
2. Methods of Communication
- There are many different types of
connection media that are used
in contemporary society to
o Local Area Network (LAN)
connect computer networks to
is a connection in which a
one another. Connections are
group of computers and
often categorized generally into
other devices, such as
two-wired communication and
network printers, share a
wireless communication.
common communications
o Wired communication
line within a certain area
refers to different types of
such as a building or a
cables that are used to
small campus.
connect to a given
network. There are coaxial
cables, fiber-optic cables,
ethernet cables, and
traditional telephone lines.
 Computer systems
o Wide Area Network
have different
(WAN) may be less
connections which
restrictive than LAN as
usually depend on
rules and policies may
the motherboard’s
 form factor. Popular most popular types are called pairing. Once paired, devices are
wired connection Bluetooth and WiFi. able to send and receive information
nowadays includes  The Institute of provided they are within a given range
the following: Electrical and which is typically 10 meters.
 Universal Electronics
Serial Bus Engineers (IEEE), a Reading a long string of 0’s and 1’s can be
 Firewire professional very confusing and taxing. As such, people
 Ethernet technical who invented the computer identified two
Cable association with areas in the computer system—computer
 High- members all across hardware and the computer software.
Definition the globe, identified Through computer software, humans are
Multimedia standard 802.11 for able to “communicate” with the computer.
Interface Wi-Fi and 802.15
Cable for Bluetooth in the HOW HUMANS COMMUNICATE WITH
 Video wireless standards. COMPUTERS
Graphics Wi-Fi 1. Computer Software
Array Cable Uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit - It is a combination of instructions,
 Serial Cable information across a network. Wi-Fi’s data, and programs that the
 Parallel signals are transmitted in frequencies of computer needs in order to do a
Cable between 2.5 and 5 gigahertz (GHz), which specific task. Another term used
are higher than radio and TV signals to computer software is computer
 IBM’s
avoid interference. Wi-Fi is often used in programs. The most common
Personal
schools, companies, and business type of programming language
System/2
establishments, among others. used by programmers is called
Cable
object-oriented programming.
o Wireless communication
This is to provide network connections to o Microsoft’s C#
include microwave
multiple users without the need for cables. o Sun Microsystem’s Java
transmission, satellite
The majority of Wi-Fi users use mobile (open-source
communication, cellular
devices, such as tablets, laptops, and programming language)
transmission, and radio
smartphones to connect via an access o PHP (Hypertext
transmission such as
point or Wi-Fi hotspot. Preprocessor)
Wireless-Fidelity
- Programs have developed two
connectivity. Wireless
Bluetooth types of computer software:
technologies differ hugely
Uses radio waves to connect to other
from one another, but the
devices. The connection via Bluetooth is
Application Software
A type of computer program that performs a
specific personal, educational, and
business function. Each application is
designed to assist end-users in
accomplishing a variety of tasks, which
may be related to productivity, creativity, or
communication.

System Software
It is a program designed to run a
computer’s hardware and applications, and
manage its resources, such as its memory,
processors, and devices. It also provides a
platform for running application software,
and system software is typically bundled
with a computer’s OS. The system software
is also called an Operating System (OS).

Wix.com and WordPress.com are two of

the most popular website creation tools
available online. Both tools offer blogging
and website Content Management Systems
(CMS).

WordPress
- Uses PHP, HTML, and CSS
- Uses web templated and
template processors.

Wix
- Uses HTML5
- Uses online drag and drop tools.