Signals & Systems

7 SAMPLING

7.1. Introduction
Instantaneous sampling in time domain:

ms (t ) = m(t )c(t )

ms (t ) = m(t )    (t − nTs )
1
TS =
n =− fs

Ts : sampling interval

f s : Sampling frequency

Instantaneous sampling in frequency domain

m(t ) ⎯→ M ( )
 
m(t )   (t − nTS ) ⎯
→ fs  M ( − n ) s
n=− n=−

m(t ) ⎯→ M ( f )
 
m(t )   (t − nTS ) ⎯
→ fS  M ( f − nf S )
n=− n=−

Spectral analysis of Instantaneous Frequency

2
 (t − nT ) ⎯→ T  ( − n )
S S
S

 

  (t − nTS ) ⎯→ fS
n =− n=−
  ( f − nf S )

If f S  2 f m : − oversampling

Tx : No aliasing PBG = TS

Rx: practical LPF , Ideal LPF with f m  fc  f s − f m

Recovery - ( f S  2 f m ) ( f m  fC  f S − f m )

GATE WALLAH ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK 3.65

 Signals & Systems

If f S = 2 f m : critical sampling

Tx : Aliasing on verge (No aliasing)

Rx : Ideal LPF with ( f s = f m ) & PBG = TS

Recovery - ( fS = 2 fm ) ( fC = f m )
Case 3: f S  2 f m under sampling

Tx : Aliasing
Rx : Recovery not possible.
Low Pass Sampling Theorem–
A lowpass signal bandlimited to f m Hz can be sampled and reconstructed form its samples if and only

If f S  2 f m f m  fc  ( f S − f m )

Sampling rate. f s  2 f m

Nyquist rate = minimum sampling rate

( f S )min = 2 f m

1 1
Nyquist interval Ts = =
( f s )min 2 fm

m(t ) f NY
sin c (t ) 1Hz
sin c(at ) a Hz
sin c K (at ) Ka Hz

sin c(at ) + sin c(bt ) Max (aHz, bHz )

sin c(at )  sin c(bt ) (a + b) Hz
sin c(at ) *sin c(bt ) min(aHz, bHz)
d 1Hz
sin c(t )
dt
t 1Hz
 sin c( )d
−

Sampling using general carrier pulse train–

m(t ) ⎯→ M ( f )

c(t ) ⎯
→C( f ) =  C  ( f − nf )
n=−
n s

GATE WALLAH ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK 3.66

 Signals & Systems


M s ( f ) = Cn M ( f − nf s )
n−

If ( f s  2 f m ) ( f m  f c  f s − f m )

L.P.F(P.B.G) y(t)
1 c0 m(t )
1 / Co m(t )
L L C0 m(t )

When c(t) is rectangular pulse train –

2A   2 
Cn = sin c n  
a   a 

 2A   2n 
MS ( f ) =  
n =−

a 
sin c   ( f − nf s )
 a 
Sampling of Sinusoidal Signal:
Note: f s  2 f m Recovery is possible through BPF

f s  2 f m Recovery not possible through BPF

Calculation of Frequency:
(i) m(t ) = Am cos 2 f mt

C (t ) : Impulse train with period TS → 0, f s ,2 f s ,3 f s , − − −

0 + fm
ms (t ) = m(t )c(t ) ⎯⎯
→ 0  fm same
0 − fm

fs + fm
fs  fm
fs − fm

2 fs + fm
2 fs  fm
2 fs − fm

(ii) m(t ) = A1 cos 2 f1t + A2 cos 2 f 2t ⎯⎯

→ f1 , f 2

C(t ) = Impulse train , 0, f s 2 f s ,3 f s

0  f1 0  f2

f s  f1 f s  f 2

2 fs  f1 2 fs  f 2

GATE WALLAH ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK 3.67

 Signals & Systems

(iii) m(t ) = Am cos 2 f mt ⎯⎯

→ fm

mS (t ) = 0  f m , f s  f m ,2 f s  f m ,3 f s  f m

(iv) m(t ) = Am cos 2 f mt

fs  fm

2 fs  fm

3 fs  fm

Band pass sampling

 fH 
 → GIF
2 fH
fS  K = 
K  fH − fL 

Nyauist rate = 2 f H



GATE WALLAH ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK 3.68