nkhopAk;

kdpj NeaKk;

rpq;fs %yk;:
rl;lj;juzp
v];.[P. GQ;rpN`th

jkpohf;fk;:
v];. rptFUehjd;

khw;Wf; nfhs;iffSf;fhd epiyak;

1
 nkhopAk; kdpj NeaKk; Kd;Diu
Kjw; g jpg; G : nrg; n lk; g u; 2011 jkpo; nkhopf;F cupj;jhd nfsutj;ij toq;fhj
ISBN: 978-955-1655-82-2 vkJ gof;f Njh\k; fhuzkhfNt ehk; Kg;gJ
Mz;Lfhy Jd;gpay; Nghiu vjpu;Nehf;fpNdhk;.
mr;Rg; gjpg;G: f;Nshg; gpupd;bq; Ntu;f;];> +94(11)2689259 Muk;gj;jpy; jkpo; kf;fspd; Nfhupf;iffs;>
ntspaP L : khw; W f; n fhs; i ffSf; f hd epiyak; Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; Cu;tyq;fs; vd;gtw;iw muR
mlf;fpnahLf;fpaikahy; gpur;rpidf;fhd jPu;T
khw;Wf;nfhs;if epiyankd;gJ RahjPd> murpay; fl;rp
ntb kUe;Jfsplk; ifaspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
%yk; vkJ ehl;bd; midj;J ,dq;fSf;Fk;
Ngjkw; w mikg; g hFk; mJ gpujhdkhf murhq; f k; >
cupj;jhd kdpj> ngsjPf mwpTrhu; tsq;fis
Kuz;ghLfisj; jPuj ; j
; y; mjDld; ,ize;j Kuz;ghLfs; ghy; mrhjhuzkhd Kiwapy; mopj;Jf; nfhz;Nlhk;.
mtjhdk; nrYj;Jk;. nghJ kf;fspd; nfhs;if njhlu;ghd ,it midj;ijAk; tpl vkJ kdpjj;Jtj;ijAk;
rk; g h\idf; F rptpy; r%fj; j pd; Neub xj; J iog; G kdpj Neaj;ijAk; ehk; mopjJ ; f;nfhz;Nlhk;.
Njitg; g LtjhYk; > mijg; gyg; g Lj; j Ntz; L k; vd; g J
Aj;jk; Kbtile;Jtpl;lJ Mdhy;> Aj;jk;
njhlu;ghf kpFe;j ek;gpf;if fhuzkhfTk; 1996 ,y; khw;Wf; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; epWj;jg; gltpy;iy.
nfhs;iffSf;fhd epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. nghJ kf;fspd; vdNt> ,g;NghjhtJ Nkw;gb fhuzpfis
nfhs;if tpku;rd uPjpahf tpku;rpf;fg;gly;> khw;W topfis ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;F mtrpakhd Gj;jp vkf;Ff;
,dq;fhzy;> mij tpupthf;fy; njhlu;ghd Ma;T> mOj;jk; fpl;l Ntz;Lk;. mjd; mbg;gil ePbj;J
nfhLf;Fk; epfo;rr; pjj
; pll; q;fSf;fhf khw;Wf; nfhs;iffSf;fhd epiyf;ff;$ba tifapy; rpq;fsk; jkpo; Mfpa
epiyak; jd;id mu;gg; zpjJ ; s;sJ.
nkhopfSf;F rkePjp fpilj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F
,r;rpW E}y; cjtpf;fukhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;.
tpyhrk; : 24{2> 28tJ xOq;if>
,e;j E}iyj; jahupg;gjw;F vd;idj; J}z;ba
g;/stu; tPjp> nfhOk;G - 07 khw;Wf; nfhs;iffSf;fhd epiyaj;jpd; r%fg;
njhiyNgrp : +94(11) 2565304/5/6 gq;fspg;G epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lg; gpuptpd; jpUthsu;
/gf;]; : +94(11) 4714460
yady; FUNf mtu;fSf;F vdJ ghuhl;Lf;fs;
cupj;jhFk;.
,izajsk; : www.cpalanka.org
kpd; mQ;ry; : info@cpalanka.org v]; . [P . GQ; r pN`th

2 3
 cs;slf;fk;
nkhopAk; kdpj NeaKk; 7
Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rp 11
eilKiwg;gLj;jhky; ,Uf;Fk; gof;fKk;
mjd; tuyhWk; 23
nlhd%u; mwpf;if fz;l mePjpahd
ftdpg;G 31
fz;b cld;gbf;if (1815 khu;r; 2) 33
mbg;gil cupikfs; 36
mur fUk nkhopfs; 38
ePjp kd;wq;fspd; nkhopfs; 46
mur fUk nkhopapd; mKyhf;fk; 48
murfUk nkhopfs; nfhs;ifia
mKyhf;Ftjw;F
ntspaplg; gl;Ls;s rpy Rw;wwpf;iffs; 53
mur fUk nkhopfs; nfhs;ifia
nraw;gLj;Jtw;fhd
mikr;R 58
ePjthd; ePjpkd;wnkhd;wpypUe;J
epthuzj;ijf; Nfhuy; 68
kdpj chpikg; gpufldKk; nkhopAk; 71

4 5
 gFjp 1
nkhopAk; kdpj NeaKk;
“mk; k h” vd; g J ehk; Nfs; t pg; g l; l kpf
,dpikahd nrhy; . ve; j nkhopiag;
gpuNahfpjj ; hYk; mk;nkhopiag; gad;gLj;J
gtu;fSf;F ,J kpf ,dpikahd nrhy;. ,r;
nrhy; Vd; ,t;tsT ,dpikahdJ? vk;kPJ
ghrk; nfhs;tjd; %yk; vk;Kd; ,Uf;Fk;
ghrj;jpd; tpij tsu;eJ ; xU g+thf kyu;fpdw; J.
,t;thwhf kyUk; xt;nthU fzg;nghOJk;
,dpikahdJ. ,t; n tht; n thU fzg;
nghOjpYk; ehk; Fzkilfpd;Nwhk;. mNj
rkak; ehk; fUizapdJk; Ngud;gpdJk;
Rfj;ij mDgtpff ; pdN; whk; ,e;j ey;Yzu;T
fis ehk; jhaplkpUe;Nj ngWfpd;Nwhk;.
nkhopapy; gad;gLk; khjh> jha;> md;id “mk;kh” “tPL”
Mfpa nrhw;fistpl mk;kh vd;w nrhy; vd;w nrhw;fs;
ghrj; i jf; Fwpf; f pd; w J. ,y; y k; vd; w kpfTk;
nrhy;iy tpl tPL vd;w nrhy; ghrj;Jf;FupaJ. ghrj;jpw;
mk;khtpd; jha;ikNahL ,ize;Nj ,e;j Fupait. vkJ
czu;T vkf;F Vw;gLfpwJ. Kjypy; grpf;F rfy
vkJ jha; ghY}l;Lfpwhu;. ghy; Fbj;J ehk; czu;Tfspd;
ngw;w ,d;gj;ij ehk; ,d;W “mk;kh” “tPL” Muk;gk;
vd;w nrhy;fshy; Fwpgg; pLfpNwhk;. jhahthu;.

6 7
 ehk; Neha;tha;g;gLk;NghJ ftiyg;gLtJ
vkJ md; i d. jhapd; ftiy ehk;
Fzkhtjw; F fhuzkhf mikfpd; w J.
mr;rk; mjpu;r;rp Vw;gLk;NghJ ghJfhg;Gf;
fUjp jhia mizj; J f; n fhs; s ehk;
gofpAs;Nshk;. czT> ghJfhg;G> Rfhjhuk;
vkf;F
Kjypy; vd;gtw;iwg; NghyNt fy;tpiaAk; ehk;
nkhopiaf; mtuplkpUe;Nj ngw;Wf;nfhz;Nlhk;. jha;
fw;gpj;jJ vkJ Kjy; Mrpupauhthu; . mtu; vkJ
vkJ jha;. Mrpupaj; jha; vd;why; kpifahfhJ. “mk;kh”
cyfj;jpy; vd;w nrhy; ,y;yhJ tpbd; VjhtJ xU
kpf
nrhy;iy gapw;Wtpg;gjw;F mr;nrhy;iy
cd;djkhd
vkJ jha; Mapuk; jlit cr; r upj; J g;
E}y;fis
vOjpatu;fSk; gof;fpapUg;ghs;. Vida nrhw;fisAk; ehk;
,j;jhaplk; mt;thNw fw;Nwhk;. Nrf;\;gpau;> fhspjhrd;>
,Ue;Nj kw;Wk; kfh ftp ghujp Nghd;w khngUk;
fw;wdu;. vOj; j hsu; f s; ,t; t hW jhaplk; fw; N w
nkhopia cUthf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,g;gbahf ehk; fw;w
Kd;epiyg; nkhop jha; nkhopahFk;. ,k;nkhop fhuzkhf
gLj;jpNa ehk;
ehk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j kdpju;fshf
midj;ijAk;
ngw;Nwhk;. khwptplN; lhk;.
vdNt> vkJ
vkJ nkhop vkJ jhiag; Nghd;wJ. ehk;
nkhop jhiag;
NghyNt ngw;w midj;Jk; nkhopia Kjd;ikg;
vkf;F kpfTk; gLj; j pg; ngw; w itNa. vdNt ehk; ngw
neUf;fkhdJ. Ntz; b a midj; J k; ,k; n khop %yNk
8 9
vLj;Jf;$wg;gLfpwJ. ehk; nkhopAld; gpwe;J
tsu;eN; jhk;. midj;ijAk; vkf;F nkhopNa
$Wfpd; w J. vkJ kdpjj; J tj; i j ehk;
nkhopapd; %yNk ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;.
vkJ kdpjj; J tj; j pd; nghJj; j d; i k
nkhop %yk; NtWgLtjhfg; gl; l hy; >
kw;iwatupd; nkhopia ehk; nfsutpf;f
Ntz; L k; . Vnddpy; > mtUila kdpjg;
gz;Gfis ehk; nkhop %yk; khw;wpaikf;f
KbahJ. mg; N ghJ jhd; kdpj khz; G
gpufldg; gLj; j g; g l KbAk; . Ntw; W
nkhopiag; NgRtjd; %yKk; gad;gLj;J
tjd; %yKk; jdpegu; vd;w tifapy; ngw;w
cupik fhuzkhfNt nfsutj; j pw; F g;
ghj; j pu khfpd; w hu; . Nkw; g b cupikia
nfsutpg; g jd; %yk; ngWk; kfpo; r ; r p
kw;iwatupd; cupikahFk;. ,j;jifanjhU nkhopiaf;
#oypNyNa rkhjhdj;ijAk; RgPlr; j;ijAk; nfsutpg;gjd;
midtUk; ngw KbAk;. %yk; mtu;
nfsutpf;fg;
gLfpwhu;.
Nkw;fz;lthW nfsutpff ; g;gLk; cupikia
xUtupd;
,of; F k; NghJ Fwpg; g pl; l nkhopiag;
nkhopiaj;
NgRgtu; vt;thW czu;thu;? jdJ jhia> jho;j;Jtjhy;
jdJ Mj;khit> jhd; kdpjd; vd;gij mtu;
Gwf;fzpgg; jhfNt czu;thu;. jho;jj
; g;gLfpwhu;.
 ,t; t hW nfsutpf; f g; g l Ntz; b a
cupikia ,of;Fk; NghJ mk;nkhopiag;
NgRk; egu; mij vt;thW czu;thu;?> jdJ
jha;> jdJ Mj;kh> jhd; kdpjd; vd;gd
ftdj; j pw; nfhs; s g; g l tpy; i y vd; N w
czu;fpd;whu;. me;egUf;F ,ilaPW jil
nkhopia
Vw; g Lk; NghJ mtuJ czu; T yfk;
mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Fog;gkilfpwJ. kdk; nehe;J NghfpwJ.
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l NfhgKk; gifik czu;Tk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
ghFghL Fwpgg; pll
; rd r%fk; gy Mz;Lfshf (,d;W
fhl;ly; tiu) ,k;nkhop Ntjidf;Fj; js;sg;gLtjhy;
fhuzkhf gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;gjw;F ntb kUe;jplk;
ehk; 30 xg;gilj;jy; Mr;rupakhdjy;yth? nkhopg;
Mz;Lfhy gpur;rpidia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 30
Aj;jj;ij
Mz;Lfhy Aj;jj;ij ehk; ,t;thwhfNt
vjpun; fhz;Nlhk;.
Aj;jk; ,d;W
vjpu;Nehf;fpNdhk;. ,d;W Aj;jk; ,y;iy
epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vd; g J cz; i k. Mdhy; vtUk; mjpy;
Mdhy;> ntw;wpailatpy;iy. nkhopia mbg;gil
vj;jug;Gk; ahff; nfhz;Nl ehk; ntw;wpia mila
ntw;wp Ntz;Lk;. njhlu;e;Jk; epu;thf epiwNtw;W
nfhs;stpyi ; y. eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf jkpo; my;yJ
nkhopfis
rpqf; s nkhopfF; ghFghL fhl;lg;gl;lhy;> mJ
nfsutpgg; jhy; NkYk; ntbkUe;J Nrfupg;gjw;F xg;ghFk;.
,U
epu;thf my;yJ epiwNtw;W eltbf;if
jug;gpdUk;
ntw;wpnfhs;s ftdpf; f g; g lhik njhlUkhdhy; ntb
KbAk;. kUe;J Nrfupgg; jw;F mJ rkkhFk;.
Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rp
vk;nkhop %yk; Ml;rp elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd; g J gw; w p 1815 fz; b xg; g e; j j; j py;
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. mt;thW Fwpg;gplg;
glhik Ml;rp nkhop ,ay;ghfNt Mq;fpykhf
mikAk; vd; g ij ,U jug; g pdUk;
mikjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. jtpu;f;f
Kbahj re; j u; g ; g q; f spy; rpq; f sKk;
Mq;fpyKk; ghtpf;fg;gl;lhYk; mur fUk
nkhop Mq;fpykhfNt mike;jJ. kf;fspd;
md;whl eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk; Mq;fpy
nkhopapy; ,lk;ngw;wd. gpwg;Gr; rhd;wpjo;>
fy;tpr; rhd;wpjo;> jpUkzr; rhd;wpjo;> kuzr;
rhd;wpjo; vd;gdTk; Mq;fpy nkhopapy;
vOjg;gl;ld. nrhj;Jf;fs;> fhzp> ,aw;if Mq;fpNyaUf;F
tsq; f s; khj; j puky; y hJ kdpj tho; T ehk;
KOtJk; Mq;fpy nkhopapNyNa eput ; fpff; g; mbikahfpa
gpd;du; gpwg;G
gl;lJ. Kjy; ,wg;G
tiuapyhd
,yq; i f epyg; g puGf; f spd; nfh^ukhd rfy
Ml;rpia khw;wpaikf;f Mq;fpy Ml;rpahsu;
eltbf;iffSk;
cld; g l; l hYk; fhyQ; nry; y r; nry; y Mq;fpyj;jpNyNa
Mq;fpy Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLjiy mila epfo;e;jd.

10 11
 Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ nghJ kf;fspd; fUj;jhf Nfhy; G W}f; Mizf; F O mwpf; i ff; F
mike;jJ. md;W Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rpAk; mika 1831 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J ,yq;ifapd;
Mjpff; Kk; ,yq;ifapd; rfy JiwfspYk; Ml; r p mjpfhuk; Xu; ikaj; j pypUe; J
gue;J tpupej
; J. mit gpdt
; UkhW: mKyhf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt> KO ,yq;ifapYk;
Mq;fpy nkhop ClhfNt eput ; hfk; njhlq;fpaJ.
1948 ,y; vkf;F 1948 f;F 1948 f;F Mq; f pyk; xNu mur fUk nkhopahfj;
XusT Kd;du; gpdd
; u; jpfo;e;jJ. rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; murhq;fj;
Rje;jpuk; jpypUe; J xJf; f g; g l; L fpuhkq; f Sf; F
mur fUk
fpilj;jJ. khj; j puk; tiuaWf; f g; g l; l J. epu; t hf
md;W tiu nkhop Mq;fpyk; Mq;fpyk;>
vkJ ehl;bd; rpqf
; sk; trjpf; f hfNt ,t; t hW elj; j g; g l; l J.
murfUk vdTk; $wg;gl;lJ. 1948 tiu Rkhu; 117
nkhop eput
; hf Mz;Lfshf Mq;fpNyau; fhuzkhfTk;
Mq;fpykhfj; nkhop Mq;fpyk; Mq;fpyk;> Mq;fpy nkhop fhuzkhfTk; mk;nkhopapd; Mq;fpy
jpfo;e;jJ. rpqf
; sk; Mjpgj;jpa
Rje;jpuj;jpd; Mjpgj;jpak; fhuzkhfTk; cs;ehl;ltu; j;jpypUe;J
gpdd; u; epiwNtw;Wj; fSf;Ff; fpilj;j ed;ikfistpl ,oe;jit tpLgl;lhYk;
Mq;fpyj;jp Jiw Mq;fpyk; Mq;fpyk;> mjpfk; . nkhop kP j hd ftdpg; G g; gw; w pa Mq;fpy
ypUe;J rpqf
; sk; kdg;ghq;F ,q;F Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpjj ; J. nkhopapd;
tpLgl;L Mq; f pyk; fw; w rpq; f s jkpo; cs; e hl; L Mjpff
; j;jpypUe;J
,yq;ifapd; rl;lj;Jiw Mq;fpyk; Mq;fpyk; tpLgl;lhYk;
murfUk thrpfNs epu;thfj;jpy; ,ize;Jnfhs;sg; Mq;fpy
nkhopfshf cau;fy;tp Mq;fpyk; rpqf
; sk; gl;ldu;. murpay;thjpfSf;Fk; Mq;fpyk; Nkhfj;jpypUe;J
rpq;fsKk; Kg;gilfspd; ,yFthf ,Ue; j gbahy; murpaypy; tpLgl
jkpOk; ,Ue;Jk; rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; Gwf;fzpf;fg; Kbatpy;iy.
mKyhf;fg; eput
; hfk; Mq;fpyk; Mq;fpyk;> vdNt
gl;bUf;f rpqf
; sk; gl;ld. Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FO mwpfi ; fapd; rpq;fsKk;
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; epiwNtw;Wj;JiwAk; rl;lthf;fj; jkpOk;
mt;thW nghyp]; Jiw Mq;fpyk; Mq;fpyk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;
JiwAk; Mq;fpyj;jpNyNa nraw;gl;ld.
eilngw;wjh? mur rl; l rigapd; eltbf; i ffs; gl;ld.

12 13
 Mq;fpyj;jpNyNa ,lk;ngw;wd. 1932 ,y;
khj;jiw mur rl;l rig cWg;gpdu; Gjpa
Nahridnahd; i w Kd; i tj; j hu; .
“epiyapaw; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 105 tJ
thrfj; j pd; gb rig eltbf; i ffs;
Mq; f pyj; j py; ,lk; n gw Ntz; b a mNj
Ntis Xu; rl;lrig cWg;gpdu; rigapd;
mq;fPfhuj;Jld; rpq;fsj;jpYk; jkpopYk;
ciwahw;w KbAk;.”
Nrit cj; j pNahfj; j u; f Sf; F g; gjtp
cau;T toq;fg;glf;$lhJ.”
“rpq;fsk; my;yJ jkpo; nkhopapy; tof;F
tprhuidfis Nkw; n fhs; s Kbahj
mwpf;ifapl Kbahj vtUk; nghyp]; ePjp
kd; w j; j pNyh mijtpl cau; k l; l eP j p
kd;wj;jpNyh ePjthd;fshff; flikahw;wf;
$lhJ.”

,J njhlu;ghf Muha;tjw;nfd mikf;fg; “rpq; f sj; j py; my; y J jkpopy; tof; F

gl;l FO Nkw;gb Nahridia epuhfupj;jJ tprhizfspy; gq;Fgw;w rl;lj;juzpfSf;F
Mdhy;> ,uz;lhk; thrpg;gpd; NghJ mjpfg; mDkjp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.”
rpq;fs jkpo;
gbahd thf;Ffshy; ,J mq;fPfupf;fg; ,g;gpNuuizfis nrayhsu; ehafj;jpwF ; k; nkhopfspy;
gl;lJ. Mdhy;> rpq;fs my;yJ jkpo; mur rl;lkh mjpgUf;Fk; rku;gg; pff
; g;gl;l NghjpYk; Nju;r;rp RNjrpa
rl;l rig cWg;gpdu;fs; ,r;rl;l Vw;ghLfis nkhopfspy;
mur rl;l
1935 ,y; mur rl;lrig fiyf;fg;gl;lJ. mur
kpf mg+ut ; khfNt gad;gLj;jpdu;. jpU. [P.Nf.
rigapy; vdNt ,g;gpur;rpid iftplg;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk; eltbf;if
lg;spA+. ngNuuh 1932 ,y; Kd;itj;j gpdt; Uk;
rpq;fsj;jpy; epyTk; jl;bf;fopf;Fk;fiy md;wpypUe;Nj fisAk;
my;yJ jkpopy; Nahridfs; 80 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;du; ePjpkd;w
Muk;gpff; g;gl;lJ.
ciuahw;w ,d;iwf;Fk; nghUj;jkhditahFk;. eltbf;if
KbAk; vd;w 1936 ,y; Gjpa mur rl; l rig njupT fisAk;
gpNuuiz “rpqf
; sk; my;yJ jkpo; nkhopfspy; cau;kl;l Nkw;nfhs;s
mwpT ,y;yhj vtUk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; rptpy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. md;W mtprhtiy cWg;gpd
epiwNtwpa Ntz;Lk; vd
NghJk; mJ Nritf;F my;yJ vOJtpidQu; Nritf;F uhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l jpU. gpypg; Fztu;jd gpNuuizfs;
vg;NghjhfpYk; epakdk; ngwf;$lhJ.” mLj;J rpq;fs jkpo; nkhopg; ghtidapd; mq;fPfupf;fg;
xU KiwNa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; FwpjJ ; FunyOg;gpdhu;. mtu; gl;l NghjpYk;
eilKiwg; “rpq;fsk; myyJ jkpo; nkhopfspy; Nju;r;rp Kd;itj;j Nahrid gpdt ; UkhW: mit jl;bf;
gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ngwhj rptpy; Nrit my;yJ vOJtpidQu; fopf;fg;gl;ld.

14 15
 “ePjp kd;wq;fspy.; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; mq;fPfupff
; g;gl;lJ.
mjw;F toq;fg;gLk; tpilfspy; Vw;gLk;
jtWfs; fhuzkhf kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; Raghi\fs; gw;wpa %d;whtJ Kaw;rpia
f\; l q; f s; meP j pfs; vd; g tw; i wj; md;iwa fsdpj; njhFjpapd; cWg;gpdu;
jtpu;g;gjw;F ,yq;ifapd; efu rig ePjp jpU. N[.Mu; . [atu; j d mtu; f shy;
kd;wq;fspdJk; nghyp]; ePjpkd;wq;fspdJk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 1943.06.22 Mk; jpfjp
eltbf;iffs; Raghi\fspy; ,lk;ngw rku;gg; pff
; g;gl;l gpNuuiz gpdt
; UkhW:
Ntz;Lk;.” (1937) “rpqf
; s nkhopia epahakhd fhy vy;iyAs;
mur fUk nkhopahf; F tjw; F epyTk;
,J rl;lr; nrayhsUf;Fr; rku;gg; pff ; g;gl;l
vjpu; g ; G fhuzkhf gpd; t Uk; gpNuuiz
NghJ mjw;F vjpu;g;Gj;njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mdhy; > %d; W Mz; L fSf; F s; ,J
eilKiwf;F tuNtz;Lk; vd;Nw mur rl;l * ghlrhiyfspd; Nghjdh nkhop rpq;fs
rigapy; ,J mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ. rpwpJ nkhopahf mika Ntz;Lk;.
efu rig fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; jpU. gpypg; Fztu;jd
ePjpkd;wq;fs;
* rfy mur guPli ; rfSf;Fk; rpqf; s nkhop
kw;WnkhU gpNuuiziaf; nfhz;L te;jhu;. fl;lha ghlkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
kw;Wk; nghyp]; mjhtJ: 1944 y;
ePjpkd;wq;fs; * mur rl;l rigapd; eltbf;iffs; rpqf ; s kw;WnkhU
jkJ “nghyp]; epiyaq; f spy; nra; a g; g Lk; nkhopapYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; gpNuuiz
eltbf;iffis Kiwg;ghLfs;> Mq;fpy nkhopapy; gjpag; vd rl;lkhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mq;fPfupf;fg;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gl;lJ>
NghJ> Ra gLtjhy; ghuJ}ukhd mePjpfSk; jtWfSk; * NtW nkhofspypUe;J rpq;fs nkhopf;F mjhtJ> mur
ghi\fspNyNa ,lk;ngWfpdw ; d. Mq;fpy nkhopiaNah Ra E}y; f is nkhop ngau; g ; g jw; F k; rl;l rigapd;
Nkw;nfhs;s ghi\fisNah rupahf mwpahj nghyp]; E}y; f isj; njupT nra; t jw; F k; Xu; eltbf;iffSk;
Ntz;Lk;> vd;w cj;jpNahfj;ju;fNs ,k;Kiwg;ghLfisg; Mizf;FO epakpff ; g;gl Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiyfspd;
gpNuuiz 1939 gjpT nra;fpd;wdu;. nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; Nghjid
,y; * Mq;fpy nkhopapypUe;J rpqf ; s nkhopfF; nkhopAk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kiwg;ghLfs; mit epiykhWtjw; F Xu; Mizf; F O
mq;ffP upff
; g;gl;L Raghi\fspy;
nra; a g; g Lk; nkhopapNyNa gjpag; g l epakpff
; g;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mKyhf;fg; ,lk;ngw
gl;ld. Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gpNuuiz 1939.02.09Mk; jpfjp Ntz;Lk;.

16 17
 ,q;F “rpq;fs nkhop” vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf Mq; f pyKk; jkpOk; my; y J ,U
“jha;nkhop” vd mika Ntz;Lk; vd;w nkhopfshf mika Ntz;Lk;.
jpUj;jk; jpU.rP.lg;spA. fd;dq;fu mtu;fshy;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. rpq;fs nkhop vd;w ,J njhlu; g hf> gpd; d u; jpU.N[.Mu;
nrhy;Yld; jkpo; nkhop vd;w nrhy;Yk; [atu;jd nfhz;L te;j gpNuuiz Njhy;tp
Nru;ff
; g;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w jpU. tP. ey;iyah mile;jJ. mjhtJ:
nfhz;L te;j jpUj;jj;ij mur rl;l rig
mq;fPfupj;jJ. jpUj;jg; gpNuuiz 1944.05.04 “rfy ghlrhiyfspYk; Nghjhd nkhopjha;
Me; jpfjp mq; f P f upf; f g; g l; l J. gpypg; nkhopahfNt ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;”.
Mq;fpyk;
Fztu;jd> N[.Mu;.[atu;jd kw;Wk; mur njhlu;e;Jk;
rl; l rigr; nrayhsu; Mfpa %tiuf; Mq;fpy nkhop khj;jpuk; mur fUk nkhopahf mur fUk
nfhz;l njupTf; FO gpdt ; UkhW gpNuupjj ; J: miktijapl; L njhlu; r ; r pahd vjpu; g ; G nkhopahf
epytpaij ,J tiu Rl; b f; f hl; b a ePbg;gij
cjhuzq;fs; %yk; mwpa KbAk;. rpq;fs> vjpu;j;J
* rpqf
; sKk; jkpOk; mur fUk nkhopfshf njhlu;r;rpahd
Ntz;Lk;. jkpo; nkhopfs; gw;wpa rhjfkhd kf;fs; Nghuhl;lk;
mgpgg; puhak; epytpaijAk; ehk; fhz KbAk;. Vw;gl;likahy;
gpd; d u; > mur rl; l rig gpd; t Uk; Mdhy; rpq; f s- jkpo; murpay; t hjpfs; ,ilapilNa
rpq;fsKk; gpNuuizfis mq;fPfupjj ; J. (1945) Mq;fpyj;jpNyNa nraw;gl;likapdhy; mJ gy
jkpOk; mur Nahridfs;
fUk * Muk; g g; ghlrhiyfspy; jha; “epue;ju ,izg;G nkhopahf” khwpaJ. ,e;j Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
nkhopfsh nkhopapNyNa Nghjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. murpay; gpd; d zpapy; rpq; f sk; > jkpo; > Mdhy;
apUj;jy; mNj Neuj; j py; Mq; f pyk; fl; l ha Mq;fpyk; Mfpa ve;j nkhop kPJk; gw;W Mq;fpyk;
Ntz;Lk; vd;w ghlkhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,y;yhj egu;fNs cUthf;fg;gl;L s;sdu;. njhlu;e;Jk;
gpNuuiz ,izg;G
1944.05.04 Mk; * Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fg; gpd;ida Mdhy; > rpq; f s - jkpo; jug; g pdupilNa nkhopahfj;
jpfjp mur rl;l ghlrhiyfspy; Nghjid nkhop ,dthjk; cUthFk; fUtpahf nkhop jdJ
rigapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. me;j];ij
mq;ffP upff; g;gl;lJ. Mq; f pyKk; rpq; f sKk; my; y J NgzpAs;sJ.

18 19
 Nkw; Fwpg;gpl;l gy eltbf;iffs; Mq;fpy
Ml; r papypUe; J k; > Mq; f py nkhopapd;
Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;Jk;> tpLjiy ngWtjw;F
cjtpd. Rje;jpuj;ij mu;j;j G\;bahf;Fk;
tifapy; 1948,y; vkf;F murpay; Rje;jpuk;
fpilj;jJ. mJ NkNyhl;lkhd khw;wNk
nahopa cs;shu;e;j khw;wk; my;y vd;gJ
,d;Wk; njspthfpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk;
,r;Rje;jpuj;ij ntd;nwLf;fg; ghLgl;Nlhu;
ahu;? rpq;fs> jkpo;> K];ypk; kf;fNs ,g;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;ldu;. “Rauh[;ak; gw;wpa
1948 ,y; vz;zf;fU mtu;fsplk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
tiuaWf;fg; ngWNgwhf 1948 ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Xu;
gl;l
Rje;jpuj;ijg; Rje; j puk; fpilj; j J. mjidg; g+u; j ; j p
ngw Nghuhl;lk; nra;Ak; nghWg;G rpq;fs - jkpo; - K];ypk;
elj;jpNahu; kf;fs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> xU
ahu;? rpq;fs Jujpu\; l; trkhd epfo;T Vw;gl;lJ. rpqf; sk;
jkpo; - K];ypk; jkpo; nkhopfspy; Ml;rp ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;
kf;fNs
Nghuhl;lk; vd;gij kwe;J ngUk;ghd;ik mjpfhuj;ijg;
elj;jpdu;. ngw;w rpq;fs kf;fs; midj;J mjpfhuq;f
Mdhy; Kd;du; isAk; jkjhf; f pf; nfhz; l du; . ,jw; F
Mq;fpyj;jpw;F mika rpq; f sk; - jkpo; Mfpa ,U
,Ue;j ,lk;
rpq;fsj;jpw;F nkhopfSf;Fg; gjpyhf rpq;fsk; khj;jpuk;.
cupj;jhdJ. mur fUk nkhopahf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;w
jkpo; nkhop fUj;J Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1948f;F
kwf;fg;gl;lJ. Kd; d u; Mq; f pNyaupd; Ml; r papd; fP o ;
20
Mq; f pyj; j pw; F ,Ue; j me; j ]; i jAk;
mjpfhuj;ijAk; rpqf ; s nkhopfF
; rl;lj;jpd;
%yk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt> 1956 ,d; 33k;
,yf;fr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; rpqf
; s nkhop mur
fUk nkhopahfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
md;W> Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf;Fk; Mq;fpy
nkhopapd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf rpq;fsj;
jiytu;fSld; xd;wpize;J Nghuhba
jkpo; K]; y pk; jiytu; f s; ,g; g hFghL
fhuzkhf ngupJk; kdNtjid mile;jdu;.
rpqf
; sj; jiytu;fspd; ed;wpapyy ; hj; jd;ik
Fwpj;J jkpo; K];ypk; jiytu;fs; tpuf;jp
mile;jdu;.
,t;thW
cz;ikapy; rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; mur fUk jkpio
nkhopfshf rl;lkhf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kwe;jjd;
,J md; W eilKiwg; g Lj; j hikapd; fhuzkhf
ghjpg; G fis ,d; W k; ehk; mDgtpj; J jkpo; K];ypk;
kf;fspilNa
tUfpd;Nwhk;. rpq;fs nkhopia rl;lj;jhy; Vw;gl;l
mur fUk nkhopahf;fpdhYk; njhlu;eJ ; k; gy kdNtjidia
Mz;Lfs; Mq;fpy nkhopfF ; mbikahfNt mfw;Wtjw;F
,Uf;f Neu;ej; J. rpqf; s nkhop kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l cupa
mNj Mjpff ; k; rpqf; s nkhopfF ; f; Fwpgg; plj; eltbf;if
vLf;fhik
jf;f mjpfhuk; fpilj;jJk; jkpo; nkhop kPJ ,d;Dk;
nrYj; J k; M jpf; f khf khwpaJ. ,d; W k; vQ;rpAs;s
,g;gpur;rpid njhlu;fpwJ. gpur;rpidahFk;.
21
 vt;tsT rl;lq;fs;> tpjpfs;> gpukhzq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jhky;
Rw; w wpf; i ffs; ,Ue; j hYk; mtw; i w ,Uf;Fk; gof;fKk;
mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd tpUg;gk;> mjd; tuyhWk;
czu;T> fl;Lg;ghL ,y;yhtpl;lhy; mit
%yk; vjpu; g hu; f ; f g; g Lk; Nehf; f q; f s; nlhd%u; Mizf; F O mwpf; i f (1945)
epiwNtw khl;lh. ,t;thW Fwpgg; pLfpwJ.

xU Njrpa ,dk; vd;w tifapy; ,g;gz;G “xU rpWghd;ik ,dj;jpw;F vjpuhfVjhtJ

vkJ Njrpa fyhrhuj;jpd; Xu; mk;rkhfj; mePjp Vw;gLkhapd; epu;thf eilKiwfs;
jpfo Ntz; L k; . ,J ,t; t hW ,lk; n gw %yNk mJ ,lk;ngWk;. Vnddpy; ,j;jifa
Ntz;Lkhdhy;> vkJ nkhopg; gad;ghL> fy;tp> eltbf;iffs; ,yFthf mk;gyj;jpw;F
rl;lk;> murpay; vd;gtw;wpy; ,g;gz;Gfs; tukhl;lhJ.”
NtW}d;wp mika Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gz;Gfs;
vk;kplk; ,y;yhtpll
; hy; nkhopg; gad;ghl;bd; ,f;fUj;J epytpaikahNyNa 1947 Mk;
vt;tsT rl;l
jpl;lq;fs; NghJ ,t;Tupikfs; kPwg;gLtJ jtW vd Mz;L murpayikg;gpy; gpd;tUk; 29(2)
gpukhzq;fs;> vkf;Fg; Gupa khl;lhJ. ,g;gad;ghl;bw;F cWg;Giufs; murpayikg;G tiuQu;fshy;
tpjpfs;> mika> mur Ml;rp mtrpakhd tsq;fisAk; cs;slf;fg;gl;ld.
Rw;wwpf;iffs; trjpfisAk; toq; f hik ghuJukhd
,Ue;jhYk; 29(2) ve;jnthU rl;lKk;:
jtiwj; jtwhFk; . ,t; t hW eilngWtJ Xu;
jpUj;Jk; xLf;FKiw vdg; nghUl;gLj;jhtpl;lhy; epiwNtw;W
tpUg;gKk; mj;jifa r%fj;jpy; Njrpa xw;Wikia (m) VNjDk; xU kjj;jpd; Rje;jpukhd my;yJ epu;thf
czu;Tk; cUthf;f KbAkh? nraw;ghl;ilj; jLf;fhJ my;yJ nray;fspdhy;
,y;yhtpl;lhy; kl;Lg;gLj;jhJ| my;yJ Vw;gLk;
Njrpa xw;Wik mepahaq;fs;
vt;thW (M) VNjDk; r%fq; f s; my; y J ,yFtpy; ntsp
cUthf tu khl;lhJ.
KbAk;. kjq; f isr; rhu; e ; j egu; f is 1947

22 23
 cl; g Lj; j hj jil my; y J
kl;Lg;gLj;jy;fSf;F NtW VNjDk;
r%fj;ij my;yJ kjj;ijr; rhu;ej
;
egu;fis cl;gLj;jhJ| my;yJ
(,) VNjDk; r%fq; f is my; y J
kjq; f isr; rhu; e ; j egu; f Sf; F
mspff; g;glhj VNjDk; rpwg;Gupikfs;
my; y J ed; i kfs; NtNwNjDk;
r%fk; my;yJ kjj;jpd; egu;fSf;F
mspff; g;glyhfhJ.
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; ,t;thW $wpdhYk;
eilKiw tpj;jpahrkhfNt mike;jJ.
“ve;jnthU
1948Mk; Mz; b w; F Kd; d u; epytpa
,dj;jpw;Nfh
my;yJ Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpug; G; > ,dthj czu;Tfshf
kjj;jpw;Nfh khwpd. 1956{33 rl;lj;jpd; %yk; rpq;fsk;
Fiwj;J khj;jpuk; mur fUk nkhopahfg; gpufldk;
my;yJ $l;b nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,j; jtiwj; jpUj;Jtjw;F
ed;ik
fpilf;Fk; 1958 ,y; kw;WNkhu; rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
tifapy; mJ 1958{28 ,d; epahakhd jkpo; nkhop
rl;lk; ,aw;w ghtidr; rl; l khFk; mjd; %yk; mur
KbahJ” vd eltbf;iffis jkpo; nkhopapy; nraw;
29(2)
murpayikg;G gLj;Jtjw;F rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
cWg;Giu
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
24
* mur jkpo; ghlrhiyfspd; Nghjdh nkhop
jkpohf mika Ntz;Lk;. [2 (1)]
* jkpou;fs; mur Nritapy; Nru;tjw;fhd
guPl;irf;F jkpo; nkhopapy; Njhw;wyhk;
[2 (2]
* jkpo; nkhop NgRk; xUtu; mur epWtdk;
xd;Wld; njhlu;G nfhs;ifapy ;jkpo;
nkhopapy; njhlu;Gnfhs;Sk; cupik
cz;L (4)
* tlf; F fpof; F khfhzq; f spy; mur
eltbf;iffs; jkpo; nkhopapy; ,lk;ngw
Ntz;Lk; (4)
,t;thrfq;fSf;F ,dthjpfs; vjpu;g;Gj;
njuptpjj; jd; fhuzkhf ,it ntWk; Vl;Lr;
Riuf;fhahfNt mike;jd. eilKiwapy;
cs;s rl;lq;fis mKyhf;fhj fyhrhuk;
Mdhy;> rpq;fs
epyTk; tiu rl;lq;fs;> tpjpfs;>Rw;wwpfi
; ffs; nkhop khj;jpuk;
vd; g tw; w hy; vJtpjg; gaDk; ,y; i y. mur fUk
,t; T upikfis toq; F k; kdg; g f; F tk; nkhopahFk;
,y;yhtpll ; hy;> mit kPwg;gLjy; njhlu;ghf rl;lk; (1956{33)
xOq;fhf
jz;lidfs; mKyhf;fg;glkhl;lhJ. eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;gly;;
25
 1956 ,y; rpqf ; sk; mur fUk nkhop Mjy;> 1958 uPjpahd xU jtiwg; Gupe;jJ. gpupj;jhdpa
,d; jkpo; nkhop cgNahfr; rl;lk; nraw;gLj;jg; fl;Lg;ghLfspypUe;J KOikahf tpLjiy
glhik Mfpadtw;wpwF ; ,ilNa Fwpgg; pll; ngw Ntz;Lkhdhy; Nfhkiwf; fofj;jpl
fhy vy;iyAs; (3 Mz;Lfs;) rpqf ; s nkhopj; kpUe; J k; tpLjiy ngw Ntz; L k; vdj;
Nju; r ; r p ngw Ntz; L k; vd; w epge; j id jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. mNj rkak; vOr;rpAw;w
mr; n rhl; l hf mKyhfpaJ. Nju; r ; r p rpq; f sj; Njrpathjj; j pw; F Vw; w thW
ngwhNjhupd; rk;gsk; ,il epWj;jg;gl;lJ. ,yq; i f xU Fbaurhfg; gpufldk; 1972 ,y;
,J ,yq;if murpayikg;ig kPWk;nray; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; Vw;gl;l tuyhw;Wj; ,yq;if xU
vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;F> jkpo; mur jtW ahJ? Fbaurhfg;
gpufldk;
Copauhd NfhB];tud; nfhOk;G khtl;l nra;ag;gl;lJ.
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj; njhlu;e;J mjpy; * 1972 murpayikg;gpd; 6k; cWg;Giuf;F ,jd; %yk;
ntw;wpAk; ngw;whu;. mika ngsj;j kjk;mur kjkhfg; NfhB];tuDf;F
gpufldg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. toq;fg;gl;l
jPu;g;G %b
muR Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; Kd; nrd;W
kiwf;fg;gl;L
,j;jPu;g;gpw;F vjpuhf Nkd;KiwaPL nra;jJ. * 1972 murpayikg;gpd; 7k; cWg;Giuf;F
tuyhw;Wj;
jkpo; mur khtl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPug; i ; g Nkd;KiwaPlL ; mika 1956{33Mk; rl; l j; j py; jtW
Copau;fs; 3 eP j pkd; w k; epuhfupj; j J. vdNt> jpU. gpufldg; gLj;jpathW rpqf ; s nkhop ,iof;fg;gl;lJ.
Mz;Lfspy; NfhB];tud; ,jid vjpu;j;J Nfhkiwf; mur fUk nkhopahf murpay rl;l tbtpy;
rpq;fs ikg;gpy; Nru;ff
; g;gl;lJ. ,Ue;j mur
nkhopapy; fofj; j plk; (Privy Council) tof; F j; fUk nkhopr;
Nju;r;rp mila njhlu;e;jhu;. ,t;tof;Fj; jPug; g; pwF ; mika rl;lk;
Ntz;Lk; vd;w murpayikg;gpd; 29(2) cWg; G iu ,t; t puz; L cWg; G iufSk; Kd; i da murpayikg;gpy;
rl;lj;jpw;F kP w g; g l; L s; s jhfj; jP u ; g ; G f; $wg; g l; l J. murpayikg;gpd; 29(2) Mk; cWg;Giuf;F Nru;jJ
; f;nfhs;sg;
vjpuhf Kw;wpYk; khWgl;ld. gl;lJ. ngsj;j
NfhB];tud; ,j;jPug; G; 1970 ,y; toq;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo; mur kjk; mur
vd;w mur Copau; f spd; nkhop cupikia kjkhfg;
Copau;
,jd; %yk; Vida kjq; f is topgL gpufldg;
toq;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhf murhq;fk; tuyhw;W
tof;fhbdhu;. NthupdJk;> jkpo; nkhopiag; NgRNthupdJk; gLj;jg;gl;lJ.;

26 27
 kdk; Jd;gg;gltpyi ; yah? 1966 ,y; ,uz;L nkhopfs; Mizf;FO mwpfi
; fahFk;. mJ
jkpo; nkhoptpNrlVw; g hLfs; rl; l q; f s; gpdt
; UkhW $Wfpdw
; J:
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; 1972 murpa
yikg;Gld; Nkw;gb rl;lq;fspd; mKyhf;fk; “rpqf; sk; jkpo; Mfpa ,U nkhopfspYk; jkJ
iftplg;gl;lJ. ,t;thwhf nkhopr; rl;lq;fs; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd
nraw;glhikAld; nkhop cupikf;fhd ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gpuNjrr; nrayfg;
Nghuhl;lk; MAjg; Nghuhl;lkhf gupzkpjj; J. gpupTfs; ,Jtiu jkpo; nkhop NgRNthUf;F
,jw;fhd jPu;thfNt 1987 ,y; jkpo; nkhop jpUg;jpfukhd Nritfis toq;fj; jtwp
mur fUk nkhopahf mq;fPfupff ; g;gl;lJ. cs;sd”. (gf;fk; 5)

Mdhy; > jl; b f; f opf; F k; nraw; g hL “rpq;fs nkhop %yk; epu;thf eltbf;iffs;
njhlu;ej
; J. 1991 ,y; xU jPut
; hf mur fUk Nkw; n fhs; s g; g Lk; g puNjrq; f spy; jkpo;
nkhopfs; Mizf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nkhopapy; jkJ Njitfisg; g+u; j ; j p rl;lq;fs;
gpd;G nkhop mKyhf;fk; murpayikg;G nra;tjw;F jkpo; nkhop NgRk; gpui[fSf;F ,Ue;jhYk;
mYty;fs; kw;Wk; Njrpa xUikg;ghl;L mtrpakhd trjpfis murhq;fk; toq;f jl;bf; fopf;Fk;
mikr;rplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. kPz;Lk; tpy;iy. mNj rkak; Nkw;gb gpui[fs; fyhrhuk;
nkhop nkhop mKyhf;fk; “Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; njhlu;e;J
cupikf;fhd jkf; F j; Njitahd mwpf; i ffis ,Ue;J
Nghuhl;lk; r%f xUq;fpizg;G mikr;rpd; fPo; nfhz;L ntspaPLfis my;yJ NtW Mtzq;fis tUfpd;wJ.
MAjg; tug;gl;Ls;sNjhL Gjpa Ntiyj;jpl;lk; jkpopy; ngWtjw;Nfh my;yJ mtw;wpd; 1991 ,y; mur
Nghuhl;lkhf xd;Wk; mKyhf;fg;gl;L tUfpdw ; J. nkhop ngau;g;igg; ngWtjw;Nfh trjpfs; fUk nkhopfs;
khwpaJ. Mizf;FO
vdNt> 1989 nlhd%u; Mizf; F O mwpf; i fapy; nra;ag;gltpyi ; y. cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,y; jkpo; Fwpgg; pll
; thW eput
; hf uPjpahfTk; epiwNtw;W ghFghLfs;
nkhopAk; mur eltbf;iffs; %yKk; jkpo; nkhopf;F mNj rkak;> mtu;fSf;F tpepNahfpff ; g;gLk; njhlu;e;Jk;
fUk Mtzq;fSf;fhd jkpo; nkhopngau;g;G epyTtjhfNt
nkhopahf ghFghL fhl; l g; g Ljy; 2005 tiu Mizf;FO
,lk;ngw;wikf;fhd rpwe;j rhd;whjhuk; 2005 fisg; ngWtjw;Fk; mtu;fSf;F trjpfs;
mq;fPfupf;fg; 2005 ,y;
gl;lJ. [_d; khjk; ntspaplg; g l; l mur fUk ,y;iy. vdNt jkpo; nkhop eput
; hf nkhopahf $wpaJ.

28 29
 mike;Js;s gpuNjrq;fspy; rpq;fs nkhop gFjp 11
NgRgtu; f Sf; F Nkw; $ wpa trjpfs;
nlhd%u; mwpf;if fz;l
toq;fg;glTk; ,y;iy. (gf;fk; 5)
mePjpahd ftdpg;G
,t;thwhf epu;thf kl;lj;jpYk; epiwNtw;W
,yq;iff;F mtrpakhd murpayikg;ig
kl;lj;jpYk; Vw;gLk; mePjpfis rl;lq;fshy;
cUthf;Ftjw;F Kd;Ndhbahf> kf;fspd;
kl; L k; khw; w paikf; f KbahJ. vkJ
Nahridfisg; ngWtjw;F epakdk; ngw;w
eltbf;iffs; %yKk; rpe;jid %yKk;
nlhd%u; Mizf;FO rhl;rpfisg; gjpT
khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk;. ehk;
nra;jJ. mjpy; ,yq;if jkpo; fhq;fpu];
midj;J kdpju;fs; kPJk; md;G nrYj;J rku;gg; pjj
; fUj;Jf;fs; ,t;twpfi; fapy; (1945)
Nthkhdhy; Nkw;gb md;igg; GupAk; nkhopfF
; 41 Mk; gf;fj;jpy; VIII mj;jpahaj;jpd; 138
xypNah tbtNkh fpilahJ. nrhw; f s; Mk; ge;jpapy; Fwpgg; plg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fpilahJ. nkhopia mlf; F Kiwapd;
MAjkhfTk; > ghFghL fhl; L tjw; f hd “,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fSf;F rl;lthf;fj;
fUtpahfTk; re;Njfj;jpd; cgfuzkhfTk; Jiw %yk; Vw; g Lk; meP j pfis tpl Vuhskhd
nfhz;lhy; ehk; kdpju;fSf;Fk; kdpjj; epu; t hf epiwNtw; W j; J iwfs; %yk; rl;ljpll; q;fs;
Jtj;jpw;Fk; gpzf;FfSf;Fk; rpf; f y; mePjpfs; Vw;gLfpdw; d my;yJ mtu;fspd; ,Uf;fpdw; d.
fSf;Fk; cjtpahfNt mikNthk;. ,e; cupikfs; jl;bf;fopff ; g;gLfpdw
; d” Mdhy;>
elj; i jfis khw; w paikf; f Ntz; b a nghWg;G
fhyk; $Ljyhff; fopeJ ; tpll
; J. ,f;fUj;Jf;fisg; gw;wpa Mizf;FOtpd; tha;ej; tu;fs;
Njrpa mgpg;gpuhak; %yk; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplg; vtw;iwAk;
nkhopfs; gl;Ls;sJ: nraw;gLj;j
kw;Wk; r%f tpyi ; y.
xUq;fpizg;G mjw;fhd
mikr;rpwN; f
,g;nghWg;G jz;lidAk;
cs;sJ. ,y;iy.

30 31
 “rpWghd; i kapdUf; F VjhtJ meP j p
Vw; g Lkhapd; epu; t hf eltbf; i ffs; fz;b cld;gbf;if
%yNk mit Vw;gLfpd;wd. Vnddpy; (1815 khu;r; 2)
mtw;iwr; Rygkhff; fz;Lgpbf;fNth
mk;gyg;gLj;jNth KbahJ” ,q;fpyhe;J murpd; rhu;gpy; MSeu; nuhgu;l;
gpuTd;wpf;Fk; rpq;fsf; Fbkf;fspd; rhu;gpy;
Rkhu; 100 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; epytpa mjpfhuk;khu;fSk;> khtl;l mur mjpgu;fSk;>
epiyikNa ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. epyg; gpuGf;fSk; fz;b cld;gbf;ifapy; fz;b
vt;tsT rl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; epu;thf ifr;rhj;jpll; du;. cld;gbf;if
epiwNtw; W eltbf; i ffs; fhuzkhf %yk; mJtiu
Nkw; g b ghFghL njhlu; e ; J k; ,lk; ,t; T ld; g bf; i ff; F mika mJtiu
epytpa 32
ngWfpdw ; J. epytpa jz;lid Kiwfshd if> fhy;>
tifahd
fhJ vd; g tw; i w ntl; L jYk; > kuz
rpjj
; putijj;
jz;lidAk; ,y;yhnjhopff ; g;gl;ld.
E}W jz;lid
Mz;LfSf;F Mq; f pNyaupd; Ml; r p Vw; g l; l J. gpuNjr
Kiwfs;
Kd;du; epu; t hfk; murhq; f mjpgu; f splk;
,y;yhnjhopf;
epytpa xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
fg;gl;ld.
epiyik jiytu;fis
mjhtJ> jiytu;fSf;Ff; fdk; gz;Zjy; mt;thNw tpOe;J
rl;lq;fs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> MSeu; cl;gl gpuGf;fs; tzq;Fjy;>
mKyhf;fg; Kd; d piyapy; tpOe; J tzq; F jy; > mtu;fs;
glhik Koq; f hypy; epw; w y; vd; g d ,uj; J r; Kd;dpiyapy;
,d;Wk; nra;ag;gl;ld. Koq;fhypy;
mt;thNw epww; y;
eilngw;W Mdhy; xU jiytd; ghijapy; gazk; Nghd;wit
tUfpdw; J. nra;Ak; NghJ VidNahu; ghijapy; xJq;fp vQ;rpd.

32 33
 kupahij nra; a Ntz; L k; | jiytu;
Kd;dpiyapy; jkJ Mrdq;fspy; ,Ue;J
vOe;J kupahij nra;a Ntz;Lk;| vd;w
epajpfs; njhlh;ej
; d.
cld; g bf; i fapy; fhzg; g l; l NtW
tplaq;fNshL Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l epiyikfs;
njhlu;e;jd. ,tw;iwg; nghJkf;fs; kpf
tpUg;gj;Jld; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu; vd;gjpy;
re;Njfk; ,y;iy. kpff; nfh^ukhd jz;lid
Kiwfs; ePf;fg;gl;lik Fwpj;J rhjhuz
kf;fs; kfpor; r; p mile;ejdu;.
gpd; d u; MSeupd; fl; l isf; F mika
1818.11.21 k; jpfjp tpLf; f g; g l; l
fl; l isfSf; f pilNa epakdq; f spd;
1818 MSeh;
nghUl; L murhq; f j; j pw; N fh my; y J
gpufldj;jpd;
jiytu; f Sf; F fl; l zk; nrYj; J jy; >
%yk; mur
MSeUf;Fk; mjpfhupfSf;Fk; guprpyf ; is
epakdq;fSf;F
toq;Fjy; jilnra;ag;gl;lJ.
ghprpyf
; s;
toq;FtJ Mdhy;> murhq;fj;jpw;F ehdhtpj tupfs;
,y;yhnjhopff ; nrYj;jg;gl;ld.
g;gl;lJ.
Mdhy; thp ,e;j Ml;rp Kiwia kf;fs; tpUk;gpdhu;fs;
nrYj;Jjy; vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;lNt ,t;tplaq;fisf;
njhlh;ej; J. Fwpg;gpl;Nlhk;. ,t;thwhf Nkw;gb Ml;rpia
34
tpUk; G ifapy; ,dthj czu; T fs;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. kdpju;fs; vd;w
tifapy; Vw; g Lj; j g; g l; l epk; k jpahd
epiyikia kf;fs; Vw;W mq;fPfupj;jdu;.
murd; cl;gl epyg;gpuGf;fspd; nfh^ukhd
Ml;rp fhuzkhfNt kf;fs; XusT Mq;fpy
Ml;rpia tpUk;gpdh;.
,j;jifa kf;fs; tpUk;gj;jf;f Ml;rpia
Mq; f pNyau; f s; Mq; f py nkhop %yNk
elj;jpdu;. mtu;fs; kupahijf;F cl;gl;l
mNjNtis Ml; r p nkhopf; F k; mNj
kupahij ,ay;ghfNt fpilj;jJ. ,d;Wk;
epyTk; Mq; f py nkhop kP j hd Nkhfk;
,t;thwhfNt Vw;gl;lJ. rpqf ; s nkhopiaj;
juf; Fiwthff; fUjTk; > mNj rkak;
md; W k; eilKiwapy; ,Ue; j jkpo;
nkhopiaAk; juf; Fiwthff; fUJk;
,e;epiyapd;
gof;fKk; Muk;gpff ; g;gl;lJ.
fPo; Mq;fpy
nkhop kPJ xU
md;iwa epiyikf;F mika kpfr; rpwe;j
khpahij
epiyik Vw; g l; l ik Vw; W f; nfhs; s g;
Vw;gl;lJ.
gl;lhYk; ntspehl;L mbikj; jdj;Jf;Nf
mth;fspd;
mJ toptFj;jJ. nkhop njhlu;ghf vkf;F
nkhopfF ; k;
Vw;gl;l gaDWjpaw;w tof;fq;fs; gpd;dh;
mNj khpahij
tuyhW %yKk; cWjpahdJ.
nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
35
 ghFghl;bw;F my;yJ rpwg;Gupikf;F
mbg;gil cupikfs; vd; g jd; nghUs; : Fiwj; N jh
my; y J $l; b Nah ftdj; j pw; F
,yq;if murpay; mikg;gpd; III MtJ MshjyhFk;. mjhtJ> rl;lj;jpd;
mj;jpahaj;jpd; 10> 11> 12> 13 kw;Wk; 14 MtJ KOikahd eP j p toq; f g; g lh
cWg; G iufSf; F mikaTk; IV Mk; ikahFk; . ,j; j ifa NtWghL
mj;jpahaj;jpd; nkhop njhlu;ghd cWg;Giu fhl; l y; Xu; gpui[f; F Vw; g l
%yKk; mbg;gil cupikfs; Fwpg;gplg; Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ mur epWtdj;jpd;
gl;Ls;sd. %yNkh Xu; mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;
%yNkh ,j;jifa cupik kPwy;
mbg;gil cupikfs; vd;gd : epthuzq;fs; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.
kw;Wk; jz;lidfSld; rl;lj;jhy;
cWjp nra; a g; g l; l kdpj mg;NghJ 12(2) cWg;Giuapd; epthuzj;ijg;
cupikfshFk; . nkhop gw; w pa ngw KbAk;.
mbg; g il cupikfs; 12 (2) Xu; mur
(Mdhy; > murhq; f j; j pdJk; > eP j p
cWg; G iuapy; gpd; t UkhW epWtdNkh
kd; w q; f spdJk; > cs; S uhl; r p kd; w q;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ: my;yJ
fspdJk; my;yJ $l;Lj;jhgdq;fspdJk;
12(2) ve;jnthU gpui[Ak; ,dk;> kjk;> mjpfhupNah
Nritj; NjitfSf;F ,k;nkhop mwpT nkhop
nkhop> rhjp> Mz; - ngz; tpjj ; pahrk;>
nkhop fhuzkhf kl;lj;ij epakpg;gJ ghFghL fhl;lyhff; fhuzkhf Xu;
murpay; fUj;J my;yJ gpwg;gplk;
ghFghl;bw;F fUj KbahJ.) gpui[f;F
vd;w fhuzq;fspd; epkpjj ; k; my;yJ
Mshfhik Fiwj;Njh
,tw;Ws; ve;jnthU fhuzj;jpd; nkhop fhuzkhf nghJr; Nrit
mbg;gil $l;bNah
cupikahFk;. epkpj;jKk; ghFghl;bw;F my;yJ epiyaq;fSf;Nfh> Gdpjj; jyq;fSf;Nfh ftdpjj ; y;
[12(2)] cWg;Giu. tpNrl rYiff;F cl;glf; $lhJ. cl;gpuNtrpgg; ijj; jLf;f KbahJ. jtwhFk;.

36 37
 (4) ,t; t j; j pahaj; j pd; (IV) ,d;
Vw;ghLfSf;F mika mur fUk
mur fUk nkhopfs; nkhopfis mKy; g Lj; J tjw; F
ghuhSkd; w j; j hy; rpy rl; l
18 MtJ cWg;Giu Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
18(1) ,yq; i fapd; mur fUknkhop (,jw;fika Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk;
rpq; f skhFk; . (1972> 1978 Mfpa r%f xUq;fpizg;G mikr;Rk; mur
murpayikg;Gf;fspy; ,e;epiyik fUknkhopfs; Mizf; F OTk;
,t;thwhf mike;j NghjpYk; gpdd ; u; nraw;gLfpwJ.) rpqf; sk;
murpay; 13 Mk; murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;jpd; kw;Wk; jkpo;
mikg;gpd; 18 19 MtJ cWg;Giu
gpdd; u;) mur fUk
MtJ (2) jkpo; nkhopAk; mur fUk nkhopfshf
19 rpq;fs nkhop kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhop
cWg;Giuapd; nkhopahFk;. ,Ug;gNjhL
,yq;ifapd; Njrpa nkhopfshFk;.
fPo; jkpo; nkhop (3) Mq; f py nkhop ,izg; G Njrpa
mur nkhopahFk;. nkhopfshfTk;
I ,jd; ngWNgwhf ghuhSkd;wk;>
fUknkhopahf mq;ffP upff
; g;
(rpqf; sKk; jkpOk; mur fUknkhop khfhz rigfs; > cs; S uhl; r p
Vw;Wf; gl;Ls;sd. (19
vd;w me;j];ijg; ngw;wikahy; epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; cWg;gpdu;
nfhs;sg; MtJ
rfy mur epWtdq; f spd; xUtu; ,U Njrpa nkhopfspy;
gl;Ls;sJ. cWg;Giu)
eltbf; i ffSk; rpq; f sj; j pYk; VjhtJ xU nkhopapy;
,jw;fika vdNt> Njrpa
jkpopYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ciuahw;Wtjw;F cupj;Jilatu;
mur epWtdq;fspy;
mjhtJ cau; eP j pkd; w q; f spy; Mthu;. (20 MtJ cWg;Giu).
eltbf;iffs; ,e;j ,U
,U jPu;g;Gf;fis toq;Fk; NghJ rpy nkhopfspy;
II xU egu; ,U nkhopfspy; jhk;
nkhopfspYk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fspy; xU nkhopapy;
tpUk; g pa nkhopapy; fy; t p fw; f
,lk;ngw khj;jpuk; Mq;fpy nkhop (,izg;G ciuahw;w
KbAk;. (21 Mk; cWg;Giu). (vdpDk;>
Ntz;Lk;. nkhop) eilKiwapy; cs;sJ). NtW nkhopapy; fw; g pj; j y; KbAk;.

38 39
 ,lk;ngWk; ghlrhiyf;F ,r;rl;lk;
nry; Y gbahfhJ. cjhuzk; :
ru;tNjrg; ghlrhiyfs;).
22 MtJ cWg;Giu - epUthf nkhop
Mq;fpNyaUila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; mur
fUknkhopAk; epu; t hf nkhopAk; jkpo;
nkhopahf mike;jJ. rpq;fsKk; jkpOk;
Njrpa nkhopfshf mf; f hyj; j py;
mq;ff
P upff
; g;gltpyi
; y.

,yq;if G+uhTk; rpqf

; sKk; jkpOk; epUthf eput
; hf nkhopfshff; Fwpgg; pll
; gpuNjrj;jpy;
nkhopahFk;. ,U mur fUknkhopfisAk; gpufldg;gLj;j
KbAk; . mj; j ifa re; j u; g ; g q; f spy;
Nkw;gb 18 MtJ cWg;Giu %yk;> rpqf
; sKk; rpq; f sj; j pYk; jkpopYk; epu; t hfk;
jkpOk; ,yq; i fapd; mur fUk Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
nkhopfshf gpufldg; g Lj; j g;
gl;Ls;sd. rpy
mjw;fika 29 gpuNjr nrayfg; gpupTfs; ,U
mur gpuNjrq;fspy;
nkhop gpuNjr nrayfg; gpupTfshf
epWtdq;fspy; mur fUnkhop> epu; t hf nkhop Mfpa murfUk;
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd:
eltbf;if ,uz;Lf;Fk; cs;s tpj;jparhk; ahJ? mur nkhopfs;
Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; epWtdq; f spy; eltbf; i ffis Nkw; gJis> gz; l hutis> vy; y > ,uz;Lk;
gjpNtLfisg; nfhs; t jw; F k; mwpf; i ffisg; gjpT `y;Jk;Ky;iy> `hypvy> `Gj;jis> epht
; hf
guhkhpjj
; y; nra;tjw;Fkhd nkhop eput ; hf nkhopahFk;. YZfy> kP f `fpAy> g]; ] u> nkhopfshfyhk;
vd;gd epht
; hf rpq;fsk; my;yJ jkpo; my;yhj NtW xU nrhuzhnjhl; i l> ntypkl> nfhOk; G > mj;jifa
nkhopapNy nkhop (Mq;fpyk;) eput
; hf nkhopahf mikaf; jpk; g pupf]; a ha> fSj; j iw> NgUtiy> re;jh;gg; q;fspy;
,lk; ngw $Lk;. Mdhy;> mJ ,Jtiu epr;rapf;fg;gl (fz;b) mf;Fuid> njy;njhl;il> gd;tpy> eltbf;iffSk;
Ntz;Lk; tpy;iy. tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; g];ghNf> NfhuNy clgyhj;j. gjpNtLfSk;
rpqf
; sKk; eput
; hf nkhop jkpo; nkhopahFk;. mNj rkak; ,U
jkpOk; Vida khfhzq;fspd; eput ; hf nkhop rpqf
; s (Etnuypa) mk;gfKt> `q;Fud;nfj;j> nkhopfspy;
epUthf nkhopahFk;. nfhj;kiy> Etnuypa> tyg;gid> ,lk; ngw
nkhopfshFk;. Ntz;Lk;.

40 41
 (Gj; j sk; ) fw; g pl; b > Ke; j sk; > Gj; j sk; > III xU fbjj;ij vOjp ifnahg;gkpLk;
tdhjtpyY ; t NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l Mtzk; my;yJ
mjd; jkpo; > Mq; f py nkhop
(fhyp) fhyp fltj;rj;jw. ngau;gi ; gg; ngWtjw;F kf;fSf;F
cupik cz;L.[cWg;Giufs; 22 (2)
,t;thwhf ,U nkhop gpuNjrr; nrayfq; (m) - (<) tiu]
fshf gpufldg; g Lj; j g; gl; b Ue; j hYk; >
rl;lj;jpy;
njhlu;e;Jk; nkhop njhlu;ghd ghFghLfs; vdpDk; > ,tw; w pw; F k; Nghjpa trjpfs; fbjq;fisg;
epyTfpd;wd. trjpfs; NghjpasT ,d;ik ,d; i kahy; Vl; L r; Riuf; f hahfNt gupkhwpf;
ahYk;> mur mjpfhupfspd; kdg;ghq;Ffs; cs;sd. nfhs;sTk;
fhuzkhfTk; ,e;epiyik epyTfpwJ. nkhop
cWg;Giu 22 (4) - khfhz ngau;gG; fisg;
vdpDk;> eput
; hf nkhop gw;wpa ,r;rl;lj;Jf;F rigfspd; eltbf;iffs; ngwTk;
mika eput
; hf
rpq; f s nkhopapy; eltbf; i ffis
kl;lj;jpy;
I jkpo; nkhop my;yJ Mq;fpy nkhop Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xU khfhz rigapy; rpqf ; s KbAk; vdf;
Mfpatw;Ws; xU nkhop %yk; fbjg; nkhopapYk;> jkpo; nkhopapy; eltbf;if Fwpgg; plg;
,t;thW rl;l Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;ajy;. Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xU khfhz rigapy; jkpo; gl;bUe;jhYk;
uPjpahf nkhopapYk; nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fs; ,lk;ngw eilKiwapy;
gpufldg;gLj;jg; II cj; j pNahfG+u; t Mtzj; i j> Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ NtW nkhopapy; eput; hfk; mJ
gl;bUe;jhYk; mwpf; i fnahd; i w my; y J ,lk;ngWk; khfhz rig Mq;fpyj;jpYk; KOikahf
eilKiwg; Mtzj;ijg; guprPyid nra;jy;> Nfhg;Gfis guhkupff; Ntz;Lk;. rhj;jpag;
gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghopg; i gg; ngWjy; > mjd; gltpyi ; y.
re;ju;gg; q;fs; nkhopngau;g;ig jkpo; nkhop %yk; ,jw;Fg; gy
FiwthfNt my;yJ Mq;fpy nkhop %yk; ngw;Wf; jilfs;
cs;sd. nfhs;Sjy;. cz;L.
42 43
 cWg;Giu 22 (5)
rp q ; f sk; my; y J jkp o ; nkhop
gw;wpa tpNrl mwpT
mur Nrit> ePjpkd;wr; Nrit> khfhz mur
Nrit> cs;Suhl;rp Nrit my;yJ mur
epWtdj;jpy; Ml;Nru;g;gjw;F eilngWk;
guPl;irfs; rpq;fsj;jpy; my;yJ jkpopy;
Nghjpa mwpT ,Uf; f Ntz; L k; vd; W
epakpf;Fk; NghJ Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mbg;gil
cupikfis kPWtjhff; fUj KbahJ.
rl;lq;fSk;> Jizr; rl;lq;fSk;> Jiz
tpjpfSk;> fl;lisfSk;> mwptpjj; y;fSk;>
khfhz rigapd; nkhopapy; ,lk;ngwyhk;.
Mdhy;> VjhtJ Fwpg;gpl;l vOj;J %yr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ntspaplg;gLk; rl;lq;fs;>
gpufldq;fs;> gpukhzq;fs;> Jiz tpjpfs;>
fl;lisfs;> mwptpjj; y;fs;> fnrw; gj;jpupif
Mfpatw;wpy; Mq;fpy nkhopngau;g;GlDk;
mur fUknkhopfSlDk; ntspaplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. [23(2)]

cWg;Giu 23
rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; nkhop

rl;lq;fis midj;Jr; rl;lq;fSk; Jizr; rl;lq;fSk;

,aw;Wjy; ,aw;Wk; NghJk; gpufldg;gLj;Jk; NghJk;
rpqf
; sk; (mur fUknkhopfs;) rpqf
; sk; my;yJ jkpopy; vOj;J%y
my;yJ jkpo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Mq;fpy nkhop rl;lq;fs;>
nkhopfspy; mwptpjj; y;fs;
%ykhd xU nkhopngau;g;Gk; ,lk;ngw
,lk; ngw fnrw; gj;jpuk;
Ntz;Lk;. Ntz;Lk;. [23(1)] vd;gd
Mq;fpy Kk;nkhopfspYk;
nkhopngah;gG; k; khfhz rigNah my; y J cs; S uhl; r p ntspaplg;gl
Njit 23(1) kd;wNkh ntspapLk; rfy gpufldq;fSk;> Ntz;Lk; 23(2)

44 45

ePjp kd;wq;fspd; nkhopfs;
rpq; f sKk; jkpOk; eP j pkd; w q; f spd;
nkhopfshf ,yq;if vq;qDk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fisj;
jtph; e ; j Vida rfy khfhzq; f spYk;
eP j pkd; w nkhop rpq; f skhf mikjy;
Ntz;Lk;. [24(1) cWg;Giu]
tof;F tprhuiz mwpf;iffSk; Vida
tof;F eltbf;iffSk; rpq;fsj;jpYk;
jkpopYk; mika Ntz; L k; Mdhy;
gphpj; j hdpah; f splk; ,Ue; J ngw; w
tlf;F kw;Wk; kuGhpikapd; fhuzkhf njhlh;eJ ; k; tof;F
fpof;F eltbf; i ffs; Mq; f pyj; j py;
khfhzj;jpy; eilngWfpdw ; d.
jkpo; nkhopAk;
Vida vdpDk; > eP j p vd; D k; tplaj; J f; F g;
khfhzq;fspy;
nghWg;ghfTs;s mikr;rh;> mikr;ruitapd;
rpqf; s
xUg;ghl;Lld;> VNjDk; ePjp kd;wj;jpd;
nkhopAk;
ePjpkd;w gjpNtlhdJ ePjpkd;w nkhop jtph;e;j xU
nkhopahFk;. nkhopapy; Ngzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; [24(1)]
,jw;fika Nkd;KiwaPlL ; ePjpkd;wj;jpYk;
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; tof;F eltbf;iffs;
mwpf; i faply; vd; g d njhlh; e ; J k;
Mq;fpyj;jpNyNa ,lk; ngWfpdw ; J.
vdpDk; tof;F eltbf;iffis Muk;gpfF ; k;
rl; l j; j uzp Nkw; g b eltbf; i ffis
rpq;fsj;jpy; my;yJ jkpopy; Nkw;nfhs;s
KbAk; [24(2)] Mdhy; > ,J ntF
mG+h;tkhfNt eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,k;
Kaw; r pf; F eP j pkd; w r; #oypy; jho; e ; j
gpujpgypgN; g fpilf;fpdw ; J.
eP j pgjpnahUth; xU tof; F
eltbf; i fapd; N ghJ ciungah; g hsh;
xUthpd; Nritiag; ngwyhk;. mNj rkak; Nkd;
tof;NfhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdh; tof;F KiwaPlL ;
mwpf;ifapd; nkhop ngah;g;igg; ngwyhk;. ePjpkd;wj;jpdJk;
[24(3)] Mdhy; > njhlh; e ; J k; ciu cah;
ngah;gg; hsh;fspd; vz;zpfi
; f NghjhJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpdJk;
rfy
nkhopfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; NghJkhd eltbf;iffSk;
trjpfis muR Vw;ghL nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; Mq;fpyj;jpNyNa
vd 25 MtJ cWg;Giuapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhlh;eJ; k;
,lk;
ngWfpdw; d.

46 47
 mur fUk nkhopapd; 2. xU jpizf;fskhapd; jpizf;fsj;
mKyhf;fk; jiyth; tifnghWg; G f; $ Wthh;
Nkyjpf jpizf;fsj; jiyth; my;yJ
fle; j fhyj; j pypUe; J gy; N tW rl; l gpujpj; jiyth; mur fUk nkhopfs;
jpl;lq;fs; fl;lisr; rl;lq;fs; ,Ug;gpDk;> mKyhf;fj;jpwF
; g; nghWg;Gf; $Wthh;. mikr;Rr;
mur fUk nkhopfs; njhlh; g hf mit nrayhsh;
3. khfhz rigapd; gpujk nrayhsh;
rhpahd Kiwapy; mKyhf;fg;gltpy;iy. gpujpr;
tif nghWg;Gf; $Wthh;> gpujpg; gpujk
vdNt> 2009.09.25 Mk; jpfjp 1620/27 Mk; nrayhsh;
nrayhsh; (eph; t hfk; ) mur fUk
,yf;f mjptpNrl th;jj ; khdpapy; ntspaplg; jpizf;fsj;
mur fUk nkhopfs; mKyhf;fj;jpwF ; g; nghWg;Gf; jiyth;>
gl;l mwptpg;G %yk; mur fUk nkhopfis
nkhopfs; $Wthh;. gpujpj; jiyth;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; mYtyh; fisAk; mur
chpa fUk nkhopfis eilKiwg; g Lj; J k; 4. khfhz rig mikr;rhpd; nrayhsh; khfhz rigr;
Kiwapy; mYtyh;fisAk; gjtpg;ngah; Fwpg;gpl;L tif nghWg; G f; $Wthh; . gpujpr; nrayhsh;>
mKy;gLj;jg; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpdw
; J. efu rig
nrayhsh; mur fUk nkhopfs;
glhikahy; Mizahsh;fs;
mKyhf;fj;jpwF
; g; nghWg;Gf; $Wthh;.
2009 Mk; Nkw;gb fnrw; mwptpj;jy;fSf;F mika efu rig
Mz;L gpdt
; Uk; mur epWtdq;fs; %yk; mur fUk 5. khfhz rigj; jpizf; f skhapd; gpuNjr rigr;
mjptpNrl nkhopfs; nfhs;if nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. jpizf;fsj;jiyth; tifnghWg;Gf; nrayhsh;fs;
fnrw; mitahtd:mikr;Rf;fs;> jpizf;fsq;fs;> $Wthh;. Nkyjpf/gpujp jpizf;fsj; epht
; hf
mwptpjj; y; khfhz rigfs;> cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs;. jiyth; mur fUk nkhopfs; cj;jpNahfj;
%yk; mKyhf;fj;jpwF
; g; nghWg;Gf; $Wthh;. jh;fs; mur
mKyhf;fy; 1. mikr;Rr; nrayhsh; tifg;nghWg;Gf; fUk nkhopfs;
mYtyh;fSf;F $Wthh;. Nkyjpfr; nrayhsh; my;yJ 6. khefu rigahapd; khefu Mizahsh; mKyhf;
nghWg;Gf;fs; rpNu\;l cjtpr; nrayhsh; mur fUk tifnghWg;Gf; $Wthh; gpujp khefu fj;jpwF; k;
xg;gilf;fg; nkhopfs; mKyhf;fj;jpwF
; g; nghWg;Gf; Mizahsh; mur fUk nkhopfs; nghWg;Gf;$w
gl;ld. $Wthh;. mKyhf;fj;jpwF
; g; nghWg;Gf; $Wthh;. Ntz;Lk;.

48 49
 7. efu rigfs; gpuNjr rigfshapd;
nrayhsh; tifnghWg;Gf; $Wthh;.
eph;thf cj;jpNahfj;jh; mur fUk
nkhopfs; mKyhf;fj;jpwF
; g; nghWg;Gf;
$Wthh;.
(c) mtrpak; Vw;gLk; NghJ nkhopfs; kw;Wk;
r%f xUq;fpizg;G mikr;rpw;Fk;>
mur fUk nkhopfs; Mizf;FOtpd;
jtprhsUf;Fk; Fwpgg; pll
; jfty;fis
toq;fj; jahh;|

tifg; n ghWg; G f; $Wk; gp u jk murfUk nkhop f s; mKyhf; f

mYtyh; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fSf;F mYtyh; f sp d ; tifg; n ghWg; G
tifg;nghWg;Gf; $w Ntz;Lk;. gpd;tUkhW

(m) mur fUk nkhopfs; gw;wpa nfhs;if (m) epWtdj; j pd; ,uz; l hk; kl; l
fSf; F k; mjNdhL njhlh; G ila mYtyh;ffs; mur fUk nkhopfs;
mur fUk
fl;lisfSf;Fk; Vw;Gila rl;lq; gw; w pa nfhs; i ffs; njhlh; g hd
nkhopfs; Nkw;gb
fisg; gw;wp rpwe;j mwpTila tuhf rl; l q; f isg; gw; w pa NghjpasT
nfhs;ifAld; mYtyh;fs;
,Uj;jy;| mwpTilNahuhf ,Uj;jy;|
Vw;Gila mwpfi ; ffis
rl;lq;fs; (M) Nkw;gb mYtyh;fs; ,J njhlh;ghd rkh;gg; pff
;
(M) murpayikg;gpd; mur nfhs;iffis
gw;wpa mwpT> rl; l q; f Sf; F Vw; g nraw; g Ltij Ntz;Lk;.
Vw;W eilKiwg;gLj;Jtw;fhd jpll ; k;
fz;fhzpgG; cWjp nra; t jw; F cgha mYtyh;fs;
Kiw> Fwpgg; pll
; epWtdj;jpwF
; cs;sik| nkhopr;
khh; f ; f q; f isj; jahhpj; J s; s ik
jilfisj; (,) Nkw; g b jpl; l j; i j NghjpasT kw; W k; mtw; i w mKyhf; f chpa rl;lq;fisg;
jtph;j;jy; fz; f hzpg; g jw; F Vw; g hLfSk; eltbf;iffis Nkw; nfhs;sy;| gw;wp mwpej ; pUg;
vd;gd mur jpll
; q;fSk; cs;sik| gNjhL
mYtyh; (,) mur fUk nkhopfs; gw;wpa nfhs;if mKyhf;fj;
fSf;F (<) jpl; l q; f is mKy; g Lj; J k; NghJ fis mKyhf;fy;> fz;fhzpj;jy;> jpll
; Kk;
xg;gilf;f Vw;glf;$ba jilfisj; jtphg; g; jw;F kjpgg; ha;T nra;tjw;fhd nray;Kiw ,Uj;jy;
g;gl;Ls;sik eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sik| eltbf;iffs; cs;sik| Ntz;Lk;.

50 51
 (<) mtrpaNkw; g Lk; NghJ Nkw; g bj; murfUk nkhopfs;
jfty;fis> juTfis> mwpf;iffs; nfhs;ifia mKyhf;Ftjw;F
vd;gd nkhopfs; tptfhu mikr;rpwF
; k;> ntspaplg; gl;Ls;s rpy
mur fUk nkhopfs; MizahsUf;Fk;> Rw;wwpf;iffs;
mur fUk nkhopfs; Mizf;FOj;
jtprhsUf;Fk; rkh;gg; pjj
; y;. murpayikg;gpy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lhYk;
NtW rl;lq;fs; gpwg;gpff ; g;gl;lhYk; Rw;wwpf;
iffs; mDg;gg;gl;lhYk; nkhopfn ; fhs;if
rhpahd Kiwapy; mKyhf;fg;gl tpy;iy
vd;gJ fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; ntspaplg;gl;l
Rw;wwpfi ; ffs; %yk; typAWj;jg;gLfpdw; d.
2010;.09.01 Mk; jpfjp ntspaplg;gl;l 03/2010
Mk; ,yf;f nghJ epUthfr; Rw;W epUgk;
NkNy
gpdt
; UkhW Fwpgg; pLfpwJ:
Fwpgg; pll; thW
* ,J njhlh;ghf Vw;fdNt %d;W mur fUk
Nkw;gb Rw;wwpfi ; ffs; ntspaplg;gl;lhYk; nkhopfs;
jfty;fs; mit mKyhf; f g; g l tpy; i y nfhs;iffs;
nkhopfs; mjhtJ: Rw;wwpf;if ,yf;fk; 25/ mKyhf;fg;g
mikr;rpwF ; 89 (1989.04.18) Rw;wwpfi
; f ,yf;fk; lhjjhy;
mur fUk 25/89 (1) (1989.12.06) 2010,y
nkhopfs; kPzL ; k; (03/
MizahshUf;F/ * jkpo; nkhopapy; mDg; g g; g Lk; 2010) ,yf;fk;
jtprhsUf;F fbjq;fSf;F jkpo; nkhopapy; nfhz;l
rkh;gg; pjj
; y; gjpy; vOjg;gltpyi
; y vd Kiwg; Rw;wwpfi ; f
Ntz;Lk;. ghLfs; fpilj;Js;sik. mDg;gg;gl;lJ.

52 53
 * gpdt
; Uk; eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gl murhq; f ep h ; t hfr; Rw; w wp f ; i f
Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;fk; 7/2007 (1)

I rpqf
; sk;> jkpo>; Mq;fpy nkhopfspy; mur fUk nkhopf; nfhs;ifiar; nraw;
gLj;jy; njhlh;gpy; 2007.05.28 Mk; jpfjp
mDg; g g; g Lk; fbjq; f Sf; F
mDg;gg;gl;Ls;s 07/2007 Rw;wwpf;if kPJ
Vw; G ila nkhopapy; gjpy;
ftdk; <h;ff
; g;gl;Ls;sJ.
mDg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,q;F Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s Vw;ghLfis nraw;
II Fwpg;gp;l;l nkhopapy; NghjpasT gLj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd ,uz;lhtJ mur
mwpT cj; j pNahfj; j Uf; F fUk nkhopapy; Njh; r ; r p ngWtijf;
,y;yhtpl;lhy; nkhopngah;g;ig fl;lhag;gLj;jp rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mur
jkpo; mDg;gp itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cj;jpNahfj;jh;
nkhopapy; ,e;j Vw;ghLfis nraw;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L Vw;Gila
mDg;gg;gLk; III Rw; w wpf; i f Nghd; w nghJthd jhgd tpjpf;Nfhitapd; 11Mk; mj;jpah ,uz;lhtJ
fbjq;fSf;F aj; j pd; 12:11:1 cg thrfj; j pd; gpd; d h; mur fUk
MNyhridfs; Kk;nkhopfspYk;
jkpo; fPo;f;Fwpg;gplg;gLk; cgthrfk; Nrh;j;Jf; nkhopapy;
ntspapl Ntz;Lk;.
nkhop%yk; nfhs;sg;gLk;. Njh;rr; p
gjpy; NghjpasT trjpfs; ,Ue;Jk; nraw;glh mila
mDg;gg;gL ‘’12:11:2 cj;jpNahfj;jh; xt;nthUtUk; Ntz;Lk; v
tpl;lhy; xU jz;lid ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Nritf; F /gjtpf; F epakpf; f g; g l; L 5
tjpyi ; y d;gij (07/
vd;w Fw;wr; trjpfs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; muR nghWg;Gf; tUlq; f Sf; F s; Vw; G ila gjtpf; F 2007)
rhl;L $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;lhk; mur fUk Rw;wpfi
; f
njhlh;eJ; k; nkhopj; Njh;r;rpia (gjtpf;F Vw;Gila kPzL; k;
,Ue;J kl; l j; i j) ngw; W f; n fhs; s y; Ntz; L k; . ftdj;ij
tUfpwJ. Fwpj; j fhyg; g Fjpf; F s; Njh; r ; r piag; <h;jJ
; s;sJ.

54 55
 ngw;Wf;nfhs;shj mYtyh;fspd; rk;gs
Vw;wk; js;spgN; ghlg;gLk;.”
,jw;fika mur Nritapy; Ml;Nrh;f;fg;
gLk; NghJ ,e;j epge;jidiag; G+h;j;jp
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
mikr;ruitj; jPh;khdq;fs;
“mur epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; fUj;jpl;lq;
fisAk; FwpfF ; Kfkhf rpqf; s nkhop %yk;
khj;jpuk; fhzg;gLk; RNyhfq;fs; jkpopYk;
Fwpgg; pLtJ mtrpakhFk;”

Vida Rw;wwpfi
; ffs; Nkw;gb tplak; njhlh;ghf 2008.04.09 Mk;
jpfjp mikr; r uit jP h ; k hdk; xd; i w
* murpd; rfy gbtq;fSk; Kk;nkhop Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjw;fika mur fUk
fspYk; mr;rplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nkhopfs; Mizf;fsj;jpd; cjtpiag;
ngw; W murhq; f fUj; j pl; l q; f is
* jilfis ePf;Ftjw;F mtrpakhd
mwpKfg;gLj;Jtw;F rpqf
; sk; jkpo; Mq;fpyk;
fUtpfis tpiyf;F thq;fy;.
Mfpa nkhopfspy; RNyhfq;fs; mikj;jy;
* nkhopngah; g ; g hsh; f is epWtdq; Ntz;Lk;.
Kk;nkhop mur
fspYk; fspypUe;Njh ntspapypUe;Njh Ml; fUj;jl p l; q;fis
gbtq;fs; vjph; fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;glTs;s rfy mwpKfg;gLj;j
Nrh;j;jy;.
nkhopgn ; gah;g; fUj;jpll; q;fisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kk;nkhopfspYk;
ghsh;fs; * Ntw;W nkhop Njh;rr; pff
; hf Cf;FtpgG; f; mur fUknkhopfs; jpizf; f sj; j pd; RNyhfq;fis
nkhopj; nfhLg;gdT toq;Fjy;. cjtpiag; ngw;W mur kw;Wk; muRld; mikj;Jf;
Njh;rr; p vd;gd ,ize; j epWtdq; f s; RNyhfq; f is nfhs;s
gw;wp gy Nkw; g b eltbf; i ffSf; F epjp mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Ntz;Lk; vd
Rw;wwpfi ; ffs; mikr;ruit
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mDg;gg;gl;ld. jPhk; hdpjJ ; s;sJ.

56 57
 mur fUk nkhopfs; nfhs;ifia
nraw;gLj;Jtw;fhd
mikr;R
Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghl;L
mikr;R 2010.09.30 Mk; jpfjp 1651/20 Mk;
,yf; f fnrw; mwptpj; j y; %yk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
* Njrpa nkhopfs; nfhs; i fiaj;
jahhpg; g jw; F mKyhf; F tjw; F k;
Vw;Gila tplaq;fs;
* r%f xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; ,dj;Jt
tptfhuq;fs;
mikr;rpd; fPo; nraw;gLk; epWtdq;fspd;
flikfs; gpdt; UkhW:

mikr; r pd; jj; J tq; f Sk; flikfSk; 1. mur fUk nkhopfs; jpizf;fsk;
gzpfSk; gpdt ; UkhW:
* Kk;nkhopfspYk; Njh;r;rp ngWtjw;F
* mur fUk nkhopfs; jpizf;fsk;> mur mur mYtyh; f Sf; F g; gapw; r p
Njrpa fUk nkhopfs; Mizf;FO Njrpa mspjj
; y;. mikr;rpd; fPo;
nkhopfs; nkhopf;fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdk;> mur fUk
vd; g tw; w pd; eltbf; i ffisf; * rpq;fsj;jpypUe;J jkpOf;Fk;> jkpop
nfhs;iffia nkhopfs;
fz;fhzpjj ; y;. ypUe;J rpqf; sj;jpwF
; k; nkhopngah;ff
; f;
mKyhf;Ftjw;F jpizf;fsk;>
$bathW nkhopngah;g;ghsh;fSf;Fg;
epiwNtw;W mur fUk
* Njrpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; r%f xUikg;ghL gapwr; p mspjj
; y;.
mjpfhuk; nkhopfs;
gw; w pa jpl; l q; f isAk; > epfo; r ; r pj;
nfhz;l * fy; t prhh; kw; W k; epUthf Nehf; f j; Mizf;FO>
jpl;lq;fisAk; fUj;jpl;lq;fisAk;
epWtdk; jpw;fhf mUQ;nrhy; mfuhjpfisj; Njrpa
jahhpj;jy;. njhLj;jy;.
Njrpa nkhopfs;
nkhopfs; * Nkw; g b eltbf; i ffSf; F jpl; l fw;if gapwr; p
* Kk;nkhop mfuhjpiaj; njhLj;jy;
kw;Wk; r%f mjpfhhpfSld; ,zf; f g; g hLfis epWtdk;
xUikg;ghl;L Vw;gLj;jp nraw;gLj;jy;> newpgg; Lj;jy;. * mur epWtdq;fSf;F nkhop ngah;g;G vd;gd
mikr;rhFk;. trjpfis Vw;gLj;jy; nraw;gLfpdw; d.

58 59
 * nkhopfis fw;gpj;jYf;fhd ghlnewp Mizf;FO jhdhfNth my;yJ gpui[fs;
fisj; jahhpj;jy;. %yk; nra; a g; g Lk; Kiwg; g hLfis
tprhuiz nra;J chpa eltbf;iffis
* etPd njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
nkhopg; gapw; r pf; f hd trjpfisr;
nra;jy;. 3. Njrpa nkhopfs; fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp
epWtfk; (mfytj;ij)
* nkhopj; Njh; r ; r p kP J ghP l ; i rfis
elhj;jp rhd;wpjo;fis toq;Fjy;. 2007/26 Mk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Njrpa nkhopfs;
fy;tp kw;Wk; gapwr; p epWtfk; jhgpff
; g;gl;lJ.
2. mur fUk nkhopfs; Mizf; FO
FwpfN
; fhs;fs;
1991/18 Mk; ,yf; f r; rl; l j; j pd; %yk;
jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. murpayikg;gpd; IV Mk; * rpq; f sk; > jkpo; > Mq; f pyk; Mfpa
mj; j pahaj; j py; cs; s lf; f g; g l; L s; s nkhopfisf; fw;gpg;gjw;fhd Mrphpah;
Vw;ghLfspd; mKyhf;fk; gw;wp tprhuiz fis cUthf;Fjy;.
nra;J fz;fhzpjj ; y;> Nkw;ghh;it nra;jy;
vd; g d Mizf; F Otpd; Fwpf; N fhs; * rpq;fs - jkpo; - Mq;fpy nkhopfspy;
fshFk;.
ciu ngah;gg; hsh;fis cUthf;Fjy;
mur fUk nkhopfs; mbg;gil chpikfisr;
mur fUk Njrpa
nraw;gLtijaplL; tif nghWg;Gf; $wy;. * nkhop ngah;g;ghsh;fisg; gapw;Wtpg;
nkhopfspd; nkhopfs;
mKyhf;fk; gjw;fhd Mrhpah;fis cUthf;Fjy;. fy;tp kw;Wk;
mur fUk nkhopfis kjpj; j y; >
mbg;gil Cf;Ftpj;jy;> me;j];ij Nkk;gLj;jy;> gapwr; p
chpikahfr; * Kk;nkhop Mw;wy;fisg; ngw gapw;rp epWtfk; nkhop
rkj; J tj; i jg; Ngzy; > gad; g hl; L
nraw;gLtij chpikfis Vw;W mq;fPfhpjj; y;. mspjj
; y;. ngah;gg; hsh;fis
fz;fhzpjj; y; gapwW ; tpfF ; k;

60 61
 epWtdj;jpd; gzpfs; (,) VNjDk; rl;lj;jpd; my;yJ xOq;F
tpjpfspd;> tpjpfspd;> fl;lisapd;>
* Nkw;gb eltbf;iffSf;F Kk;nkhop
mwptpgg; pd; my;yJ Jiz tpjpapd; gb
fspYk; gapwr; p mspjj
; y;.
mur fUk nkhopfs; mKy;gLj;jhj
* nkhopg; gapw;rp gw;wpa Ma;TfisAk; tplj;J my;yJ.
fw;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
(<) murpayikg;gpd; IVMk; mj;jpahaj;
* nkhopg; gapw; r p fy; t p njhlh; g hd jpw; F mika ,zq; f pnahOfg;
rhd;wpjo;fisAk; bg;Nghkhf; fisAk; gltpy; i y vd ntspf; f hl; L fpd; w
toq;Fjy; tplj;J>
* nkhopfspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd ghpe;Jiu
fisr; nra;jy; Mizf;FO Gydha;T nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
epahakhd
* rpq; f sk; > jkpo; > Mq; f pyk; kw; W k; epahakhd fhuzq;fspd; epkpjj ; k; Kiwg;ghL fhuzq;fspd;
ntspehl; L nkhopfisg; gw; w pa epuhfhpff; g;glyhk;. epuhfhpg; gjw;fhd fhuzk; epkpjj; k;
mur fUk Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
nkhopfspd; 14 ehl; f Sf; F s; Kiwg; g hl; l hsUf; F Kiwg;ghL
mKyhf;fk; mwptpjj ; y; Ntz;Lk;. epuhfhpff ; g;
mur fUk nkhop f s; Mizf; F O
njhlh;ghf Xh; glyhk;.
Kiwg;ghLfis tprhuiz nra;jy;
mur epWtdk; * xU eltbf; i f nraw; g lhjNghJ epuhfhpg;
nraw;glhik (m) mur fUk nkhopnahd;wpd; me;j];J ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shd egh; my;yJ FO gjw;fhd
Fwpj;J Vw;wq;fPfupff
; g;glhj NghJ my;yJ fhuzk; 14
Kiwg;ghl;ilr; nra;a KbAk;.
Kiwg;ghL ehl;fSf;Fs;
nra;ag;gl;lhy; (M) murpayikg;gpd; 20-24 cWg;Giufspy; Kiwg;
* Kiwg;ghl;lhsUf;Fj; Njitahapd;
Mizf;FO Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; s chpikfs; ghl;lhsUf;F
mtupd; ,ufrpaj; jd;ik ghJfhf;ff;
tprhuiz mKyhf;fg;glhj NghJ my;yJ. mwptpjj ; y;
nra;a KbAk;. $bathW tprhuiz elj;jg;gl KbAk;. Ntz;Lk;.

62 63
 Mizf;FOtpd; mjpfhuq;fs; 23 (1) Gydha; T xd; i w elj; j p a
(rl;lj;jpd; 21tJ thrfk;) gpd;dh;.
(m) rhl;rpfis miog;gjw;Fk;> mt (m) Gydha;T nra;ag;gl;l nray; my;yJ
rpakhd mJ fUjf;$bathwhd nra;ahikgw;wp rPh;J}f;fpg; ghh;g;gjw;F
vy;yh Mtzq;fisAk; rkh;g;gpf; my;yJ nraw;gLj;J tjw;F rk;ge;jg;
Fk;gb fl;lhag; gLj;Jtw;Fk;| gl;l epWtdj;Jf;F Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. gfpuq;f
(M) rj;jpag; gpukhzj;jpd; fPo; rhl;rp epWtd
mspgg; jw;Fk;| (M) gfpuq;f epWtdnkhd;wpd; gzpg;Giu nkhd;wpd;
vJTk; rPh;J}f;fpg;ghh;f;f Ntz;L nkd gzpgG; iu
(,) ePjp kd;wnkhd;wpy; rhd;whtijg; khw; w g; g l Ntz; L nkd my; y J
nghUl;gLj;jhJ ngw;Wf;nfhs; vJTk;
iftplg;gl Ntz;Lnkd mgpg;gpuhag;
tJk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJk;. rPhJ
; }f;fpgg; hh;ff
;
gl;lhy; mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij epWtdj;
jiytUf;F mwptpjj ; y; Ntz;Lk;. Ntz;Lnkd
(<) jFjpahd ,lj;jpy; Gydha;Tr; khw;wg;gl
nra;aTk; KbAk;. (2) Kiwg;ghL ep&gpff
; g;gl tpyi
; ynad Ntz;Lnkd
Mizf;FO fUjpdhy;> mjw;fhd my;yJ
22 (1) Kiwg; g hl; l hsh; njhlh; g hd
fhuzq;fisAk; Kiwg;ghl;lhsUf;F iftplg;gl
Gydha;it elj;Jifapy; chpik
mwptpjj
; y; Ntz;Lk;. Ntz;Lnkd
nad;w tifapy; tprhhpf;fg;gL
tjw; F Kiwg; g hl; l hsUf; F (3) Kiwg; g hnlhd; W nra; a g; g l; L 60 mgpgg; puhag;
rhl;rpfis chpjn
; jJTk; ,Uj;jyhfhJ. ehl;fSf;Fs; mwpfi ; f rkh;gg; pff
; g;gl gl;lhy;
mioj;jy; Ntz; L k; ntspf; f huzq; f spdhy; mjw;fhd
(2) jdpahis my;yJ epWtdj;ijg; jhkjkhdhy; Nkw;gb fhuzq;fisAk;
Gydha;T fhuzj;ij
ghjpff
; f;$ba tifapy; ghpeJ ; iu cs;slf;fp ,ilf;fhy mwpfi ; fiar;
nra;jy; epWtdj;
nra; a Ntz; b a re; j h; g ; g j; j py; rkh;gg; pff
; Ntz;Lk;.
ghpeJ
; iufis jiytUf;F
Nkw;gb jdpahs; my;yJ epWtdk;
rkh;gg; pjj
; y; gjpyspg; g jw; f hd re; j h; g ; g k; (4) vj; j ifa fhuzq; f s; epytpa mwptpjj ; y;
vd;gd toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NghjpYk; Kiwg;ghL rkh;gg; pff
; g;gl;L Ntz;Lk;.

64 65
 120 ehl; f Sf; F s; Kiwg; g hl; l h ehl; f Sf; F s; Kiwg; g hl; l hsh; cah;
sUf;F xU gpujpAld; ,Wjp mwpfi ; f eP j pkd; w j; j py; mbg; g il chpik kP w y;
rkh;gg; pff
; g;gl Ntz;Lk;. tof;nfhd;iwj; jhf;fy; nra;a KbAk;.
,t; t of; F Kiwg; g hl; l hsuhy; jhf; f y;
(5) mwpf; i fAld; Mizf; F Otpd; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ghpe; J iufisf; Fwpg; g plyhk; .
mtw; i w mur epWtdk; vt; t hW 25(1) cWg; G iu - khfhz Nky; eP j p
nraw;gLj;Jk; vd mwptpg;gjw;Fk; kd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;jy; mwpfi ; f
Mizf;FO gzpff ; yhk;. kw;Wk;
mur fUk nkhopfs; Mizf; F Otpd; ghpeJ; iufs;
ePjpkd;w epthuzq;fs; Mizahsh; tof;Fj; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. Fwpj;j
cWg;Giu 23(5) epWtdj;jpwF ;
24(1) cWg;Giu gpd;tUk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy; mwptpff ; g;gl;L
mbg; g il chpik kP w y; tof; n fhd; i w ,t; T Wg; G iuf; f ika mwpf; i f kw; W k; 90ehl;fSf;Fs;
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;. ghpe; J iufs; Fwpj; j epWtdj; j pw; F ghpeJ; iufis
ePjpkd;w
epthuzq;fs; (m) Kiwg;ghL nra;ag;gl;ljpypUe;J 120 mwptpf;fg;gl;L 90 ehl;fSf;Fs; ghpe;Jiu mKyhf;fhtpll; hy;
ehl;fSf;Fs; Gydha;tpd; KbTfs; fis mKyhf;fhtpl;lhy; Kiwg;ghl;lhsh; Kiwg;ghl;lhsh;
mbg;gil
Kiwg;ghl;lhsUf;F mwptpjj; pUf;fhj tjpAk; khfhzj; j pd; khfhz Nky; tjpAk;
chpik kPwy;
tplj;J> ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gzpg;Giuia ngWtw;fhf khfhzj;jpd;
tof;F epWtdj; jiytUf;nfjpuhf Nfhhpf;if khfhz Nky;
gpujhdkhdJ. (M) Gydha;T nra;a kWf;fpd;w my;yJ tpLf;f KbAk;. mjw;fika Nky; ePjpkd;wk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
cWg;Giu ,ilepWj;Jjy; gw;wp mwptpjj
; pUf;fpdw; Xh; fl;lisiag; gpwg;gpff
; KbAk;. gzpgG; iuia
24(1) tplj;J ngWtjw;fhf
mbg;gil 26. ,j; j ifa tof; i f cah; eP j p epWtdj;
chpik (,) Kiwg;ghL epUgpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd
mwptpjJ
; s;s tplj;J kd; w j; j pw; F khw; W khW cah; e P j p jiytUf;
kPwg;gl;lth; kd;wk; gzpj;jhy; mt;thW nra;jy; nfjpuhf
tof;ifj; Kiwg;ghL nra;ag;gl;ljpypUe;J 120 ehl;fs; Nfhhpfi ; f
Ntz;Lk;.
njhluyhk;. fle; j gpd; d h; my; y J mwptpj; J 30 tpLf;f KbAk;.

66 67
 NghJ nghJ kf;fspd; ed;ikfUjp ePjp
ePjthd; ePjpkd;wnkhd;wpypUe;J
kd;wj;jpd; mDkjpAld; Mizf;FO
epthuzj;ijf; Nfhuy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; M[uhf KbAk;.

mur mur cj;jpNahfj;jh; xUth; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw

6.4 xk;Gl;];kdplkpUe;J epthuzj;
cj;jpNahfj;jh; Vw; G ila nkhopapy; gpujpia my; y J
ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;
xUth; nkhopgG; f;fis toq;Ftjw;Fj; jtWkplj;J
Ntz;Lnkd;Nw my;yJ mrl;ilahf ,Uf;Fkplj;J Nkw;gb murpayikg;gpd; [156(1)] cWg;Giuf;F
Vw;Gila mur cj;jpNahfj;jUf;F vjpuhf ePjthd; mika cUthf; f g; g l; l gjtpahFk; .
nkhopapy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj; njhlu KbAk;. ,J mbg; g il chpik kP w y; my; y J NtW murpay
gpujpia RUf; f Kiw tof; F tprhuizahFk; . meP j pahd eltbf; i ffs; gw; w p mur ikg;gpd;
my;yJ mjhtJ Fw; w k; nra; a g; g l; L s; s jh? epWtdq;fSf;F vjpuhf xk;Gl;];kDf;F [156(1)]
nkhopgG; f;fis ,y; i yah? vd tprhuiz Kiwaplyhk;. cWg;Giuf;F
toq;Ftjw;Fj; Nkw; n fhs; t jhFk; . ,J jz; l idr; mika
,J njhlh; g hd rl; l j; j pd; %yKk;
jtWkplj;J rl;lf;Nfhitapd; 289 tJ thrj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l
jpUj;jq;fs; %yKk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba
my;yJ njhlug;gLk; tof;fhFk;. gjtpahFk;.
eltbf;iffs; Fwpgg; plg;gl;Ls;sd.
mrl;ilahf mbg;gil
,Uf;Fkplj;J 29. thrfk; - mur fUknkhopfs; Fwpg; g pl; l ghpe; J iufis rk; g e; j g; g l; l chpik kPwy;
Nkw;gb mur Mizf;FOr; rl;lj;jpw;F mika epWtdq;fSf;Nfh my;yJ mikr;rUf;Nfh my;yJ NtW
cj;jpNah Mizf; F Otpw; F Kiwg; g hL mwptpj; j gpd; d h; mJ gw; w p nraw; mePjpahd
fj;jUf;F nra;ahky; NeubahfNt ePjthd; ePjp glhtpl; l hy; > [dhjpgjpf; N fh my; y J eltbf;iffs;
vjpuhf kd; w j; j pNyh my; y J cah; eP j p ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Nfh mwpf;if rkh;g;gpf;f gw;wp mur
ePjthd; kd; w j; j pNyNah tof; F j; njhlu KbAk;. (mt;thW mwpf;if rkh;g;gpj;jhYk; epWtdq;fSf;F
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; KbAk;. vjpuhf
gpur;rpidfs; jPh;f;fg;glhj re;jh;g;gq;fs;
tof;Fj; mjpfk;) xk;Gl;]k; Df;F
,j; j ifa tof; F tprhuizapd;
njhlu KbAk;. Kiwaplyhk;.

68 69
 6.5 kdp j chp i kfs; Mizf;
FOtpypUe;J epthuzq;fs; (1996/21) kdpj chpikg; gpufldKk;
nkhopAk;
kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FOr; rl;lj;jpd; 10
tJ thrj; j pw; F mika mbg; g il kdpj chpikfs; gpufldk; cWg;Giu 1
chpikfs; kP w g; g LtJ gw; w pa
,dk;> epwk;> ghy;epiy> nkhop> kjk;> murpay;
Kiwg; g hLfis tprhuiz nra; J
my;yJ NtW mgpg;gpuhaKilik> Njrpa
ghpe;Jiufisr; nra;a KbAk;. Kjypy;
my;yJ r%fj; Njhw;wk;> Mjdk;> gpwg;G
gpzf;if ,zf;fg;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;Ltu
my;yJ gpw me;j];J Nghd;w vj;jifa
eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
NtWghLkpdw ; p ,g;gpufldj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s
6.6 gfpuq;f kDf;fs; FOtplkpUe;J vy;yh chpikfSf;Fk; Rje;jpuq;fSf;Fk;
epthuzk; Nfhuy; vy;NyhUk; chpjJ ; ilatuhth;.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kd;Nd rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk; kdpj chpikfs; gpufldk; cWg;Giu 2

vy;NyhUk;
kDf; f s; ghuhSkd; w j; j pd; epiyapw; vy;NyhUk; rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dh; rkkhdth;fs;. rl;lj;jpd;
fl;lisfSf;F mika gfpuq;f kDf;fs; ghugl;rk; vJTkpd;wpr; rl;lj;jpd; rkkhd Kd;dh;
mbg;gil FOtpwF ; Mw;wg;gLj;jg;gLk;. mJ kDf;fs; ghJfhg;Gf;F midtUk; chpj;Jilath; rkkhdth;fs;.
chpik FOtpdhy; ghuhSkd; w Mizahsh; fs; . ,g; g pufldj; i j kP w pg; Ghpag; g l; l ghugl;rk;
kPwg;gl;lhy; my;yJ xk;Gl;]k ; dplk; Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ghugl;rk; vjw;NfDk; vjpuhfTk; mj;jifa vJTkpdw; pr;
kdpj Nkw;gb Gydha;tpd; NghJ jdpahl;fis ghugl; r k; fhl; L tjw; f hd J}z; L jy; rl;lj;jpd;
chpikfs; mioj;J tprhupg;gjw;Fk;> Mtzq;fisg; rkkhd
ahNjDf;Fk; vjpuhfTk; vy;NyhUf;Fk;
Mizf; ghprP y id nra; a Tk; Fwpg; g pl; l njhU ghJfhg;Gf;F
,lj; j pw; F g; gpuNtrpg; g jw; F k; mjpfhuk; rkkhd ghJfhg;Gf;F chpjJ ; ilath;fs;.
FOtpwF ; k; midtUk;
Kiwg;ghL cz;L. chpjJ; il
nra;a KbAk;. ath;fs;

70 71
 Fbapay; murpay; chpikfs; gw;wpa rhl;bw;fhd fhuzKk; jhd; tpsq;fpf;
rh;tNjr rkthak; (ICCPR) (1966) nfhs; s f; $ ba xU nkhopapy;
cldbahfTk; tphpthfTk;
(1966.12.16 ,y; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapy;
mwptpff ; g;gLjy;.
,J mq; f P f hpf; f g; g l; l J. 1980.06.11,y;
,yq;if ,r;rkthaj;jpy; ifnahg;gkpll ; J). (C) ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
nkhopiag; Ghpe; J nfhs; s Nth
cWg;Giu 2
NgrNth Kbahjtuhf ,Ug;gpd;>
,e;jr; rkthaj;jpy; ifnahg;gkpl;Ls;s Ngr;Rnkhop ngah;g; g; hsh; xUthpd;
mur jug;gpdh; xt;nthd;Wk;> jw;NghJs;s ,ytr cjtpiag; ngw; W f;
rl; l my; y J gpw eltbf; i fspdhy; nfhs;jy;.
Vw;nfdNt Vw;ghL nra;ag;glhjpUg;gpd;
cWg;Giu 26
jdJ murpayikg;Gr; nrad;Kiwf;Fk;
,e; j cld; g hl; L xg; g e; j j; j pdJ kf; f s; midtUk; rl; l j; j pd; Kd;
Vw; g hLfSf; F k; mika cld; g hl; L rkkhdth; f s; vd; g Jld; vt; t pj
xg; g e; j j; j py; mq; f P f hpf; f g; g l; L s; s ghFghLkpd; w p rl; l j; j pd; rkkhd
(1966.12.16 ,y; chpikfisr; nraw; g Lj; J tjw; F ghJfhg;gpw;F chpj;Jilath;fshth;. ,J
If;fpa ehLfs; ,d; w paikahj rl; l thf; f eltbf; i f njhlh;gpy; rl;lk; Ngjq;fhl;ly; vjidAk; nkhop hPjpahd
rigapy; ,J fisAk; gpw eltbf;iffisAk; vLg;gjw;F jilnra; t Jld; midtUf; F k; ,dk; > NtWghLfs;
mq;ff P hpff
; g; mtrpakhd fUkq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epwk;> ghy;> nkhop> rkak;> murpay; my;yJ gpw fhl;lhky;
gl;lJ. nghWg;gpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;. mgpgg; puhak;> Njrpa my;yJ r%fj; Njhw;wk;> midj;J
1980.06.11 ),y; nrhj;J> gpwg;G my;yJ gpw me;j];J Nghd;w ,dq;fSk;
cWg;Giu 14
,yq;if VNjDk; mbg; g ilapy; ghFghL rl;lj;jpd; Kd;
,r;rkthaj;jpy; (m) Fw;wtpay; jtWf;fhff; Fw;wQ; fhl; l g; g LjYf; F vjpuhf rkkhdJk; Ngzpg;
ifnahg;g rhl;lg;gl;l vtUk; jdf;F vjpuhd gaDWjp tha; e ; j Jkhd ghJfhg; g pw; F ghJfhf;f
kpll
; J. Fw;wr;rhl;bd; jd;ikAk; mf;Fw;wr; cj;juthjkspfF ; k;. Ntz;Lk;.

72 73
 cWg;Giu 27 cWg;Giu 1
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muRfspy; mj; j ifa rpWghd; i kapdh; fyhrhu> kj> nkhop chpikfis
njhFjpiar; Nrh; e ; j Ml; f s; jkJ Ngzpg;ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; mNj rkak;
njhFjpapd; Vida mq;fj;jth;fSld; Nkw;gb rpWghd;ikapdhpd; milahsj;ij
rKjhakhf jkJ nrhe;jg; gz;ghl;ilj; Nkk;gLj;j eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s
J}a; g ; g jw; F k; jkJ nrhe; j kjj; i j Ntz;Lk;.
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II. Nkw;gb mgpyhirfis rpWghd;ikapdh;
mDrhpg;gjw;Fk; jkJ nrhe;j nkhopia
milAk; tifapy; muR mjw;F Vw;Gila
cgNahfpg; g jw; F khd chpik
rl;lq;fisj; jahhpff
; Ntz;Lk;.
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Nkw;gb chpikfisg; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gjw;F cWg;Giu 2 rpWghd;ik
1992.12.18 Me; ,yq; i f ifnahg; g kpl; L flg; g hL jdpahl;fspd;
jpfjp If;fpa rpWghd; i k Njrpa ,dq; f Sf; F k; chpikfs;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ehLfspd; kjq; f Sf; F k; nkhopfSf; F k; chpik njhlh;ghd
nghJr; nfhz;lhLNthh; vJtpj jilAkpd;wp jkJ gpufldk;
Njrpa ,dj;jpd; my;yJ kjj;jpd;
rigapd; 47/135 fyhrhuj; i j mDgtpg; g jw; F k; > jkJ (1992) ,jw;F
my; y J nkhop a p d ; mbg; g ilap y ;
Mk; gpNuuid kjq; f is topgLtjw; F k; jdpg; g l; l mika nkhop
rpWghd;ik jdpahl;fspd; chpikfs;
%yk; ,J tho;tpYk; nghJ tho;tpYk; jkJ nkhopiag; chpikfis
njhlh;ghd gpufldk; 1992
mq;ff P hpff; g; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; chpik nfhz;Ls;sdh;. Ngzpg;
gl;Ls;sJ. 1992.12.18 Me; jpfjp If;fpa ehLfspd; nghJr; ghJfhg;gjw;F
,yq;ifAk; rigapd; 47/135 Mk; gpNuuid %yk; ,J mtrpakhd
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mDrhpff ; ,j;jPhk
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Ntz;Lk;. Ntz;Lk;

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