Schiefelbein, C. F., J. E. Zumberge, N. C. Cameron, and S. W.

Brown, 2000,
Geochemical comparison of crude oil along the South Atlantic margins, in
M. R. Mello and B. J. Katz, eds., Petroleum systems of South Atlantic margins:
AAPG Memoir 73, p. 15–26.

Chapter 2

Geochemical Comparison of Crude Oil Along

the South Atlantic Margins

C. F. Schiefelbein N. C. Cameron
J. E. Zumberge S. W. Brown

GeoMark Research, Inc.

Houston, Texas, U.S.A.

Abstract
The continental margin basins of Brazil and west Africa share very similar tectonostratigraphic units
because of their proximity in Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous time. As a result of the paleogeographic ties
between the South American and the African plates, the oil habitat of the marginal basins of both conti-
nents can often be correlated. To better understand the petroleum systems along the South Atlantic
margins, geochemical results obtained from the analysis of 290 oils from the major Brazilian and west
African coastal basins were statistically evaluated to establish genetic relationships, distinguish source
paleoenvironments and age, and identify different petroleum systems. A number of general oil families
composed of genetically related oils were identified, several of which contain oils from both sides of the
margin. Areas where oils of mixed provenance occur are also identified.
Presalt (Neocomian–Aptian) lacustrine oils can be separated into at least three distinct families and are
present in the Congo, Lower Congo, and Benguela Basins of west Africa and the Recôncavo, Campos,
Potiguar, Ceará, and Bahia Sul Basins of Brazil. Genetically related oils may be present in the Campos
Basin and offshore central Angola and in the Recôncavo Basin and central Gabon and northern Angola.
Postsalt (Upper Cretaceous–Tertiary) marine oils are present in the Ivory Coast and the northern
Gabon, Lower Congo, Kwanza, and Benguela Basins of west Africa and the Santos, Espírito Santo, and
Sergipe–Alagoas Basins of Brazil. Oil mixing may have occurred in the Ivory Coast, Lower Congo, and
Kwanza. Genetically related oils may occur in the Sergipe–Alagoas Basin and from northern Gabon. Oils
from Nigeria, Benin, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, offshore northern Angola, and the Foz do Amazonas
Basin of northern Brazil originated from Tertiary source rocks primarily composed of terrigenous organic
matter deposited in fluvial deltaic or nearshore marine environments.

intracratonic stage, the continental rift stage, the evapor-

INTRODUCTION
The continental margin basins of Brazil and west
Africa share very similar tectonostratigraphic units
resulting from their proximity in Late Jurassic–Early
Cretaceous time. As a result of the paleogeographic ties
between the South American and African plates, the oil
habitat of the marginal basins of both continents can often
be correlated. The tectonic evolution and possible mecha-
nistic causes have been discussed elsewhere (e.g., Lehner
and De Riuter, 1977; Rabinowitz and La Brecque, 1979;
Torquato and Cordani, 1981; Karner and Driscoll, 1997).
In general, five stages of continental margin basin devel-
opment can be described (Horn, 1980): the prerift
ite stage, the postevaporite transgressive stage, and the
postevaporite regressive stage.
The Brazilian continental margin extends over 8000
km from 5° N latitude to 35° S latitude. More than a dozen
Mesozoic–Cenozoic basins have been described, includ-
ing (from north to south) Foz do Amazonas, Barreirinhas,
Ceará, Potiguar, Sergipe–Alagoas, Recôncavo, Alameda,
Bahia Sul, Espírito Santo, Campos, Santos, and Pelotas
Basins. The west African marginal basins are located
between the Walvis Ridge and the Guinea Rise.
Substantial oil production has been established along
both sides of the South Atlantic margin. Most of the oil
from both sides of the margin is believed to have been

15
16 Schiefelbein et al.

generated from lacustrine sediments deposited during

Neocomian rifting of Africa and South America (e.g.,
Brice et al., 1980; Mello et al., 1988a, b; Burwood, 1997).
Subsequent opening and invasion of marine seas in a
restricted basinal setting allowed for deposition of a thick
salt layer during Aptian time. Postsalt sediments with
liquid hydrocarbon source potential were laid down in
shallow marine and fluvial-deltaic environments as sea
floor spreading continued into the Late Cretaceous (e.g.,
Mello et al., 1988a, b; Teisserenc and Villemin, 1990; Sofer,
1993; Burwood, 1997; Katz, et al., 1997).
The purpose of this investigation is to geochemically
compare and contrast west African oils from presalt and
postsalt strata with oils produced from offshore basins of
Brazil. This geochemical comparison is an excellent way
of identifying, evaluating, and comparing the various
petroleum systems present in the region. It is accom-
plished by first establishing the number of composition-
ally distinct oil types or families. Geochemical data from
oils are interpreted in such a way that oil/oil correlations
are made and source rock inferences are proposed. The Figure 1—Map showing locations of various crude oils
source inferences are possible because the geochemical from Brazilian and west Africa basins included in study.
characteristics of an oil reveal information about the
source age and the paleoenvironmental conditions of its
deposition (Moldowan et al., 1985; Peters et al., 1986; Magoon and Dow, 1994). Oil geochemistry is a funda-
Powell, 1986; Zumberge, 1987; ten Haven et al., 1988; mental component of regional exploration and produc-
Mello et al., 1988a, b; Volkman, 1988; Pu et al., 1991). Also, tion programs when integrated within a meaningful
a regional oil study approach is particularly useful geologic framework, including an understanding of the
because the generated and expelled oil can be considered regional stratigraphic relationships, regional structural
to be representative of the “average” of a given source fabric, and evolution of structural elements.
rock section, which can exhibit extreme variations in its
geochemical characteristics (Moldowan et al., 1992; Katz
et al., 1997).
Similarities and differences in the geochemistry of
APPROACH
these oils relate to common or dissimilar source strata and To better understand the petroleum systems along the
have implications as to the tectonic control of source rock South Atlantic margins, 290 oils from the major Brazilian
depositional environments and the timing of rifting and and west African coastal basins have been geochemically
sea floor spreading. This investigation is possible because characterized. Crude oil locations are shown in Figure 1.
the suspected source sedimentary section for the Brazil The detailed analytical program included measurements
and west African crude oils are stratigraphically and of bulk parameters, whole oil gas chromatography, stable
depositionally similar. This is particularly true for the oils carbon isotope composition of C15+ hydrocarbon fractions,
derived from presalt lacustrine source rocks deposited and biomarker distributions using gas chromatogra-
during the Early Cretaceous (Neocomian–Barremian), a phy–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Figure 2 shows terpane
time when the South American and African plates were (m/z 191), sterane (m/z 259), and triaromatic dinosterane
in close proximity. However, it is more difficult to estab- (m/z 245) mass chromatograms representing marine and
lish correlation between oils derived from postsalt marine lacustrine oil from along the South Atlantic margin.
source rocks deposited after the two continents drifted Previous investigators have demonstrated the value of
apart and the depositional regimes were subjected to a certain geochemical information on source inferences,
higher degree of organic diversity. particularly for differentiation between lacustrine- and
Information obtained from the geochemical character- marine-derived oils (Moldowan et al., 1985; Zumberge,
ization of representative crude oils can be used to help 1987; Mello et al., 1988a, b; ten Haven et al., 1988;
define different petroleum systems active in a region. A Schiefelbein et al., 1997). It is generally accepted that
thorough understanding of oil geochemistry is an inte- lacustrine-derived oils can be distinguished from marine-
gral component of the petroleum system concept. derived oils based on several different biomarker para-
However, a complete definition of petroleum system meters, including higher proportions of C26 relative to
implies the knowledge of many other varied factors C25 tricyclic terpanes, reduced abundances of extended
controlling the occurrence of oil in nature, such as matu- pentacyclic terpanes, and low proportions of steranes
rity of the source rock, expulsion, migration, accumula- relative to hopanes. It has also been observed that lacus-
tion, and retention (Demaison and Huizinga, 1991; trine-derived oils contain an abundance of an unknown
 Chapter 2—Geochemical Comparison of Crude Oil, South Atlantic Margins 17

Figure 2—Representative terpane (m/z 191), rearranged sterane (m/z 259), and triaromatic dinosterane (m/z 245) mass chro-
matograms for marine and lacustrine oils from selected Brazilian and west Africa basins.

doublet (m/z 259) (Schiefelbein et al., 1997) relative to C27
diasteranes and that they exhibit different distributions of
triaromatic dinosteranes (m/z 245) (Moldowan, et al.,
1995). Several investigators (Didyk et al., 1978; ten Haven
et al., 1985, 1988; Mello et al., 1988a, b) have shown that
the pristane/phytane isoprenoid ratio can be used as a
source indicator, but it probably also reflects the relation-
ship between isoprenoid precursors and the chemistry of
the environment. Sofer (1984) and Katz and Mertani
(1989) have demonstrated that stable carbon isotopic
compositions of lacustrine-derived oils are often quite
variable because of multiple possible variations in the
carbon budget and carbon cycle in lacustrine settings.
The analytical data were compared using multivariate
statistical techniques such as hierarchical cluster analysis
(HCA) (Figure 3) and principal component analysis
(PCA) (Figure 4) using the commercial software program
Pirouette. The primary objective of the statistical analyses
was to reduce the dimensionality of the information to a
few important components that best explain the variation
18 Schiefelbein et al.
Figure 3—Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) dendrogram showing differentiation of identified oil families.
in the data. The geochemical data used in the statistical
analyses are primarily source dependent. The 20 vari-
ables used in the present study include the pristane/
phytane ratio, the stable carbon isotopic compositions of
the C15+ saturate and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions,
and 15 biomarker ratios. These ratios include the distri-
bution of the 14β-, 17β-C27, -C28 and -C29 steranes
(based on the abundance of the 20R stereoisomers
measured from m/z 218), C31 hopane/C30 hopane, total
steranes/total hopanes, C26-tricyclic/C27-pentacyclic
terpanes, gammacerane/C30 hopane, C29 hopane/C30
hopane, and oleanane/C30 hopane. Ratios based on the
distribution of tricyclic and tetracyclic terpanes were also
used: C19-tri/C23-tri, C23-tri/C24-tri, C26-tri/C25-tri, and
C24-tetra/C26-tri. Finally, the distribution of the C29-
triaromatic dinosteroids and triaromatic 3- and 4-methyl
 Chapter 2—Geochemical Comparison of Crude Oil, South Atlantic Margins
steroids measured from m/z 245 (Moldowan et al., 1995)
were used, and the abundance of an unknown doublet
relative to a C27 diasterane (measured from m/z 259) was
also included. In this manner, 72% of the data variance
was described by five principal components.
Using this approach, we identified a number of
general oil families, differing from each other in terms of
source paleoenvironment, lithology, and age. Figure 5
shows the distribution of these oil families. Gas chro-
matographic, stable carbon isotopic, and biomarker data
are compared in Figures 6 through 9. Note that in Figures
3 through 9, oils from each of the different basins are
represented by symbols of different colors and shapes.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
By combining several different source-dependent
geochemical criteria and applying statistical analyses
(HCA in Figure 3 and PCA in Figure 4), a number of
different oil types (or families) with similar geochemical
characteristics were identified. Clustering of the oil types
(based on HCA) is shown in the form of a dendrogram
in Figure 3, and their geographic distributions are shown
in Figure 5. The South Atlantic margin oils can be sepa-
rated into two broad groups: “lacustrine” and “marine”
(Figure 3). Further detailed examination of each broad
group of oils typically resulted in the establishment of
subgroups of oils presumably representing specific
source environments, such as fresh versus saline lacus-
trine depositional conditions, as well as oils of mixed
provenance (Figure 4b).
The broad group of oils positioned at the top of the
cluster analysis dendrogram (labeled as marine in Figure
3) typically has positive principal component 1 (PC1)
values and variable PC2 values (Figure 4b), reflecting a
diversity of oil types. For example, oils of mixed lacus-
trine–marine origin and oils derived from source rocks
primarily composed of terrigenous organic matter
deposited in fluvial-deltaic or nearshore marine environ-
ments also belong to this group. The broad group of oils in
the lower cluster of the dendrogram is classified as lacus-
trine. These oils have negative PC1 values and variable
PC2 values (Figure 4b), and based on HCA, can be further
separated into three subgroups (lacustrine A, B, and C).
It is interesting to note that in several instances, lacus-
trine oils from both sides of the Atlantic margin cluster
together in one family (Figure 5). This may suggest that
these oils are genetically related, having originated from
the same source bed or from different source rocks
composed of similar organic matter.
Lacustrine Oils
In general, South Atlantic margin oils designated as
“lacustrine” originated from source rocks composed
mainly of algal kerogen (Powell, 1986). These oils exhibit
the following general characteristics: low-sulfur content
(<0.3 wt. %), enrichment in saturated hydrocarbons, pris-
19
tane/phytane ratios between 1.5 and 3.0 (Figure 6), vari-
able stable carbon isotopic compositions, C26 > C25
tricyclic terpanes (Figure 7), low proportions of extended
pentacyclic terpanes relative to C30 hopanes, low ster-
ane/hopane ratios (Figure 8), and enrichment in C27-αββ
steranes (m/z 218). Lacustrine oils are often enriched in
C29 triaromatic dinosteranes (Figure 9) and display a
“simple” distribution of triaromatic dinosteranes (C29-
triaromatic dinosteranes are labeled as 3 in the m/z 245
chromatogram in Figure 2). Lacustrine oils also contain
variable amounts of 4-methyl steranes (m/z 231) and have
high concentrations of an unknown doublet relative to a
C27 diasterane (m/z 259) (Figure 2). This relationship has
also been observed for lacustrine-derived oils from the
Far East (Schiefelbein et al., 1997).
The cluster labeled lacustrine A (Figure 5) includes oils
from the Campos, Lower Congo, and Benguela Basins.
These oils are typically from postsalt reservoirs and are
characterized by intermediate to heavy isotopic composi-
tions, variable amounts of gammacerane, and abundant
4-methylsteranes (m/z 231). According to Mello et al.
(1988a, 1988b) and Guardado et al. (1997), calcareous
black shales of the Aptian–Barremian Lagoa Feia
Formation deposited in a brackish–saline lacustrine envi-
ronment are responsible for the Campos Basin oils. For
this type of oil from Angola, Burwood (1997) assigns the
source as the Infra-Cuvo Formation (Neocomian–
Barremian), a calcareous shale deposited in a brackish–
saline lacustrine environment.
Another possible source for some of the lacustrine A
oils has been suggested by several investigators (Brum-
baugh et al., 1994; Henry et al., 1995; Abreu et al., 1997;
Wilson et al., 1997). The lacustrine A oils that have the
heaviest isotopic compositions and the greatest abun-
dances of 4-methylsteranes may have originated from
presalt transitional sediments with increasing marine
influence in their upper section. This type of source rock
may have been deposited in early thermal subsidence sag
basins offshore from Angola, and it may have geochemi-
cal affinities with the upper section of the Lagoa Feia
Formation in the Campos Basin (Mello and Hessel, 1998).
These source rocks may have evolved from isolated deep
rift to shallow saline lakes, culminating with the infill of
the sag basin by large saline lakes to a marginally marine-
restricted gulf.
The cluster labeled as lacustrine B (Figure 5) includes
oils from the Recôncavo, Potiguar, Bahia Sul, and Ceará
Basins from offshore Brazil and central Gabon and north-
ern Angola. These oils are characterized by low-sulfur
content, intermediate to light stable carbon isotopic
compositions, low sterane/hopane ratios, and variable
amounts of gammacerane and 4-methyl steranes.
Lacustrine B oils from Brazil probably originated from
algal source rocks deposited in similar fresh to saline
lacustrine environments (Mello et al., 1988a, 1988b).
Lacustrine B oils from northern Angola may have origi-
nated from late Barremian–Aptian synrift II shales
deposited in brackish–saline ephemeral lacustrine envi-
ronments (Burwood, 1997).
20 Schiefelbein et al.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4—(a) Principal component analysis (PCA) loadings plot showing source-dependent geochemical parameters.
(b) PCA scores plot showing differentiation of identified oil families.
 Chapter 2—Geochemical Comparison of Crude Oil, South Atlantic Margins 21

The cluster labeled as lacustrine C (Figure 5) includes

oils that are restricted to the Congo Basin (southern
Gabon, Congo, Cabinda, and Zaire). None of the
Brazilian oils in this study clustered with this type of oil
from west Africa, perhaps suggesting a source deposi-
tional environment unique to west Africa. The oils are
characterized by elevated isoprenoid ratios (pristine/
phytane > 2.0), intermediate stable carbon isotopic
compositions, negative canonical variables (Sofer, 1984),
abundant extended tricyclic terpanes, enrichment in C27-
αββ-steranes, and variable amounts of gammacerane and
4-methyl steranes.
The lacustrine C oils are produced from both presalt
and postsalt reservoirs. Some oils from postsalt reservoirs
have experienced varying degrees of bacterial alteration.
For the oils from Cabinda and Zaire, Burwood (1997)
showed an origin from algal source rocks of the
Neocomian–Barremian (synrift I) “organic” Bucomazi
Formation deposited in fresh, deep-water lacustrine envi-
ronments. Gabon and Congo oils presumably originated
from time-equivalent source rocks of the Melania and
Marnes Noires Formations, respectively. Figure 5—Map showing the distribution of identified oil
families and their correlation from Brazilian to west
African margins.
Marine Oils
South Atlantic margin oils designated as “marine”
originated from source rocks of several different deposi-
tional environments. These oils typically have higher
concentrations of sulfur (>0.5 wt. %), pristine/phytane from source rocks deposited in a sag basin setting
ratios less than 1.5 (Figure 6), variable stable carbon (Brumbaugh, et al., 1994) that received input from both
isotopic compositions, C25 > C26 tricyclic terpanes (Figure lacustrine and marine organic matter (i.e., mixed kerogen
7), elevated proportions of extended pentacyclic terpanes assemblage).
relative to C30 hopanes, and high sterane/hopane ratios In Figure 3, the group labeled as marine A includes oils
(Figure 8). Marine oils have diverse triaromatic dinoster- from the Ivory Coast, northern Angola, and the Kwanza,
ane compositions (Figure 9) that often contain abundant Santos, and Barreirinhas Basins (Figure 5). Marine source
3-methyl triaromatic steranes (labeled as 4 and 6 in Figure rocks responsible for the Ivory Coast oils were probably
2) and 4-methyl triaromatic steranes (labeled as 7 and 9 in deposited during the Late Cretaceous synrift phase of
Figure 2). According to Moldowan et al. (1990), marine- deposition (Harms et al., 1996). Northern Angola oils are
derived oils can also be identified on the basis of the pres- derived from Upper Cretaceous Iabe Formation source
ence of 24-n-propylsteranes, which are highly diagnostic rocks, whereas the Kwanza Basin oils originated from
biomarkers for marine algae as detected by metastable either Cretaceous (Teba or Itombe Formation) or Eocene
reaction monitoring (MRM) analyses. (Margas Negras Formation) source rocks (Burwood,
A subset of the marine group includes oils derived 1997). Marine oils from the Santos and Barreirinhas
from source rocks composed mainly of terrigenous Basins originated from Upper Cretaceous shales
organic matter deposited in nearshore (deltaic) marine deposited in anoxic marine environments (Mello et al.,
paleoenvironments. These oils are characterized by 1988a, b).
elevated isoprenoid ratios (pristine/phytane > 2.0), posi- The group labeled as marine B (Figures 3 and 5)
tive canonical variables (Sofer, 1984), high abundances of includes oils from the northern Gabon and Kwanza
low molecular weight C19- and C20-tricyclic terpanes Basins. The Gabon oils can be separated into at least four
and C24-tetracyclic terpanes, and a predominance of C29 subgroups according to source lithofacies and relative
steranes. Oleanane, a specific biomarker derived from anoxia in the depositional environment. Biomarkers most
angio-sperms and associated with a Tertiary source due useful in differentiating oil types in northern Gabon
to the evolution of higher land plants (Ekweozor and include the relative abundance of 17α-, 18α-, 21β-
Udo, 1987) is abundant in these oils (oleanane/C30 25,28,30-trisnorhopane, 17α-, 18α-, 21β-28,30-bisnor-
hopane > 0.2). hopane, gammacerane, diasteranes, and the proportion
Another subset of the marine group includes oils that of C35 to C34 pentacyclic terpanes.
exhibit intermediate geochemical characteristics. These The cluster labeled as Gabon 1 in Figure 3 includes
oils may represent lacustrine and marine oils that mixed moderately mature to mature oils that are primarily char-
in the reservoir. Alternatively, they may have originated acterized by an abundance of 17α-, 18α-, 21β-25,28,30-tris-
22 Schiefelbein et al.

Figure 6—Plot of pristane/phytane versus the carbon isotopic composition of the aromatic hydrocarbons showing the
difference between marine and lacustrine oils.

Figure 7—Plot of C26/C25 tricyclic terpanes versus C31+/C30 pentacyclic terpanes showing the difference between marine
and lacustrine oils.
 Chapter 2—Geochemical Comparison of Crude Oil, South Atlantic Margins
norhopane and gammacerane and moderate to low
amounts of 17α-, 18α-, 21β-28,30-bisnorhopane. The clus-
ter labeled as Gabon 2 contains oils from Batanga reser-
voirs that are isotopically heavier than the Gabon 1 oils.
These oils are further characterized by their low to
moderate maturity and the presence of abundant 17α-,
18α-, 21β-28,30-bisnorhopane and low amounts of 17α-,
18α-, 21β-25,28,30-trisnorhopane. The cluster labeled as
Gabon 3 contains mature oils that are characterized by
low to moderate amounts of 17α-, 18α-, 21β-25,28,30-tris-
norhopane and 17α-, 18α-, 21β-28,30-bisnorhopane,
abundant gammacerane and diasteranes, and elevated
proportions of C35 to C34 hopanes.
Gabon 1, 2, and 3 oils are geographically situated
within the same region described by Sofer (1993) as
containing marine oils derived from source rocks in the
Eocene Ozouri Formation. However, Katz et al. (1997)
have assigned Batanga reservoired oils from this area
(Gabon 2) as belonging to the Ezanga/Madiela–Batanga
petroleum system. A pre-Cenomanian source deposited
in a restricted marine environment is suggested. Katz et
al. (1997) also suggested that it is unlikely that an Eocene
source, if present, would be thermally mature. The differ-
ences in oil chemistries observed for the Gabon 1, 2, and
3 oils suggest that additional sources are present, signifi-
cant source facies variations exist, and/or oil mixing may
have occurred.
The cluster labeled as Gabon 4 (Figure 3) contains
oils that are characterized by low abundances of 17α-,
18α-, 21β-25,28,30-trisnorhopane, 17α-, 18α-, 21β-28,30-
bisnorhopane, gammacerane, and diasteranes. These
oils are geographically situated in the same area
defined by Katz et al. (1997) to contain oils belonging to
the Azile/Anguille–Anguille petroleum system. Sofer
(1993) suggested an Early–middle Cretaceous source
for oils in this area.
The marine B group also contains a small cluster of
marine-derived oils from the southern part of the onshore
Kwanza Basin (Figure 5). These oils are from Aptian
Binga reservoirs, have intermediate isotopic composi-
tions, and contain appreciable gammacerane. Burwood
(1997) suggested that oils from this area originated from
source rocks within the Aptian–Albian Middle Binga
Formation deposited in a transgressive restricted marine
environment.
The broad marine cluster shown in Figure 3 also
contains oils that display intermediate geochemical char-
acteristics. These oils may represent a commingling of
marine-derived and lacustrine-derived oils. Alternatively,
these oils may have originated from source rocks
composed of a mixed kerogen assemblage. This “mixed
oil” family includes oils from the Ivory Coast, several oils
from the Lower Congo Basin from postsalt reservoirs,
plus oils from the Espírito Santo, Sergipe–Alagoas,
Barreirinhas, and Kwanza Basins. Mixing of presalt
(Organic Bucomazi Formation) and postsalt (Iabe
Formation) oils in the Lower Congo Basin has been previ-
ously reported by Connan et al. (1987) and ten Haven
(1996). An Aptian Cuvo Formation source deposited
23
during a shallow to ephemeral, brackish–saline, lacus-
trine, initial marine transgressive phase may be responsi-
ble for the so-called mixed oils from the Kwanza Basin
(Burwood, 1997).
The marine group in Figure 3 also includes a family of
oils that display geochemical characteristics suggestive
of an origin from marine marls and calcareous black
shales. This “transitional oil” family includes oils from
the Sergipe–Alagoas, Potiguar, and Ceará Basins and
some oils from offshore northern Gabon. These low-
sulfur oils have intermediate to heavy stable carbon
isotopic compositions, contain abundant gammacerane,
and have elevated proportions of steranes relative to
hopanes. The Sergipe–Alagoas oils probably originated
from Aptian–Albian source rocks within the Ibura or
Maceio Formations. The northern Gabon oils may be
derived from similar source rocks deposited within the
Aptian Namina Formation (Kuo, 1998).
The last cluster of oils within the marine group
(labeled as Tertiary in Figure 3) originated from moder-
ately mature source rocks composed of mainly terrige-
nous organic matter deposited in fluvial deltaic or paralic
marine environments. These oils, which contain abun-
dant oleanane, have positive PC1 and negative PC2
values (Figure 4b). The South Atlantic margin oils belong-
ing to this group are Tertiary oils from Nigeria, Benin,
equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, offshore northern Angola,
and the Foz do Amazonas Basin of northern Brazil
(Figure 5).
CONCLUSIONS
Geochemical information obtained from the detailed
analysis of representative oils from the South Atlantic
margin can be used to establish genetic relationships and
identify a number of oil families, differing in source age
and depositional paleoenvironment. Areas where oil
mixing has occurred can also be identified.
Several different geochemical criteria are useful in
differentiating lacustrine-derived oils from marine-
derived oils. These include the pristine/phytane ratio, the
proportion of C26- to C25-tricyclic terpanes (Zumberge,
1987) and steranes to hopanes (Moldowan, et al., 1985),
the relative abundance of extended pentacyclic terpanes
and an unknown doublet (m/z 259) (Schiefelbein et al.,
1997), and the distribution of triaromatic dinosteranes
(m/z 245).
Lacustrine oils derived from different presalt
(Neocomian–Aptian) source rocks are widespread in
west Africa and offshore Brazil. These oils can be sepa-
rated into at least three distinct families. Lacustrine oils
from west Africa are present in the Congo, Lower Congo,
and Benguela Basins. Brazilian oils with lacustrine affini-
ties are present in the Recôncavo, Campos, Potiguar,
Ceará ,and Bahia Sul Basins. Based on HCA, oils from the
Campos Basin and offshore central Angola have similar
chemical attributes and therefore may share a genetic
origin. Similarly, oils from the Recôncavo Basin in
24 Schiefelbein et al.

Figure 8—Plot of sterane/hopane versus C27 diasterane/unknown doublet (m/z 259) showing the difference between marine
and lacustrine oils.

Figure 9—Triangular plot of triaromatic dinosterane compositions (m/z 245) showing an enrichment of C29 triaromatic
steranes for lacustrine oils.
 Chapter 2—Geochemical Comparison of Crude Oil, South Atlantic Margins
offshore Brazil and oils from central Gabon and northern
Angola may also be genetically related.
Marine oils derived from different postsalt (Upper
Cretaceous–Tertiary) source rocks are present on both
sides of the South Atlantic. West African marine oils are
primarily from the Ivory Coast and the Gabon (Port
Gentil area), Lower Congo, Kwanza, and Benguela
Basins. Marine oils from offshore Brazil are present in the
Santos, Espírito Santo, and Sergipe–Alagoas Basins.
Several oils from the Ivory Coast, Lower Congo Basin,
and Kwanza Basin display intermediate geochemical
characteristics, possibly suggesting commingling of
marine-derived and lacustrine-derived oils and/or the
presence of source rocks composed of a mixed kerogen
assemblage. Brazilian oils from Sergipe–Alagoas Basin
and oils from northern Gabon may be genetically related.
Several South Atlantic margin oils display geochemi-
cal characteristics suggestive of an origin from Tertiary
source rocks primarily composed of terrigenous organic
matter deposited in fluvial-deltaic or nearshore marine
environments. These oils are from Nigeria, Benin, equa-
torial Guinea, Cameroon, offshore northern Angola, and
the Foz do Amazonas Basin of northern Brazil.
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