N70°

W20°
Last known position of Skyways Avro York on Feb 2, 1953. At 0522Z the
aircraft reported 46°15'N 46°31’W to Gander, enroute LPLA-CYQX. At

2
0531Z Urgency signal and morse code SOS, SOS, SOS DE G-A… and
abruptly stopped. An extensive air and sea search failed to find any trace of 46° 15′ N
the aircraft or the 39 occupants. The following day the USCG cutter
Campbell reported several large oil patches and dye markers about 120 46° 31′ W
miles south-west of the last reported position of the aircraft; the Campbell
reported that the search area had snow squalls.

DAR
ARCTIC RADIO UB
BGSF Sondrestrom AIR-TO-AIR ICELAND RADIO

OPS GR O OPS
UP NORTH ATLANTIC
YXP
At this point the first Transatlantic communications cable, laid in 1858,
from Valentia, Ireland to Bay of Bulls, Newfoundland crosses 45W. The first

3
official message sent via the cable on August 16, 1858 was: "Directors of
Atlantic Telegraph Company, Great Britain, to Directors in America:—Europe
52.1N
and America are united by telegraph". NOTAMs are now the only remaining 45W
traffic on this cable, abandonded by all others since 1927. The previous
sentence is the only thing not true on this chart.

N6 ED
MO
VHF 126.700
5° NT RWY 09/27 2810m/9220ft VHF 123.450 VHF 127.850 / 129.625

0°
Position of the Hindenburg on the morning of May 4, 1937 at 0800Z, enroute

CZ ON F Blue 4
Frankfurt to New York, westbound at 65 knots. Two days later, LZ 129
Hindenburg caught fire and was destroyed during its attempt to dock with its
mooring mast at Naval Air Station Lakehurst. The accident caused 35 fatalities 51° N 40°W
(13 pax and 22 crewmen) from the 97 people on board (36 pax and 61

S
crewmen), and an additional fatality on the ground.

EG IR 1 LR pruce

W7
MO No H NS OK LOC RFF5 11-20 Mon-Sat Alcock and Brown were here at 1225Z on June 15, 1919, about to cross 30W

F ne
eastbound, enroute St. Johns to Clifden, on the first ever non-stop

5
transatlantic flight. 850nm down, 1000nm to go. Speed 106 knots. 'The
50° 7′ N

NT
wonder is we are here at all. We scarcely saw the sun or the moon or the

eded
stars....For hours the machine was covered in a sheet of ice, carried by frozen
sleet, at another time the fog was so dense that my speed indicator did not 31°W

RE
work, and for a few seconds it was very alarming. We looped the loop, I do
believe, and did a very steep spiral.’

CZ AL FIR
AIRCRAFT PLOTTING AND PLANNING CHART UL SF
NAT
AVP DLM
EDITION: JULY 2021 YFB
UT EXEM
PT AI
RSPA
MU REYKJAVIK CTA CE

NOTICE TO PLOTTERS: We hope you enjoy using this chart. Do not use it to navigate, you will get lost and run out of fuel. If you CYFB Iqaluit SVA
CLA
N6 VY
0° KAG
RWY 16/34 2622m/8605ft

°
LY
find errors, please email pubs@ops.group. If you have good ideas for the next edition, do the same, and we’ll send you a free one!

80
W
ILS1/RNAV RFF5 H24

ADS-B REQUIRED
BER
US N65
°
EMB N65°

°
OK

W50
IKM

00°
AN
DA
REYK
JA
ABO VIK CTA
VE F
L195 N65° BIKF Keflavik
GAN N65°

W40°
D
ABO ER CTA

W10°
GRI
KET
LA VE F
L195 N65° RWY 10/28 3065m/10056ft IC FIR
BS N65° CEAN LUSE
N
ILS2 RFF7 H24 OO

W30°

W20°
N6 BOD EN O
B
0° LIBO
R

0°
SOPEN

W7
Blue Spruce
MIB MA FIR
NO XAR 1 LRNS OK
ISVIG WAY
No HF needed ING NOR R
O

MU NIF
TY
BGBW Narsarsuaq KFV OSKUM
EN

SLO

PIDS RWY 06/24 1830m/6004ft EPENI ROSTI

IPTON
PEP O
N5
KI RNAV RFF5 11-20 Mon-Sat
N60 6330N
5° ° ALDAN Blue Spruce LARUX

0°
1 LRNS OK

80
SIN RAD I
GA BREKI MY

W6
VALD

W
UN No HF needed
PA
CELLO GUN
11

IRBI SAV
M RY
S
TOX PEMO
IT
N60 REYKJAVIK FIR MATIK
MO ° 6140N GA
RATSU

GOTA
ATT N BIRD N60°

°
URT D

W50
AK CZ ER 6112N

00°
Q FIR
X 6116N LUSEN
VES OZN SHANWICK FIR
MI
PRA 5950 EGGX N60°
N60°
N5
5°
WN N Blue Spruce ATSIX AKIVO

W40°
AVU 1 LRNS OK

0°

W10°
YDP TI NUUK HF required

W7
FIR 6015N
BGGL N60° N60° ORTAV
BOK

W30°

W20°
TO
POR Blue 5850
Sp N BALIX
GY CUD 1 LR ruce GAND
DY No H NS OK ER FIR NINEX
F nee CZQX
ded
N5 ADODO
0°

IR
DOR

°
YY

NF
80
ENN 5750
N

W
SO ERAKA

AGE
R

E NH K
ETSOM

H FI
N55

EKD
°
EGPK Prestwick

SCO PX
0°

TTIS
HOI
CYYR Goose Bay

G
ST ETILO

W6

OP
5650 RWY 12/30 2986m/9797ft

C
N
RWY 08/26 3368m/11051ft IRLO AGORI GOMUP
K KESIX GINGA ILS1 RFF7 H24R
ILS1/LOC/RNAV RFF8 H24 JAN
JO SUNOT OSBOX IBROD
YYR
555 BEGID
KOD N55 0N BILTO
IK °
MIMKU N55°

°
W50
NOTA

00°
LOM SOVED
N5 SI PIKIL
0°
CYQX Gander FIR
KUGUR

0°
ESTIC MEL 5450 MOGLO
DOM

W7
DI N
DER ETARI
EGAA Belfast
7

FIR
GAN X N55°
RWY 03/21 3109m/10200ft CZQ NEE NIBOG N55°

ERDAM
W40°
KO
NETKI

W10°
ILS1/RNAV RFF7 H24

EHAA
RESNO
N4 PELT
U N55° N55°
RWY 07/25 2780m/9121ft

AMST
5° 5350 KOKIB REVNU ILS3 RFF7 H24

W30°

W20°
N
RIKA VENER
L N FIR
NN O
SAX BEXET SHA ISN
AN 10
DOGAL E
CYDF Deer Lake N50 TUD
EP
5250
N OLGON
° NEBIN

0°
RWY 07/25 2440m/8005ft UME

W6
SI GISTI BRU
ILS1/RNAV RFF6 H24
ALLR 5150
MALOT
EINN Shannon SSEL
EBU
U
S FIR
Y N RILED
6

TOBOR RWY 06/24 3199m/10495ft

BUD
AR
14

LIMRI
XETBO ILS2 RFF7/9 H24
N4
5°
CYJT Stephenville CAD
IL
ELSIR 505
N50 0N
° LEKVA
N50°

°
ADARA LESLU
4

W50
0°
IBER

00°
RWY 09/27 3051m/10011ft JIGG G

W7
S ELSOX 8

DINIM
ILS1/RNAV RFF6 H24 BRID
G
JOO
PY 4950
N4 N TURLU
0° EPUNA FIR
RODEL GAPLI N
°

MUS N50°
DO T
80

DAY AK
SE SOTA N50° N T

W40°
W

3
LO EG

W10°
AC ATSUR
SOMAX RATKA

R
AD
CIRCLE OF ENTRY: WHAT DO I NEED TO GET IN?
FOR 5

CZ AL FI
N TE NICS 4850
N N50°
TAKAS
SCO
CYYT St Johns O N50° R

R
BIMGO BEX EMPE

W30°
TS

CZQ N FI
GUNSO EVBAK JA

W20°
RE
UL
OMS KOGAD FIR
AT PARIS

NT
NASBA NO LFFF

TO
TAMEL GELPO LAS

M
15

OMOKO

MO
RWY 11/29 2591m/8502ft

NC
1 : The NAT HLA (formerly MNPS) is FL285-420 and everyone needs HLA approval in this area. N45
°
GRA
YY POR
TI 4750 BEDRA

MO
ILS3 RFF7 H24 N

0°
NAT HLA NAT HLAETIKI FIR
HE REGHI EAUX
RIN BORD

W6
RELIC FL285-420 FL285-420 B
2 : Blue Spruce routes: 1 LRNS ok, VHF ok on most, but since 2021 more restrictive: datalink needed FL290-410 on WH
ALE
L F B
ELE
RI UMLER UMOXA
southerly routes, ADS-B over Greenland (if no ADS-C), and HLA approval FL285-420. SA NA
NSO
SUPR
Y 4650

T290
IL E VIT N
OL T16, T13 & T213
SEPAL LAPEX
2
GRU HF required
GA PI
3 : You need Datalink (CPDLC and ADS-C) from FL290-410 in the entire HLA, except for: North of 80N, NYC Oceanic, AV
AS YBL LOM NAT HLA NAT HLANAT D NAT Datalink requir
ed
FL290DLM
DO T PI
N4 FL0290 LM

T13
VEY CA FL285-420 FL285-42 BUNAV TIVLU

T213
0°
Tango 9 & 290, and ‘surveillance airspace’ over Iceland/Greenland (latter needs ADS-B). RAC RAFIN -410 -410
0°

NO 12
N4 5°
W7

VO JEB

°
K

T9
RIVAK N45°
4 : PBCS Tracks (half degree apart), when published, are FL350-390 requiring Datalink with RCP240 and RSP180, BY SIVIR

W50
GAND

T16
N3 ER FIR

00°
5° JO CZQX
°

BO
and RNP4. Normal NAT Tracks (one degree apart) just need HF, Datalink, and RNP10.
80

BOTA
BREST FIR
W

KA
YY
T NEW
YORK NAT DLM NAT DLM LFRR
5 : Shanwick OCA needs HF, no exceptions (even Blue Spruce). T9 & T290 need HF, RNP2, and ADS-B, but not SL A
OCEA
KZWY
NIC F
IR
N45° FL290-410 ADVAT FL290-410
TN NILAV BEGAS

W40°
N45°
datalink. You can normally climb and descend through most airspace even if you don’t have the gear to cruise in SHANWICK FIR
GONAN BERUX
MADRID FIR

W10°
EGGX PASAS LECM
T9 & T290
it. You need TCAS 7.1 everywhere in the NAT, and RVSM from FL290-410. SLOP right on all tracks, including DR
YED N45°
4520N
HIDRA ADS-B re
quired
N45° RNP2, HF, empt

W30°
random. Outside VHF areas 2 LRCS are required – HF must be one, Satcom or CPDLC for the other. Datalink ex

W20°
SANTA MARIA FIR
N4
0° LPPO
MU KOPAS

0°
NE
Y

W6

T13
HO MUDAS
US SEL
TO IM

T16
N
O RETEN
KZ CE
HU AN SOO
IC RY
FIR N3 RIPEL
5° LISB
0°

OA
M ARMED F
LPCC IR
W7

EX N3
I 0° TU XERES
M CO BB N40
°

M S AN °
80

FR FIR BO V ER EKROL LUPOV

°
VIC
W

W50
TR
OU
T UK DA
OK SER QIN
A CY LUKAL
DIRMA
DETOX
EN RN
AP
I GR SA 4120N
TXKF Bermuda
SN S KOLIT N
AG N40° TA
Y M AR N40°

W40°
IA
TM

W10°
JIM A
AC
RWY 12/30 2958m/9705ft BAL
KOKER
ERPES
SU O N40°
MR ILS1/RNAV RFF9 H24R O N35 ANAVA N40°

W30°
°

W20°
S
0°

AN
W6

MA TIG
PY

T13
L BR GUNTI
OO L AZ
M EY BAVAS
MI
AM
BAL
TN
INBOX LPLA Lajes
CN N3 1

KZ I FI N 0°
N2 OR
0°

RWY 15/33 3310m/10860ft

T16
MA R KOMUT
5°
W7

NU
°

NA MB 3820N
80

SS R ILS1 RFF8 H24R BEKUN

W

MY AU F
NA IR SHE N35
GR IL °
AT

°
X DOKAS LUTAK

W50
WIN
GZ
A
H

TM
AV MU

A
GE UD
LPPD Ponta Delgada
A FH

CA
N

L RM
A

MI SEA BE GINSU ETROX

MANOX
FI

LLE
CE M

V
R

R
N H

RWY 12/30 2323m/7621ft

A TG

PIRE
M

CA X N35°
ER

NE NE

W40°
W N35°
RNP/ILS1 RFF7 H24
FI

E YO NAVIX
R

W10°
RK
LET
ON
O
KZ CEA
WY NIC N30
°
LPAZ Santa Maria 3520N
N35°
0°

LN FIR N35°

W30°
HO
RWY 18/36 3048m/10000ft
W6

W20°
MI M AM

LPC FIR
AM ENO
IO
ILS1/VOR RFF6 H24R

FIR
C

A
KZ EANI

C
FIR

BO
LA
MA CF M

GM N C A
IR N 2 ER IRKID

LIS
CEANIC
N2

MM
5° LUC

FIR
0°

BL A
0°

TI
°

AY T
80

W7

MARIA
E

SA
KZWY
W

SIN

ORK O

CA
GL

LPPO
SANTA
NEW Y
MN SIFE N30
N °
DE
°

Z ML ABALO
W50

LER 11
Location of Weather ship Alpha from 1945-1980. The ships aided in SAR
operations, supported transatlantic flights, acted as research platforms for
oceanographers, monitored marine pollution, and aided weather forecasting.
Alpha was operated by the UK, and was the quietest, and coldest. Alpha was
involved with the Cold War in the 1970's, broadcasting warnings to to trawlers
in the vicinity of the Icelandic Waters.
62° N
33° W

ALE NELSO
RRI Red October. The Laurentian Abyss is an underwater valley estimated to be

12
KI

19,685 feet deep, and was the covert rendezvous point for Soviet Typhoon
43°40′ N

KONBA
class submarine Red October and American submarine Dallas. Give me a
ping Vasili; one ping only please.
56°10′ W
N
G

ORTIS
ST KJ

SAMAR
Location of Weather ship Juliett from 1945-1980. Of all the NAT weather
M

ships, Juliett was the busiest, being on the favoured transatlantic shipping
O

14
lane and also underneath the most popular NAT flight tracks. On VHF 126.7,
aircraft would check in and request the Ship's QTH, Radar Fix, Winds Aloft, 52° 30′ N

WO
and often a QSP of their position report via HF to Shanwick or Gander. In the
20° W
J

early days of NAT Crossings, most comms were on CW. Flight information
N

was exchanged between Oceanic Airways Control Areas Prestwick MBY,

VASTO
Gander VFG, New York WSY, Iceland TFW and Santa Maria CSZ.

OD
FI

C N30°
R

FIV 15
ZE N30°

W40°
Site of great mystery. Actually, there’s nothing here. Or is there? If you
have a treasure box to add to this map, send us a note at team@ops.group.
48°30′ N
We will reward you handsomely!
42°30′ W

WA

W10°
KN TRS N25
D LL °
0°

HA
NC BAR
Y
W6

N30°
O E FOO NEXUX N30°

W30°
RE

W20°
KIN

10

10
FL290-4M

FL290-4M
C H KEE CANARIAS FIR
KA
Location of Weather ship Charlie. From 1947 to 1989 a ship was stationed here,

N1 NAT DL

NAT DL
as part of the NAT Weather Ship network - 10 ships in all. On Oct 14, 1947,

6
Boeing 314 Clipper, the Bermuda Sky Queen, en route from England to the U.S.
52.5N°

N2
on a charter flight, encountered 100 knot headwinds after passing the PNR (Point

5°
of No Return). Unable to make the Canadian coast, and unable to get back to
35.5°W

GCCC
Europe, the crew decided to ditch in the stormy North Atlantic beside Charlie. All
62 pax and 7 crew survived. The USSR took over the operation of ship Charlie in

0°
July 1975, and continued to operate it until December 1989.
°

0°
80

The TAT-1 cable (Transatlantic No. 1) crosses 20W here. It was the first
submarine transatlantic telephone cable, laid in 1956. The cable was able to

7 55.69N
W7

carry 35 simultaneous telephone calls. A 36th channel was used to carry up

W

to 22 telegraph lines. TAT-1 carried the Moscow-Washington hotline

20W

KAV
between the American and Soviet heads of state, established in 1963 as a

NAT LA NAT LA
result of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The cable was retired in 1978, but it still

OPA
lies here.

AX
FL285H FL285H
PO UL
Site of Air India 182 in-flight bombing, enroute CYMX-EGLL, on Jun 23,

RT
-420 -420
1985. Air India Flight 182 had left Montreal earlier that Sunday morning, with

8
A
329 people on board. Registered VT-EFO, the 747 was en route to London
51°3.6′N

FIR U PR
Heathrow, where it was estimated to arrive at 0833 UTC. At 0705 the flight
passed position 51N15W, and checked in with Shannon Control on 131.15
at 0708. At 07:14:01 hrs, a clicking sound of a transmit button came over the 12°49′W
controllers headsets, and the radar return of the flight disappeared. There
were no survivors.

MT INC ROSTA
9
A USAF C-124 Globemaster ditched here on Mar 23, 1951 with 53 POB,
enroute KLIZ-EGUN. At 1300Z the aircraft radioed "Mayday" to weather ship
USCGC Casco, reporting a fire in the cargo crates. The aircraft landed safely
and intact. However, by the time Casco arrived, both aircraft and crew had
disappeared. The survivors' bodies were never found. Overall, the fate of the
52°22′ N
22°20′ W
EG E
crashed C-124 and its 53 occupants remains undetermined

SO N25
CC
A Flying Tigers Lockheed Constellation, FT6923C, ditched here Sep 23, 1962,
enroute from McGuire AFB to Frankfurt, Germany, on a Military Air Transport

°
Service passenger contract, with 76 POB. Just before coming into the

10
O
Shanwick area at 30 West, the No.3 engine failed following a fire, and the prop
was feathered. Soon after the No.1 engine oversped. One hour later, the No.2
54°13′ N
engine also failed following a fire. The aircraft ditched some 560 miles west of
24°05′ W
°

Shannon, in position 5413N and 2405W. A Canadian aircraft carrier was close
by, and dispatched trackers and helicopters to the scene. Rescue aircraft also
came from St. Mawgan, Prestwick and Ballykelly. 48 people of the 76 survived.
W50
ZL IR
MP A F

IR

DAW RKD
M

IN IA
A
NA

SK UILL

SA
PA

N TO
NAT FPL CODES CONTINGENCY
EC
NQ

DO
M
RA

M D IN G
CS O
R

FI N25°
BA

R NE C LORAN C D DME
W40°

YDU N20
OB
IKE ° 1. Turn 30 degrees right or left
E1 FMC WPR ACARS
0°
W6

N1
SA N25°
N25°
LIMAL E2 D-FIS ACARS 2. Establish 5nm offset
N LAM

W30°
0° JU KN E3 PDC ACARS

W20°
N1
°

5° TJ AN NORED
80

ZS AM
0°

FI
F ADF G GNSS H HF I INS
W

TTO
R 3. Descend below FL290
W7

VC BIRD TCA CITR

J1 CPDLC ATN VDL Mode 2
S
BNJ
EE J2 CPDLC HFDL 4. Vertical offset 500ft
ELJE J3 CPDLC VDL Mode A/0
R
CS FI

Z
POINTE A PITRE TCA DRD USOTI
TN AO

GE N20 J4 CPDLC VDL Mode 2

NAT TIPS ° EDUMO
C

°
RA

IR

GL A
J5 CPDLC SATCOM (INMARSAT)
W50
ZM A F

AS
CU

FISS FIR
SV ETI

T NI
C
J6 CPDLC SATCOM (MTSAT) WEATHER DEVIATION
U

JTHO EA ISOKA
Q

N OC Y
AI

1 : NAT Tracks: Westbound OTS Day 1130-1900Z (time for crossing 30W) published by Shanwick at 2200Z; RK W FIR J7 CPDLC SATCOM (Iridium)
M

HIG RIA
NZ DABA YO KZ
CE TC
A MA
Eastbound OTS Night 0100-0800Z Published by Gander at 1400Z. If going against the tracks, file above them, or DE FRAN
K
NE
W
N TA PO
LP
ULTEM
M1 ATC RTF SATCOM (INMARSAT) 1. If deviating less than 5nm
FORT KLUK MUN FIR SA TENPA
plan at least 1 degree N or S of them. E TR O
RC P M2 ATC RTF (MTSAT) = maintain level
N15
LEAR
P OXO PIA TTZ N20°
M3 ATC RTF (Iridium)
W40°

° DE
2 : SLOP is always to the right. Choose 0, 1 or 2nm offset, or 0.1 offsets if you have it.
0°

NEZB
2. If deviating more than 5nm
W6

T
BUTUX IPERA P2 CPDLC RCP 240 O VOR
3 : AFTN: FPL for Gander to CZQXZQZX, New York KZNYZOZX, and for the other four
N1
(Shanwick, Santa Maria, RAPSE
N20° R PBN (Item 18 PBN/D1 etc) = SAND 300ft
0° QUET N20°
Bodø, and Iceland) to EUCHZMFP and EUCBZMFP (Eurocontrol, who then send it on to the OCA's). N (South - ascend,
W30°
0°

W20°
ROHP
L S Standard Equipment VHF VOR ILS
W7

TC ADAMS TCA North - descend)

4 : Voice position report sounds like this: “Shanwick, Shanwick, KLM604, position 54N20W time 0604, FL370, V VHF W RVSM X HLA Y 8.33
estimate 54N030W 0642, 55N40W next.” GAMBA Z Other Equipment (Comment in 18)
5 : The best tip we can ever give for the NAT: When you get your Oceanic Clearance, don’t climb to it without COM FAILURE
==Transponder==
requesting a level change from Domestic ATC. Many fail this. N15°
C Mode C only
°

6 : The NAT area can be complex. If you're stuck, contact the Oceanic Area you're flying through. You'll find 1. No clearance, not in NAT:
W50

IREDO
Hello. I am a Fox. I'll lead you to some fun stuff on this map for

S Mode S basic

SAL OCEANIC FIR

when you're bored in the cruise. There are 15 treasure boxes,
which will tell you something you might not know about the
position you're overflying. Also, there are three more foxes to find!
If you find all four of them, let us know. Not so easy!

DAKAR FIR
them very helpful. Phone numbers in the OPSGROUP Members Dashboard (contact list). Or just ask the OG team. Divert. If you must enter,

GOOO
E/H/I/L/P/S/X Mode S extended

GVSC
B1/B2/U1/U2/V1/A2 ADS -B fly the flight plan but do
not change speed/level
SAL
OC D1/G1 ADS -C
EAN from flight plan.
CZQX Gander EGGX Shanwick KZWY New York BGGL Nuuk N10 BIRD
°
Reykjavik LPPO Santa Maria ENOB Bodø GVS IC FIR
C
==PBN codes==
0°

DAK
VHF clearance 127.90 VHF clearance: VHF clearance 122.60 CZQX/BIRD CTA above FL195 VHF clearance 127.85 VHF clearance 127.90 VHF clearance 127.725 LUMPO 2. With clearance, not in NAT:
W6

A RO
CE
GO ANIC A1 10nm Oceanic Fly the clearance.
Call 90-30 mins prior 123.95 (US a/c) 127.65 (Euro a/c) Call 45-30 mins prior VHF info 121.30 Call 45-30 mins prior Call 40 mins prior Call 30 mins prior OO FIR
N15° B2 RNP5 GPS B3 DME B4 VOR Do not revert to flight plan.
SATCOM 431631 Call 90-30 mins prior SATCOM 436623 SATCOM 421902 SATCOM 425105 SATCOM 426305 SATCOM 425702 N15°
W30°

C2 RNP2 GPS C3 DME

W20°
MOGSA
HF 5616/8864 (US a/c) SATCOM 425002 HF 6628/8825 HF 8945/10042 HF 4675/8891 HF 5598/8906 HF 4675/8891 KENOX

HF 5649/8879 (Euro a/c) HF 5616/8864 (US a/c)

AMDOL L1 RNP4 3. Already in NAT:
HF 5649/8879 (Euro a/c) SUR/RSP180 ADS-C RSP180 Fly the clearance. Relay position on 123.45
ONOBI
The American merchant brigantine Mary Celeste was found floating and
abandonded here in Dec 1872. The crew were never found. One of the most

1
famous maritime mysteries in history endures: Why would an experienced
captain such as Briggs, or his sailors, abandon a perfectly sound ship? 38°20′N
Theories over the years have ranged from mutiny and pirate attack to assault
by giant octopus or sea monster, while the more scientifically minded 17°15′W
proposed an explosion caused by fumes from the 1,700 barrels of crude
alcohol in the ship’s hold.