References

Primary Resources
Cary, Joyce.Aissa Saved.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1959.

---.An American Visitor. Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1952.

---.The African witch.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1951.

---.The Captive and the Free.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1959.

---.Charley is My Darling.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1951.

---.Except the LordCarfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1953.

---.A Fearful Joy.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1962.

---.Herself Surprised.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1975.

---.The Horse’s Mouth.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1975.

---.Mister Johnson.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1954.

---.The Moonlight.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1952.

---.Not Honour More.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1955.

---.Prisoner of Grace.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1954.

---.To be Pilgrim.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1972.

---.A House of children. Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1951.

Secondary Resources

Asanga, Siga Zacharias. Joyce Cary's Interpretation of African Reality: A Study of the African
Novels. 1974. University of Ottawa, Ontario. Ph.D. Thèses, 1910–2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.20381/ruor-9302
Christian, E. Creative Imagination in Joyce Cary's Trilogies. 1979. Loma Linda University
ElectronicTheses, Dissertations & Projects. 550.https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/550
Christian, Edwin Ernest. The Theme Of Creative Imagination In The Works Of Joyce Cary (British
Africa). 1983. ETD Collection for University of Nebraska-Lincoln. AAI8404810.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dissertations/AAI8404810
Dean, M. Ellen Agnes.The Second Trilogy of Joyce Cary: A Study in the Function of the Moral
Imagination. 1962. University of Windsor, Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6302.
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6302
Fenwick, Julie M.The Novels of Joyce Cary:Romantic Illusion and Existential “Pathology”. 1990.
University of Ottawa, Ontario. Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 52-11, Section: A,
Page: 3937.https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/5740?mode=full
Kanu, Sheka H. A World in Everlasting Conflict: Joyce Carys’s View Of Man And Society. 1971.
The University Of Alberta, Ph.D. Thesis. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/92edd3d3-e87e-4ac9-
9ae8-5d1bf3cb861d
Khan, I. A. “Joyce Cary’s Technique Of Story-Telling: A Study On The Angle Of Vision And
Character-Building.”Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(2), 90–99.2019.
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.62.6043
Khan, I. A. “Captive and Free: An Interpretation of Human Reality in the Novels of Joyce Cary.”
English Language and Literature StudiesArchives,Vol. 6, No. 4. 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v6n4p98
Lindsay, W.E. Moral Elements In The Novels Of Joyce Cary. 1965. University of Ottawa, Ontario.
Ph.D. Thesis.https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/21301/1/DC53804.PDF
Mukakanya, Patrick J. W.Joyce Cary's Tragicomic Vision. 1989. The University Of Alberta, Ph.D.
Thesis. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/b5df2469-60dc-4bdd-a0a1-261c4a48a313
Nirmala, A. Joyce Cary: A Critical Study. Atlanta Publication and Dist., 2001
Pauly, John. Academia Journalism and Politics, 1997.
Watson, Diane Margaret. Joyce Cary's Trilogies: Together in Feeling. But Alone in Mind. 1984.
McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Ph.D. Thesis. VI, 132.
https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/12224/1/fulltext.pdf
Zweig, Arnold. “Riot Comedy and Ethnicity in Modern British Fiction.” Organisation Queen
University Press, Wiki Summaries, 2021.
 JOYCE CARY AS A NOVELIST: A STUDY IN NEW
PERSPECTIVE

PH.D. THESIS

SUBMITTED TO

SHRI VENKATESHWAR UNIVERSITY, GAJRAULA

FOR

THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF

PHILOSOPHY IN ENGLISH

Supervised by: Submitted by:

DR. …………………. DAMINI SINGH
Associate Professor, Research Scholar
Shri Venkateshwar University, Shri Venkateshwar
Gajraula, Gajraula,
Uttar Pradesh (India) Uttar Pradesh (India)

2024
 Declaration

I certify that the work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original,
except as acknowledged in the text, and that the material has not been submitted, either in whole or
part, for a degree at this or any other university. I acknowledge that I have read and understood the
rules of the university, requirements, procedures and policy relating to my higher degree research
award and to my thesis. I certify that I have complied with the rules, requirements, procedures and
policy of the university (as they may be from time to time). Wherever contributions of others are
involved, every effort is made to indicate this clearly, with due reference to the literature, and
acknowledgement of collaborative research and discussion.

This work was done under the guidance of Associate Professor of English Dr. ……….. at Shri
Venkateshwar University, Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh.

(Damini Singh)
 Certificate

It is certified that Ms. Damini Singh has worked under my supervision on the topic entitled,
Joyce Cary As A Novelist: A Study In New Perspective. His research work is original and true to
the best of my knowledge; and he has completed his work within the stipulated time. He has
fulfilled the requirement of attendance as per university rules.

Date: (Dr. ………..)

Acknowledgement
Accomplishment of this Ph.D. Thesis is the reward of the persistent and strenuous scholarly efforts
in a specific direction. The valuable words of R. L. Stevenson “To travel hopefully is a better thing
than to arrive” remained at the back of my mind throughout the journey till now. Travelling during
this fruitful journey would have been tedious, had there not been the enriching companionship of
certain worthy fellows. Their constant support had been a great motivation for me in the completion
of this task.

It has rightly been said that without a worthy ‘guru’ and guide the intricate paths of life are
difficult to be trodden on. The able guidance go my research guide Professor Dr. ……., Shri
Venkateshwar University, Gajraula, Uttar Pradesh, enabled me to complete this scholarly journey.
Her conciliatory, amenable and helping demeanour has ever been a motivating force to me. Her
valuable and enriching suggestions have made this work worthwhile. I express my sincere gratitude
to her for her valuable guidance and considerate support to accomplish this research work.

I also express my obligation towards ……and Associate professor, ——— for their valuable
pieces of advice and selfless support time to time. I also feel grateful to …….who has been always
by my side with his valuable advice apart from an exchange of ideas and his technical support. All
these persons have been an intellectual asset to me in this scholarly endeavour.

I dedicate this thesis to my parents whose blessings are being showered upon me eternally
from the heaven’s brink.

Preface
 Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction 07 - 21

Chapter 2 Review of Literature 22 - 68

Chapter 3 Different Aspects of Joyce Cary’ Narrative Style 70 - 121

Chapter 4 Character Portrayal Within the purview of Class,

Culture and Society in Trilogies 123 - 152

Chapter 5 Exploration of Social Harmony and Injustice

Through Characterisation in African Novels 154 - 197

Chapter 6 Conclusion 199 - 237

Bibliography 253 - 256

 Chapter 1
Introduction

Chapter 2
Review of Literature
 Chapter 3
Different Aspects of
Joyce cary’s Narrative
Style
 Chapter 4
Character Portrayal
Within the Purview of
Class, Culture and
Society in Trilogies

Chapter 5
Exploration of Social
Harmony and Injustice
 Through
Characterisation in
African Novels

Chapter 6
Conclusion
Bibliography
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRIMARY SOURCES

FICTION

Cary, Joyce.Aissa Saved.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1959.

---.An American Visitor. Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1952.

---.The African witch.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1951.

---.The Captive and the Free.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1959.

---.Charley is My Darling.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1951.

---.Except the LordCarfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1953.

---.A Fearful Joy.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1962.

---.Herself Surprised.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1975.

---.The Horse’s Mouth.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1975.

---.Mister Johnson.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1954.

---.The Moonlight.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1952.

---.Not Honour More.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1955.

---.Prisoner of Grace.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1954.

---.To be Pilgrim.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1972.

---.A House of children. Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1951.

---.The Moonlight.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1952.

---.Castle Corner.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1960.

---.Spring Song and Other Stories.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1960.

---.

---.

---.
---.

---.

---.

---.

---.

Poetry

Cary, Joyce. Marching Sailor.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1945.

---. The Drunken Sailor. A Balled-Epic.Carfax edition, Michael Joseph, London, 1947.

Aesthetics

Cary, Joyce. Art and Reality: Ways of the Creative Process.Clark Lectures, New York:Cambridge
University Press, 1958.

Political Treatises

Cary, Joyce. Power in Men.Nicholson and Watson For Liberal Book Club, London, 1939.
University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1963.

---. The Case for African Freedom.Secker and Warburg, London, 1944.
---. Process of Real Freedom.Michael Joseph, London, 1943.
---. Britain and West Africa.Longmans, Greene, London, 1947.

Essays in Criticism

Cary, Joyce. “L’ Art”, New York Times Book Review (March 12, 1950), p.8.

---. “Catching up with History”, National (October 16, 1954), pp. 332-333.

---. “The censorship Plot”, Spectator (March 11, 1955), pp. 275-276.

---. “Character on the Manhattan Boat”, New York Times Book Review (June 6, 1954), P.2.

---. “Gerald Wilde”, Nimbus, III, No. 2 (1955), 47-54.

---. “Horror Conics”, Spectator (February 18, 1955), p. 177.

---. “Important Authors of the Fall, speaking for Themselves”, New York Herald-Tribune Book
Review (October 8, 1950), p.10.

---. “Including Mr. Micawber”, New York Times Book Review (April 15, 1951), p.4.

---. “An Interview with Jyoce Cary” (Conducted by John Burrows and Alex Hamilton), Paris
Review, VIII (Winter, 1954-1955), pp. 63-78. Reprinted in Malcolm Cowley, Ed.,
Writers at work: The Paris Review Interviews. London: Secker and Warburg, 1958.

---. Introduction to R.S. Surtees, Mr. Sponge’s Sporting Tour (Oxford World Classics, 1960).

---. “My First Novel”, Listener (April 16, 1953), pp. 637-638.

---. “A Novel is a Novel is a Novel”, New York Times Book Review (April 30, 1950), pp.1, 34;
Adam International Review, XVIII (November-December, 1950), pp. 1-3.

---. “A Novelist and His Public”, Listener (September 30, 1954), pp. 521-22.

---. “The Novelist at Work: A Conversation between Joyce Cary and Lord David Cecil”, Adam
International Review, XVIII (November-December, 1950), pp. 15-25.

---. “On the function of the Novelist”, New York Times Book Review (October 30, 1949), pp.1, 52.
Reprinted in Francis Brown, ed., Highlights of Modern Literature (A permanent
collection of memorable Essays from the New York Times Book Review), A Mentor
Book (March, 1954).

---. “Party of One”, Holiday XX (September, 1956), pp. 6, 89.

---. “The Period Novel”, Spectator (November 21, 1952), p. 684.

---. “Speaking of Books”, New York Times Book Review (June 26, 1955), p.2.

---. “A Talk with Joyce Cary” (Conducted by Harvey Breit), New York Times Book Review
(February 18, 1951), p.14.

---. “The way a Novel Gets Written”, Harper’s, CC (February, 1950), pp. 87-93; Adam International
Review, XVIII (November-December, 1950), pp. 3-11.

---. “The Revolution of the woman”. Vogue (US), CXVIII (15 March, 1951), 99-100-149.

---. “Tolstoy Theory of Art” (From a Lecture entitled, ‘Tolstoy on Art and Moral’s Delivered at the
University of Edinburgh on 27 Nov, 1942), University of Edinburth Journal, XII
(Summer 1943), 91-96.

---. “Roman a These” (trans. By Christine Lalou), Nouvelles Litteraires (August 11, 1955), pp.1,2.

---. “Romance” Time (20 October, 1952), 119 (Atlantic ed., p.47).

---. “What Does Art Create?”, Literature and Life, II, Addressees to the English Association by
Margaret Willy, et al. (London, Harrap, 1951), pp. 32-45.

Other Essays and Articles

Cary, Joyce. “Article on Africa” quoted by M.M. Mahood, In’ Joyce Cary’s Africa.

---. “Africa Yesterday: One Ruler’s Burden”, Reporter (May 15, 1951), pp. 21-24.

---. “Barney Magonagel”, New Yorker (June 19, 1954), pp. 27-31.

---. “Britain is strong is Herself”, New York Times Magazine (April 2, 1956), pp. 12, 32-33.

---. “Can Western Values Survive without Religion?”, Time and Tide (July 9, 1955), pp. 901-902.

---. “A Child’s Religion”, Vogue, CXIII (December, 1953), pp. 86-87.

---. “Christmas in Africa”, Esquire, XL (December, 1953), pp. 101, 208.

---. “Cromwell House”, New Yorker (November 3, 1956), pp. 45-67.

---. “Faith in Liberty”, Time and Tide (July 16, 1955), pp. 933-934.

---. “The Front-Line Feeling”, Listener (January 17, 1952), pp. 92-93.

---. “The Heart of England”, Holiday, XVII (January 1955), pp. 26-31.

---. “The Idea of Progress”, Cornhill, CLXVII (Summer, 1954), pp. 331-337

---. “Joyce Cary’s Last Look at His World’s, Vogue (August 15, 1957), pp. 96-97, 150-153.

---. “Look Out for Labels”, This Week magazine (January 4, 1958), p. 117.

---. “Memoir of the Bobotes. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1960.

---. “The Most Exciting Sport in the world”, Holiday, XXI (June, 1957), pp. 42-48; 155-157.

---. “Oxford scholar”, Holiday, XIII (June, 1953), pp. 96-101.

---. “Personality (A.P. Herbert) (Published anonynously), Time (March 10, 1952), p. 52.

---. “Policy for Aid”, confluence, IV (1955), pp. 292-301.

---. “Political and Personal Morality”, Saturday Review (December 31, 1955), pp. 5,6,31,32.

---. “Proposals for Peace-III”, Nation (January 10, 1953), p. 28.

---. “The Sources of Tension in America”, Saturday Review (August 23, 1952), pp. 6-7, 35.

---. “Switzerland”, Holiday, XVI (August, 1954), pp. 27-37.

---. “Westminster Abbey”, Holiday, XIX (April, 1956), pp. 62, 63.

---. “Why They Say ‘God Save the Queen,’ “New York Times Magazine (May 31, 1953), p.7.

OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION:

Cary, Joyce. ‘Unfinished Novels’.

---. ‘Osborn Collections’, quoted by Charles G. Hoffmann in Joyce Cary: ‘The Comedy of
Freedom’.(Pittsburg 1964).

---. ‘MS. Cary (Different nos.) quoted by Barbara Fisher in ‘Joyce Cary: The Writer and his theme’.
(Colin Smythe, 1980).

SECONDARY SOURCES:

Critical Studies On Joyce Cary:

Adams, Hazard,‘The Three Speakers of Joyce Cary’, Modern Fiction Studies, v (Summer 1959),
108-120.

Allen, Walter, Joyce Cary (‘Writers and Their Work’ Series : No. 41), revised edn. , (London,
1954)

Barr, Donald,‘A Careful and Profound Thinker’, Adam International Review, XVIII (November-
December 1950) 30-1.
Cecil, Lord David,‘The Novelist at Work: A Conversation between Joyce Cary and Lord David
Cecil’ Adam International Review, XVIII (November- December 1950), 15-25.
Cohen, Nathan, ‘A Conversation with Joyce Cary’, Tarmarack Review, 3(Spring 1957), 5-15.
Cowley, Malcolm,Writers at work: The Paris Review Interviews (New York, 1958), pp. 51-67.
Davin, Dan,‘Five Windows Darken’, closing Times: Recollection of Julian Maclaren-Ross, W.R.
Rodgers, Louis, Itzik Manger, (London: Oxford University Press (1975) 91-120.
Forster, Malcolm,‘Fell of the Lion, Fleece of the Sheep’, Modern Fiction Studies, IX (Autumn
1963), 257-62.
Garrett, George,‘The Major Poetry of Joyce Cary’, Modern fiction Studies, IV (Autumn 1963),
245-56.
Hall, James, The Tragic comedians: Seven Modern British Novelists (Bloomington, 1963).
Hamilton, Kanneth, ‘Boon or Thorn? Joyce Cary and Samuel Beckett on Human Life’, Dalhousie
Review, XXXVIII (Winter 1959), 433-42.
Hughes, Richard,‘Joyce Carry’, Spectator (December 18, 1953), pp. 738-739.
Jones, Ernest,‘The Double View’, National (February 25, 1950), pp. 184-186.
Maclaren, Ross Julian,‘Story of a Full Life’, Times literary Supplement (November 11, 1949), p.
732
Michell, Giles, ‘Joyce Cary’s Prisoner of Grace’, Modern Fiction Studies, IX (Autumn 1963),
263-75.
Orwell, George,‘Foreword’. The case for a African Freedom. Searchlight Book No. 11. London:
Seeker & Warburg (1941), 5-6.
Owen, B. Evan, ‘The supremacy of the Individual in the Novels of Joyce Cary’s, Adam
International Review, XVIII (November-December, 1950), pp. 25-29.
Stevenson, Lionel, ‘Joyce Cary and the Anglo-Irish Tradition’, Modern Fiction Studies, IX
(Autumn 1963), 210-16.
Ward, A.C.,‘Commentary prefixed to Except the Lord, (Longmans, 1966).
Joyce Cary profile at Nndb.com, 14 may 1925 Retrieve, 2010.

Kelly, Edward H. (1971) the meaning of the Horse Mouth modern language studies.

Dave kuhne 1999,African setting in contemporary American novels vol.193 de contributions in

Afro American, Green wood publishing group.

Arnold Zweig 2021 wiki summaries. Organisation Queen University press Riot comedy and
Ethnicity in modern British Fiction.

Oliver Campbell, 24 August 2021 premieres Christianity.com.

Aaron Lewendon, 27 February 2019 eden.co.uk.

John Pauly, 1997 Academia journalism and politics.

David Scott Kastan, 2006 the oxford encyclopedia of British literature volume 1 oxford university
press ISBN 078195,169218.

“Clifton College Register” Muirhead, J.A.O. reference number 6138: Bristol; J.W. Arrowsmith for
old Cliftonian society April 1948.