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Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Chemistry is a central science. Its Let us understand first what are pure
knowledge is required in the studies of physics, substances and mixtures.
biological sciences, applied sciences, and earth 1.2.2 Pure substances versus mixtures :
and space sciences. The scope of chemistry is Pure substances have a definite chemical
in every aspect of life, for example, the air we composition. They always have the same
breathe, the food we eat, the fluids we drink, properties regardless of their origin. Mixtures
our clothing, transportation and fuel supplies,
have no definite chemical composition and
and so on.
hence no definite properties.
Though it is an ancient science, due to
development and advancement in science Examples of pure substances : Pure metal,
and technology, chemistry has developed as distilled water, etc.
modern science. Technological development Examples of mixtures : Paint (mixture of oils,
in sophisticated instruments expanded our pigment, additive), concrete (a mixture of
knowledge of chemistry which, now, has been sand, cement, water)
used in applied sciences such as medicine,
dentistry, engineering, agriculture and in daily
home use products. Can you tell?
1.2 Nature of Chemistry : Chemistry is
Which are mixtures and pure substances
traditionally classified further into five
branches : organic, inorganic, physical, bio from the following ?
and analytical. Organic chemistry is the study i. sea water ii. gasoline iii. skin iv. a rusty
of the properties and reactions of compounds nail v. a page of the textbook. vi. diamond
of carbon. Inorganic chemistry is the study of
all substances which are not organic. Physical Pure substances are further divided into
chemistry is the study of principles underlying
elements and compounds. Elements are
chemistry. It deals with the studies of properties
pure substances which can not be broken
of matter. It is study of atoms, molecules, and
fundamental concepts related to electrons, down into simpler substances by ordinary
energies and dynamics therein. It provides chemical changes. Elements are further
basic framework for all the other branches of classified as metals, nonmetals and metalloids.
chemistry.
1
1. Metals : apart as compared to those in liquid and solid
i. have a lustre (a shiny appearance). state.
ii. conduct heat and electricity. Three states of matter are interconvertible
iii. can be drawn into wire (are ductile). by changing the conditions of temperature and
iv. can be hammered into thin sheets (are pressure.
malleable).
Examples : gold, silver, copper, iron. Mercury Can you tell?
is a liquid metal at room temperature. Classify the following as element and
2. Non-metals : compound.
i. have no lustre. (exception : diamond, iodine) i. mercuric oxide ii. helium gas iii. water iv.
ii. are poor conductors of heat and electricity. table salt v. iodine vi. mercury vii. oxygen
(exception : graphite) viii. nitrogen
iii. can not be hammered into sheets or drawn
into wire, because they are brittle. 1.3 Properties of matter and their
Examples : Iodine, nitrogen, carbon, etc. measurement :
3.Metalloids : Some elements have properties
intermediate between metals and non-metals
and are called metalloids or semi-metals.
Examples include arsenic, silicon and
germanium.
Compounds are the pure substances
which can not be broken down into simpler
substances by ordinary chemical changes.
In a compound, two or three elements are Fig : 1.1 Burning of magnesium wire
combined in a fixed proportion.
Mixture contains two or more substances Different kinds of matter have
in no fixed proportions and may be separated characteristic properties, which can be
by physical methods. Mixtures are further classified into two categories as physical
divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous. properties and chemical properties.
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures, because Physical properties are those which can
the molecules of constituent solute and solvent be measured or observed without changing
are uniformly mixed throughout its bulk. the chemical composition of the substance.
In heterogeneous mixtures the molecules Colour, odour, melting point, boiling point,
of the constituents are not uniformly mixed density, etc. are physical properties. Chemical
throughout the bulk. For example : Suspension properties are the properties where substances
of an insoluble solid in a liquid. undergo a chemical change and thereby
1.2.3 States of matter : You are also aware exhibit change in chemical composition. For
that matter exists in three different states example, coal burns in air to produce carbon
namely gas, liquid and solid. You are going to dioxide or magnesium wire burns in air in the
learn about these states in unit 3 (chapter 10). presence of oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
In solids, constituent atoms or molecules (Fig. 1.1)
(particles) are tightly held in perfect order and 1.3.1 Measurement of properties : Many
therefore solids possess definite shape and properties of matter are quantitative in nature.
volume. Liquids contain particles close to When you measure something, you are
each other and they can move around within comparing it with some standard. The standard
the liquid. While in gases, the particles are far quantity is reproducible and unchanging.
2
Many properties of matter such as mass, SI units :
length, area, pressure, volume, time, etc. In 1960, the general conference of weights
are quantitative in nature. Any quantitative and measure, proposed revised metric system,
measurement is expressed by a number called International System of units, that is,
followed by units in which it is measured. SI units.
For example, length of class room can be The metric system which originated in
represented as 10 m. Here 10 is the number and France in late eighteenth century, was more
'm' denotes metre-the unit in which the length convenient as it was based on the decimal
is measured. system. Later, based on a common standard
The standards are chosen orbitrarily system, the International System of Units (SI
with some universally acceped criteria. ''The units) was established.
arbitrarily decided and universally accepted The SI system has seven base units as
standards are called units.'' listed in Table 1.1. These are fundamental
There are several system in which units scientific quantities. Other units like speed,
are expressed such as CGS (centimetre for volume, density, etc. can be derived from these
length, gram for mass and second for time), quantities.
FPS (foot, pound, second) and MKS (metre,
kilogram, second) systems, etc.
Table 1.1 S.I. Fundamental units
Base Physical Quantity Symbol for Quantity Name of SI Unit Symbol for SI Unit
Length l metre m
Mass m kilogram kg
Time t second s
Electric current I ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature T Kelvin K
Amount of substance n mole mol
Luminous intensity Iv candela cd
1.3.2 Physical properties
i. Mass and weight : We know that matter ii. Length : In chemistry we come across
has mass. So mass is an inherent property of 'length' while express in properties such as
matter. It is the measure of the quantity of the atomic radius, bond length, wavelenght of
matter a body contains. The mass of a body electromagnetic radiation, and so on. These
does not vary as its position changes. On the quantities are very small therefore fractional
other hand, the weight of a body is result of the units of the SI unit of length are used for
mass and gravitational attraction. The weight example, nanometre (nm), picometre (pm).
of a body varies because the gravitational Here 1nm = 10-9 m, 1 pm = 10-12 m.
attraction of the earth for a body varies with iii. Volume : It is the amount of space occupied
the distance from the centre of the earth. by a three dimensional object. It does not
Hence, the mass of a body is more depend on shape. For measurement of volume
fundamental property than its weight. of liquids and gases, a common unit, litre (L)
The basic unit of mass in the SI system is which is not an SI unit is used.
the kilogram as given in Table 1.1. However, 1 L = 1 dm3 = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3
a fractional quantity 'gram' is used for 1000 cm3 = 10 cm 10 cm 10 cm of volume
weighing small quantities of chemicals in the SI unit of volume is expressed as (metre)3
laboratories. Therefore, in terms of grams it is or m .3
5
1 L of nitrogen gas combines with 3 L of Therefore, 2 molecules of hydrogen
hydrogen gas to produce 2 L of ammonia gas. gas combine with 1 molecule of oxygen to
Nitrogen (g) + Hydrogen (g) Ammonia(g) give 2 molecules of water vapour. Avogadro
1L 3L 2L could explain the above result by considering
(1 vol) (3 vol) (2 vol) the molecules to be polyatomic. If hydrogen
Thus, the volume of nitrogen gas and hydrogen and oxygen were considered as diatomic, as
gas which combine together i.e. 1 L and 3 L recognized now, then the above results are
and volume of ammonia gas produced i. e. 2 L easily understandable.
bear a simple ratio of 1:3:2.
Remember
Remember Avogadro made a distinction between atoms
Gay Lussac's discovery of integer ratio in and molecules, which is quite understandable
volume relationship is actually the law of in the present time.
definite proportion by gaseous volumes.
7
Problem 1.2 : Calculate the average atomic mass of neon using the following data :
Isotope Atomic mass Natural Abundance
20
Ne 19.9924 u 90.92%
21
Ne 20.9940 u 0.26 %
22
Ne 21.9914 u 8.82 %
Solution : Average atomic mass of Neon (Ne)
Atomic mass of 20Ne % + Atomic mass of 21Ne % + Atomic mass of 22Ne %
=
100
(19.9924u)(90.92) + (20.9940u)(0.26) + (21.9914u)(8.82)
= = 20.1707 u
100
1.6.3 Molecular Mass : Molecular mass of a In sodium chloride crystal, one Na ion
substance is the sum of average atomic masses is surrounded by six Cl ions, all at the same
of the atoms of an element which constitute distance from it and vice versa. Therefore,
the molecule. Molecular mass of a substance NaCl is just the formula used to represent
is the mass of one molecule of that substance sodium chloride, though it is not a molecule.
relative to the mass of one carbon-12 atom. Similarly, a term 'formula mass' is used for
It is obtained by multiplying average atomic such ionic compounds, instead of molecular
mass of each element by the number of its mass. The formula mass of a substance is
atoms and adding them together. the sum of atomic masses of the atoms
For example, the molecular mass of carbon present in the formula.
dioxide (CO2) is
= 1(average atomic mass of C) Problem 1.4 : Find the formula mass of
+ 2 (average atomic mass of O) i. NaCl ii. Cu (NO3)2
= 1 (12.0 u) + 2 (16.0 u) = 44.0 u i. Formula mass of NaCl
Some more examples of calculations of = average atomic mass of Na
molecular mass. + average atomic mass of Cl
i. H2O = 2 1 u + 16 u = 18 u = 23.0 u + 35.5u = 58.5 u
ii. C6H5Cl = (6 12 u) + (5 1 u) + (35.5 u) ii. Formula mass of Cu(NO3)2
= 112.5 u = average atomic mass of Cu + 2 × (average
iii. H2SO4 (2 1 u) + (32 u) +(4 16 u) = 98 u atomic mass of nitrogen + average atomic
mass of three oxygen)
= (63.5) + 2(14 + 3 x 16) = 187.5 u
Problem 1.3 : Find the mass of 1 molecule
of oxygen (O2) in amu (u) and in grams.
Solution : Molecular mass of O2 = 2 16 u Try this
mass of 1 molecule = 32 u
mass of 1 molecule of O2 Find the formula mass of CaSO4
= 32.0 1.66056 10-24 g If atomic mass of Ca = 40.1 u,
= 53.1379 10-24 g S =32.1 u and O = 16.0 u
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Mole : Expressing large count of objects is Molar Mass : The mass of one mole of a
made easy by using quantitative adjectives substance (element/compound) in grams is
such as dozen, gross. You know that even called its molar mass. The molar mass of
a small amount of any substance contains any element in grams is numerically equal to
very large number of atoms or molecules. We atomic mass of that element in u.
use a quantitative adjective 'mole' to express Element Atomic Molar mass
the large number of submicroscopic entities mass (u) (g mol-1)
like atoms, ions, electrons, etc. present in a H 1.0 u 1.0 g mol-1
substance. C 12.0 u 12.0 g mol-1
Definiton : One mole is the amount of a O 16.0 u 16.0 g mol-1
substance that contains as many entities or Simillary molar mass of any substance,
particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g existing as polyatomic molecule, in grams is
(or 0.012 kg) of the carbon -12 isotope. numerically equal to its molecular mass or
Let us calculate the number of atoms in formula mass in u.
12.0000 g of Carbon-12 isotopes. Mass of Polyatomic Molecular/ Molar mass
one carbon-12 atom (determined by mass substance formula mass (u) (g mol-1)
spectrometer) = 1.992648 × 10-23 g, O2 32.0 u 32.0 g mol-1
Mass of one mole carbon atom = 12 g
H2O 18.0 u 18.0 g mol-1
Number of atoms in 12 g of carbon -12
NaCl 58.5 u 58.5 g mol-1
12g/mol Molar mass of O atoms
=
1.992648 × 10-23 g/atom = 6.022 × 1023atom/mol × 16 u/atom
× 1.66056 × 10-24 g/u = 16.0 g/mol
= 6.0221367 × 1023 atom/mol
Problem 1.5 : Calculate the number of moles
Thus one mole is the amount of a substance
and molecules of urea present in 5.6 g of urea.
that contains 6.0221367 × 1023 particles/
Solution : Mass of urea = 5.6 g
entities (such as atoms, molecules or ions).
Molecular mass of urea, NH2CONH2
Note that the name of the unit is mole and = 2 (average atomic mass of N) + 4 (average
the symbol for the unit is mol. atomic mass of H) + 1(average atomic mass of C)
+ 1(average atomic mass of O)
= 2 × 14 u +1 × 12 u +4 ×1 u + 1 × 16 u
Remember
= 60 u
molar mass of urea = 60 g mol-1
The number 6.0221367 × 1023 is known as
Number of moles
'Avogadro's Constant' in the honour of
Amedo Avogadro. mass of urea in g
=
In SI system, mole (Symbol mol) was molar mass of urea in g mol-1
introduced as seventh base quantity for the 5.6 g
= = 0.0933 mol
amount of a substance. 60 g mol-1
Number of molecules = Number of moles ×
Avogadro's constant
Example : Number of molecules of urea
1 mole of oxygen atoms = 6.0221367 × 1023 = 0.0933 × 6.022 × 1023 molecules/mol
atoms of oxygen = 0.5618 × 1023 molecules
1 mole of water molecules = 6.0221367 × 1023 = 5.618 × 1022 molecules
molecules of water Ans : Number of moles = 0.0933 mol
1 mole of sodium chloride = 6.0221367 × 1023 Number of molecules of urea
formula units of NaCl = 5.618 × 1022 molecules
9
Number of moles of a gas (n) =
Problem 1.6 : Calculate the number of
atoms in each of the following Volume of the gas at STP
i. 52 moles of Argon (Ar) Molar volume of gas
ii. 52 u of Helium (He) Thus
iii. 52 g of Helium (He) Number of moles of a gas (n) =
Solution :
Volume of the gas at STP
i. 52 moles of Argon
22.4 dm3mol-1
1 mole Argon atoms = 6.022 × 1023 atoms
of Ar Number of molecules = number of moles ×
52 moles of Ar 6.022 × 1023 molecules mol-1
6.022 × 1023 (Note : IUPAC has recently changed the
= 52 moles × atoms standard pressure to 1 bar. Under these new
1mol
STP conditions the molar volume of a gas is
= 313.144 × 1023 atoms of Argon 22.71 L mol-1)
ii. 52 u of Helium
Atomic mass of He = mass of 1 atom of Problem 1.7 : Calculate the number of
He = 4.0u moles and molecules of ammonia (NH3)
4.0 u = 1 He 52 u = ? 1atom gas in a volume 67.2 dm3 of it measured
= 52 u × 4.0 u = 13 at STP.
atoms of He Solution :
iii. 52 g of He Volume of NH3 at STP = 67.2 dm3
Mass of 1 mole of He = 4.0 g molar volume of a gas = 22.4 dm3 mol-1
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Exercises
1. Choose the most correct option. 2. Answer the following questions.
A. A sample of pure water, whatever the A. State and explain Avogadro's law.
source always contains by B. Point out the difference between 12 g of
mass of oxygen and 11.1 % by mass of carbon and 12 u of carbon
hydrogen. C How many grams does an atom of
a. 88.8 b. 18 c. 80 d. 16 hydrogen weigh ?
B. Which of the following compounds can D. Calculate the molecular mass of the
NOT demonstrate the law of multiple following in u.
proportions ? a. NH3 b. CH3COOH c. C2H5OH
a. NO, NO2 b. CO, CO2 E. How many particles are present in 1
c. H2O, H2O2 d. Na2S, NaF mole of a substance ?
C. Which of the following temperature F. What is the SI unit of amount of a
will read the same value on celsius and substance ?
Fahrenheit scales. G. What is meant by molar volume of a
a. - 400 b. + 400 gas ?
c. -800 d. -200 H. State and explain the law of conservation
D. SI unit of the quantity electric current is of mass.
I. State the law of multiple proportions.
a. Volt b. Ampere
3. Give one example of each
c. Candela d. Newton
A. homogeneous mixture
E. In the reaction N2 + 3H2 2NH3,
B. heterogeneous mixture
the ratio by volume of N2, H2 and NH3
C. element D. compound
is 1 : 3 : 2 This illustrates the law of
4. Solve problems :
a. definite proportion
A. What is the ratio of molecules in 1 mole
b. reciprocal proportion
of NH3 and 1 mole of HNO3.
c. multiple proportion
d. gaseous volumes (Ans. : 1:1)
F. Which of the following has maximum B. Calculate number of moles of hydrogen
number of molecules ? in 0.448 litre of hydrogen gas at STP
a. 7 g N2 b. 2 g H2 (Ans. : 0.02 mol)
c. 8 g O2 d. 20 g NO2 C. The mass of an atom of hydrogen is
G. How many g of H2O are present in 0.25 1.008 u. What is the mass of 18 atoms
mol of it ? of hydrogen. (18.144 u)
a. 4.5 b. 18 D. Calculate the number of atom in each
c. 0.25 d. 5.4 of the following (Given : Atomic mass
H. The number of molecules in 22.4 cm3 of of I = 127 u).
nitrogen gas at STP is a. 254 u of iodine (I)
a. 6.022 x 1020 b. 254 g of iodine (I)
b. 6.022 x 1023 (Ans. : 2 atoms, 1.2044 x 1024 atoms)
c. 22.4 x 1020 E. A student used a carbon pencil to write
d. 22.4 x 1023 his homework. The mass of this was
I. Which of the following has the largest found to be 5 mg. With the help of this
number of atoms ? calculate.
a. 1g Au (s) b. 1g Na (s) a. The number of moles of carbon in his
c. 1g Li (s) d. 1g Cl2 (g) homework writing.
(Ans : 4.16 x 10-4)
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b. The number of carbon atoms in 12 N. Calculate the number of moles of
mg of his homework writting magnesium oxide, MgO in i. 80 g and
(Ans : 6.022 x 1020) ii. 10 g of the compound. (Average
F. Arjun purchased 250 g of glucose atomic masses of Mg = 24 and O = 16)
(C6H12O6) for Rs 40. Find the cost of (Ans. i. 2 mol ii. 0.25 mol)
glucose per mole. O. What is volume of carbon dioxide, CO2
(Ans : Rs 28.8) occupying by i. 5 moles and ii. 0.5 mole
G. The natural isotopic abundance of 10B of CO2 gas measured at STP.
is 19.60% and 11B is 80.40 %. The exact (Ans. i. 112 dm3 ii. 11.2dm3)
isotopic masses are 10.13 and 11.009 P. Calculate the mass of potassium
respectively. Calculate the average chlorate required to liberate 6.72 dm3 of
atomic mass of boron oxygen at STP. Molar mass of KClO3 is
(Ans. :10.81) 122.5 g mol-1.
H. Convert the following degree Celsius (Ans. 24.5 g)
temperature to degree Fahrenheit. Q. Calculate the number of atoms of
a. 40 0C b. 30 0C hydrogen present in 5.6 g of urea,
(Ans. : A. 104 0F, B. 86 0F ) (NH2)2CO. Also calculate the number
I. Calculate the number of moles and of atoms of N, C and O.
molecules of acetic acid present in 22 g (Ans. : No. of atoms of H = 2.24 x 1023,
of it. N =1.124 x 1023 and C = 0.562 x 1023, O
(Ans. : 0.3666 moles, 2.2076 x 1023 = 0.562 x 1023)
molecules ) R. Calculate the mass of sulfur dioxide
J. 24 g of carbon reacts with some oxygen produced by burning 16 g of sulfur in
to make 88 grams of carbon dioxide. excess of oxygen in contact process.
Find out how much oxygen must have (Average atomic mass : S = 32 u,
been used. O = 16 u)
(Ans. : 64.0 ) (Ans. 32 g)
K. Calculate number of atoms is each of 5. Explain
the following. (Average atomic mass : A. The need of the term average atomic
N = 14 u, S = 32 u) mass.
a. 0.4 mole of nitrogen B. Molar mass.
b. 1.6 g of sulfur C. Mole concept.
(Ans. : A. 2.4088 x 1023 , D. Formula mass with an example.
B. 3.011 x 1022 atom ) E. Molar volume of gas.
L. 2.0 g of a metal burnt in oxygen gave F. Types of matter (on the basis of chemical
3.2 g of its oxide. 1.42 g of the same composition).
metal heated in steam gave 2.27 of its
oxide. Which law is verified by these
data ? Activity :
M. In two moles of acetaldehyde
(CH3CHO) calculate the following Collect information of various scientists
a. Number of moles of carbon and prepare charts of their contribution in
b. Number of moles of hydrogen chemistry.
c. Number of moles of oxygen
d. Number of molecules of acetaldehyde
(Ans. : A. 4 mol, B. 8 mol, C. 2 mol,
D. 12.044 x 1023 molecules )
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