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Challenges in Integration of Renewable Energy

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Avishek Munsi
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 CHALLENGES IN INTEGRATION OF
RENEWABLE ENERGY INTO THE GRID

BY AVISHEK MUNSI
PHD,POWER ELECTRONICS
IIT JODHPUR
PH
 PRESENTATION LAYOUT
✓ Grid Integration
✓ Necessity of RE Integration with Grid
✓ Indian Power Scenario
✓ Modes of operation of Renewable Energy
sources
✓ Unique Characteristics of Renewable Energy
✓ Challenges in grid Integration of Renewable
Energy
✓ Mitigation Strategies for Renewable Energy
Integration
✓ Grid Codes on Renewable Generation
Connection

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 GRID INTEGRATION
Grid Integration is the practice of developing efficient ways to deliver variable Renewable
energy (RE) to the Grid.

NECESSITY OF RE INTEGRATION WITH GRID[1]

• Increasing Energy Demand.
• Depletion fossils fuel.
• Demand for carbon-free electricity.
• Urbanization.
• Need for Grid modernization.
• Enhance Reliability, Security, and Resiliency.

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INDIAN POWER SCENARIO[2]

4
MODES OF OPERATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
1. STANDALONE MODE 2. BATTERY CHARGING MODE

3. GRID CONNECTED MODE[3]

5
 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY[4]
1. Variability
• Solar dominates intraday variability because of sunrise and sunset. Solar power is dependent
on the amount of sunlight that is available at any given time, which can be affected by
weather conditions, time of day, and season.
• Wind power is variable because the wind speed is variable. Wind power is dependent on the
strength and consistency of the wind, which can also vary depending on location and weather
conditions

2. Uncertainty
• Wind power is uncertain due its unpredictable speed.
• Due to cloud forecasting solar power is uncertain.

3. Geographic Diversity
• Wind power plants are located where the wind resource is high and they are far away from
population centres.
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 CHALLENGES IN GRID INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY[5-7]
1. STABILITY ISSUES 2. RELIABILITY ISSUES
• Renewable energy sources, such as solar
and wind power, are intermittent and • Variability of Renewable Energy
variable, meaning they don't always
produce electricity at a consistent rate.

• Frequency and Voltage Stability

• One of the primary stability issues that can
arise is related to the balance between
supply and demand.
• Grid Congestion [3]
• Cause imbalances in the grid, which can
lead to voltage and frequency
fluctuations, and in extreme cases,
blackouts. • Grid Resilience

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CHALLENGES IN GRID INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY [CONT]
3. POWER QUALITY ISSUES 4. LOCATION-SPECIFICITY

• Voltage fluctuations affect the quality of power • Sun and wind are not evenly distributed
supplied to customers and can cause damage to geographically.
electrical equipment.

• Harmonic distortion can occur in the grid, which

can lead to overheating and failure of electrical • Transmission Infrastructure
equipment.

• Some renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines, • Some regions may be less suitable for
require reactive power compensation to maintain renewable energy development due to
grid stability. Failure to provide this compensation can environmental considerations, such as
result in voltage drops and system instability protected habitats or sensitive ecosystems.

8
CHALLENGES IN GRID INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY [CONT]
5. LOW-CAPACITY FACTOR
• The plant may be capable of
producing electricity, but its "fuel"
(wind, sunlight or water) may not
be available.
• Due to intermittency the actual
output of electricity from these RE
sources may not always match the
demand for electricity on the grid.
6. NON-SYNCHRONOUS GENERATION
• Conventional generators provide voltage
support and frequency control to the grid.
• As the penetration of renewable energy
increases, the fluctuations observed by the
system are likely to get larger and the spinning
reserve capacity of synchronous machines may
not be able to cope with the intermittency.
• The momentary change in speed causes changes
in frequency.
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MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION
1. STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES[8]
• Energy storage can absorb excess VRE at times when it is cheap and share it when it is more valuable, can help
VRE's variable supply. It can even make VRE dispatchable , within limits.
• Even storage helps to store energy to deliver during uncertain generation time.
• With this technology, degree of intermittency can be reduced and integration flexibility is enhanced therefore the
contribution from VRE can be increased.
2. DEMAND MANAGEMENT
• Demand management refers to the modification of consumer demand directly or indirectly.
• Direct demand management may be in the form of controllable loads which the utility may shed based on the
supply.
• Indirect demand management achieves variation in consumer demand though financial incentives such as real time
pricing structures.
• Another application of demand management is in the form of frequency responsive loads and dynamic demand
control. These loads monitor the system frequency and adjust their power consumption based on the variation in
frequency.

10
MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION
3. IMPROVED FORECASTING TECHNIQUES :
• Reliable estimation of wind speed and cloud forecasting will allow improved schedule and dispatch of wind
power and solar power. This can be advantageous in term of reduction in the upset that can be generated on the
grid due to intermittent power supply.
• With accurate prediction techniques, optimization of the spinning reserve can be reliably estimated and the
ancillary service cost reduced.
4. NETWORK CONGESTION MANAGEMENT[9]:
• The use of FACTS devices is an important network based method for congestion management.
• FACTS devices together with high voltage DC (HVDC) technologies and wide area measurement system
(WAMS) may be more cost effective for managing the network congestion while ensuring the electricity
network flexibility.
5. SMART GRID[10]
• The advantage of smart grids is that they provide a framework for advanced monitoring and control of the
electricity grid at a micro level.
• Smart grids can aid demand management by coordinating loads on a home area network with pricing signals
from the utility,
• Smart grid can coordinate storage technologies by determining appropriate times to store, import or export
energy.
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GRID CODES ON RENEWABLE GENERATION CONNECTION[11]
• Owing to the complex nature of the Electric power grid , proper planning, and
• design become essential for the operation of the power system.
•

1. Planning Codes (PC)

• These codes are implemented at the planning or modifying stages of power plants.
• It discusses the technical specifications and procedures for planning of the system.
2. Connection Codes (CC)
• To connect to the grid, it is essential for the plant authorities to obtain clearance as per the connection code (CC).

12
GRID CODES ON RENEWABLE GENERATION CONNECTION [CONT]
• These codes specify the minimum technical, design and operational requirements, for the plant to obey and connect
to the connection site/interface point prior and start operating.
• Operating Code (OC)
• Operating codes are a part of the grid code, dealing with the operation of the plants connected to the transmission
system.
• The operating code is further divided into following components:
(a) Demand forecasting,
(b) Operational planning and data provisions,
(c) Testing and monitoring,
(d) Demand control,
(e) Operational liaison,
(f) Safety coordination,
(g) Contingency planning,
(h) Event information supply,
(i) Numbering and nomenclature of high voltage apparatus at sites, and
(j) System tests.

13
GRID CODES ON RENEWABLE GENERATION CONNECTION [CONT]
4. Data Communication Code (DCC)
• The data from one end is communicated to other plants and to the transmission and system operator in the grid.
The data communication refers to the
(a) Generators,
(b) Network operators,
(c) Converter station owners,
(d) Suppliers, and
(e) Users.
5. Balancing Code (BC)
• To keep the voltage and frequency variations within the statutory limits, it is important to control the reactive
power flow and maintain the generation-demand balance
• BC specifies the requirements to maintain the terminal voltage and frequency, under normal and emergency
conditions.

14
 REFERENCES
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[2] www.mnre.gov.in
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Society General Meeting, Detroit, MI, USA, 2011, pp. 1-1, doi: 10.1109/PES.2011.6039573.
[5] Xiao-Ping Zhang and Liangzhong Yao, "A vision of electricity network congestion management with FACTS and HVDC," 2008 Third International Conference on Electric
Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, Nanjing, 2008, pp. 116-121, doi: 10.1109/DRPT.2008.4523388.
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[8] S. Vazquez, S. M. Lukic, E. Galvan, L. G. Franquelo and J. M. Carrasco, "Energy Storage Systems for Transport and Grid Applications," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial
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