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Delta Modulation (DM) Search the site ...

Definition: A modulation technique that converts or encodes message signal

into a binary bit stream is known as Delta Modulation. Here only 1 bit is used to
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encode 1 voltage level thus, the technique allows transmission of only 1 bit per
sample.
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As PCM has the property of converting message signal directly into a sequence of Wave Rectifier
a binary coded pulse, this resultantly increases the bandwidth requirement of the
Sample and Hold Circuit
system. So, in order to remove the drawbacks of PCM, delta modulation is used.
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Operating principle of Delta Modulation Clamper

The operating principle of DM is such that, a comparison between present and Analogous Systems

previously sampled value is performed, the difference of which decides the

increment or decrement in the transmitted values.

Simply put, when the two sample values are compared, either we get difference
having a positive polarity or negative polarity.
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If the difference polarity is positive, then the step of the signal denoted by Δ is
increased by 1. As against in case when difference polarity is negative then step of Difference Between LED and OLED
the signal is decreased i.e., reduction in Δ.
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When +Δ is noticed i.e., increase in step size, then 1 is transmitted. However,
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
in the case of –Δ i.e., decrease in step size, 0 is transmitted.
Difference Between Multiplexer (MUX)
Hence, allowing only a single binary bit to get transmitted for each sample. and Demultiplexer (DEMUX)

Block diagram for Delta Modulation Peak Detector

Let us first understand the generation of delta modulated signal. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

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Generation of delta modulated signal
The block
BASIC diagram for the generation
ELECTRONICS delta modulated
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS signal is shown
ELECTRONICS below:
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As we can see the above figure consists of an LPF, a comparator, a product CATEGORIES
modulator along with pulse generator and quantizer. Here, a feedback path is also
provided to the circuit, where the output of modulator acts as input to the Analog & Digital Communication
comparator.
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The message signal that is to be transmitted is fed to a low pass filter that passes Comparisons
the low-frequency component and eliminates the high-frequency component. It is
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also referred to as aliasing filter.
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The output of LPF is then given to a comparator unit, which compares the
message signal m(t) with an arbitrary signal m'(t) for the first time. The comparator
after comparing 2 signals generates the difference between the two.

The difference can be of either positive polarity or negative polarity. This depends
on message and arbitrary signals that are getting subtracted.

This difference signal now acts as input to the product modulator. Another input to
the modulator is a pulse signal generated by the pulse generator. These two
signals are multiplied in the modulator.

The output of the modulator is a pulsed signal whose pulses will be of equal
magnitude having polarity either positive and negative.

The polarity totally depends on the output of the comparator. The output of the
modulator is given to quantizer. The quantizer generates the output in the form of
steps.

If positive magnitude pulse is provided to the quantizer as its input then quantizer
performs increment by 1 step size, Δ. It is very easy to understand that positive
pulse at the output of the modulator shows that message signal is greater than the
arbitrary signal. Thus quantizer increases Δ by 1.
Similarly, in the case of negative
BASIC ELECTRONICS DIGITALmagnitude pulse, the
ELECTRONICS step size gets
ELECTRONICS decreased by
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1. This is so because m'(t) exceeds m(t), thereby generating a pulse of negative
polarity.
Thus, quantizer decreases Δ by 1.

The output of the modulator at the same time, through a feedback path, is provided
to the accumulator.

An accumulator is nothing but a device that stores the signal for further operation.
The output of the accumulator now behaves like the second input of the
comparator. Thus, we say that the present sample value is compared with the
previous one for further operation.

Hence the process repeats in such a manner.

In the end, depending on the staircase signal if the step size is +Δ then binary 1 is
transmitted and if it is –Δ then binary 0 is transmitted.

Waveform Representation of Delta Modulation

The figure below shows the delta modulation waveform:

Here, the analog input signal is m(t) and the quantized signal is denoted by u(t).
The binary sequence according to the step size that is actually transmitted is
shown at the bottom of the figure shown above.

Detection of delta modulated signal

The detection of a delta modulated signal is not a complex process and is

somewhat reverse of generation of a delta modulated signal.

The figure below shows the block diagram for the representation of detection of
delta modulated signal.
 BASIC ELECTRONICS DIGITAL ELECTRONICS ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTATION ADC COMPARISONS

The detection circuitry basically consists of an accumulator and an LPF. The binary
signal transmitted is provided to the accumulator section.

The accumulator consists of a summation unit and a delay unit. The transmitted
signal along with the delayed signal is added at the summation unit.

If here the input is binary 1 then after a delay the output of the accumulator shown
increased step size +Δ. However, in the case of binary 0 as input, a decrease in
step size is noticed. This generates the staircase signal equivalent to the message
signal.

The output of the accumulator is provided to the LPF that smoothens the staircase
signal in order to regenerate the original message signal.

Advantages of delta modulation

Due to transmission of 1 bit per sample, it permits low channel bandwidth as
well as signaling rate.

ADC is not required. Thus permits easy generation and detection.

Disadvantages of delta modulation

Delta modulation leads to drawbacks such as slope overload distortion and
granular noise.

Applications of delta modulation

It is widely used in radio communication devices and digital voice storage and
voice information transmission where signal quality is less important.

Related Terms:
1. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

2. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

3. Phase Modulation (PM)

4. Difference Between Modulation and Demodulation

5. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

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