RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS OF AN INBUILT

STORAGE SYSTEM FOR CYCLE

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

ALWALID PASHA – 20201MEC0047

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degreeof

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of

Dr. DEVENDRA SINGH DANDOTIYA

PRESIDENCY UNIVERSITY
2023-2024
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING BONAFIDE

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this report “RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS OF AN INBUILT STORAGE

SYSTEM FOR CYCLE” is a bonafide work of “ALWALID PASHA
(20201MEC0047)”,
who have successfully carried out the project work and submitted the report for partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING during 2023-24.

DR. DEVENDRA Dr. Satish Babu B Dr. Shrishail Anadinni Dr. Abdul Sharief
SINGH DANDOTIYA HOD Associate Dean Dean
Mechanical School of Engineering School of Engineering
Project Guide Engineering Presidency University Presidency University
Mechanical Engineering Presidency University
Presidency University

Name and Signature of the Examiners

1)

2)
 DECLARATION

We the students of final year B. Tech in Mechanical Engineering at Presidency

University, Bengaluru, named ALWALID PASHA (20201MEC0047), hereby declare that the
project work titled “RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS OF AN INBUILT STORAGE SYSTEM FOR
CYCLE” has
been independently carried out by us and submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering during the academic year of
2023-24. Further, the matter embodied in the project has not been submitted previously by
anybody for the award of any Degree or Diploma to any other institution.

ALWALID PASHA USN: 20201MEC0047

PLACE:

BENGALURU DATE:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

For completing this project work, We/I have received the support and the guidance from
many people whom I would like to mention with deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness.
We extend our gratitude to our beloved Chancellor, Pro-Vice Chancellor, and Registrar
for their support and encouragement in completion of the project.

I would like to sincerely thank my internal guide Dr. DEVENDRA SINGH DANDOTIYA,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Presidency University, for his
moral support, motivation, timely guidance, and encouragement provided to us during the
period of our project work.

I am also thankful to Dr. Satish Babu B, Professor, Head of the Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Presidency University, for his mentorship and encouragement.

We express our cordial thanks to Dr. Abdul Sharief, Dean, Dr. Shrishail B. Anadinni,
Associate Dean (Core Branches), School of Engineering and the Management of Presidency
University for providing the required facilities and intellectually stimulating environment that
aided in the completion of my project work.

We are grateful to Mr. Kunwar Chandra Singh, Project Coordinator, Department of

Mechanical Engineering, for facilitating research activities and timely assessments.

We are also grateful to Teaching and Non-Teaching staff of Department of Mechanical

Engineering and staff from other departments who have extended their valuable help and
cooperation.

Last but not the least, I wholeheartedly thank my family and friends for their constant
encouragement and support without which the work would not have been complete.

ALWALID PASHA

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 ABSTRACT

This culminating project emphasizes the refinement of the integrated storage compartment
system in a cycle, alongside subtle adjustments to the cycle chassis to accommodate increased
space. The modifications encompass shapes, structures, and materials, ensuring a harmonious
integration. The simulation process involves employing modelling software SolidWorks and
using the same software for analysis.

Simulation of the storage compartment is intricately conducted by introducing external forces

to examine key parameters. This encompasses a comprehensive analysis of displacement,
stress generated within the body, the factor of safety, and the strain exerted on it through
various tests. The integration of these simulation results serves as a critical component in
evaluating the performance and structural integrity of the enhanced storage compartment
system

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl. No. Title Page Number

Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Figures iv
List of Tables iv

1 INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 General 5
1.2 Cycle frame structural design 6
1.3 Storage Compartment 6
1.4 Simulation 7
1.5 Advantages of Inbuilt storage system 7
1.6 Challenges for creating and having storage system 7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 General 8
2.2 Evolution of storage compartment 9

3 METHODOLOGY 11
3.1 Design Consideration 11
3.1.1 Design of storage compartment 12
3.1.2 Representation of enclosure on cycle 13
3.2 Material Selection 14
3.2.1 Chassis Material 14
3.2.2 Storage Material 15
3.3 Meshing 16
3.4 Numerical Methodology 18
3.4.1 Internal Forces 18

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19

4.1 Stress Result 19
4.2 Displacement Result 20
4.3 Strain Result 21

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4.4 Factor Of Safety Result 22

5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 23

REFERENCES 24
Photo gallery/Appendix 25

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

Number Number
1.1 Traditional Cycles 5
2.1 Evolution of storage systems 9
3.1 Compartment covers outside and inside view 12
Container Dimensions
3.2 12
3.3 Cycle with storage system 13
3.4 Storage system when open for use 13
3.5 Material Strength Testing 14
3.6 Side View of Mesh 16
3.7 Cross sectional view 17
4.1 Stress result on the storage compartment 19
4.2 Displacement noticed due to applied force 20
4.3 Strain created due to forces 21
4.4 FOS of storage cover 22

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

Number Number
3.1 Material properties table for chassis 5
3.2 Material properties table for storage system 9
3.3 Mesh Information 12

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 A Study on Cycle Chassis and an Inbuilt Storage

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

People like regular bikes for a few main reasons. First, they're easy to use and don't need much
fixing. Also, they're not too expensive, making them a budget-friendly choice. Plus, traditional
bikes are eco-friendly, which means they're good for the environment. Lastly, a lot of people
just love the classic look and feel of these bikes, they are timeless and nostalgic.

Fig. 1.1 Traditional Cycles [1]

But at the same time these cycles are not manufactured in the most space efficient manner nor
are they the strongest.

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 A Study on Cycle Chassis and an Inbuilt Storage

1.2 Cycle frame structural design

1. In this project we study the shapes and structures that can be used for a cycle frame to
rehabilitate for more storage volume.

Traditional Frame types

 Triangular frame

 Tubular frame

2. The strength of is measured with the help of software made for the intent of
manufacturing and designing.

Traditional Frame Materials

 Aluminum alloy

 Stainless steel

 Carbon Fiber

 Titanium alloy

1.3 Storage Compartment

1. We design and analyze iterations of storage compartment system for the best and optimized
final design.
2. Selection of materials and thickness
3. Structure and design of the compartment system.

There is nothing to be compared because there is no prior work on this set up.

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1.4 Simulation

Simulation, is a significant tool that facilitates computational methods to model and analyze the
dynamic interactions between various factors affecting container performance. Finite Element
Analysis (FEA)

FEA aids the evaluation of structural integrity, aiding in material selection and ensuring containers
withstand different stresses.

1.5 Advantages of an inbuilt storage

 This makes the available space in the cycle more practical and useable.
 Increases the practicality.
 Attains attention as an innovative solution.
 Can be configured as per the requirements.

1.6 Challenges for creating and having such a storage system.

 Increases the production cost of the cycle.

 The overall weight of the cycle is higher.

 Might create problems in perpendicular directional winds.

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 A Study on Cycle Chassis and an Inbuilt Storage

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL

Electric cycles represent a burgeoning field that encompasses various facets including
technological advancements, environmental implications, user behavior, market trends, and
policy considerations. Traditional cycle does not meet with the storage demands of the
customers, but still are widely sold due to the lack of options and variations of integrated storage.

There are many styles of bicycle panniers. Touring panniers are usually sold in pairs, intended to
hold enough equipment for self-sustained tours over days or weeks. The most common setup is
to use a pair of smaller panniers (10 to 15 litters each) mounted on a low rider and a pair of
larger ones on the rear carrier (20 to 30 litters each). Commuters who bicycle have pannier
options designed to hold laptop computers, files and folders, changes of clothes or shoes and
lunches. There are also panniers that convert to backpacks or shoulder bags for easier carrying
when not on a bicycle. Panniers designed specifically for bicycles were patented by John B.
Wood of Camden, New Jersey, in 1884. Hartley Alley designed a handlebar bag and other
bicycle luggage that he manufactured and sold under the Touring Cyclist brand in the 1970s
until his retirement in 1984. Bicycle panniers are usually made of nylon or other synthetic fabric
that can be stitched, or, in the case of waterproof panniers, welded together. As bicycles are
often ridden in the rain, many panniers are built to be water-repellent or waterproof by
themselves. Others include built-in rain- covers, or rain-covers are offered as accessories. The
shape of the pannier may be enforced by a frame or stiffening panel made of plastic or metal
to help keep it in place and prevent it from contacting a wheel. Panniers are usually built to
attach to a rear rack or front rack already fitted to the bicycle. Removable panniers hook onto the
top edge of the rack and are often held in place by a latch or elastic mechanism.

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2.2 Evolution of storage compartment

The available designs and models for all types of integrated storage systems are not the most
practical nor are they the most appealing to look at.

Fig. 2.1 Evolution of storage systems [2]

The presented figures above provide a comprehensive overview of the myriad options available
for augmenting the storage capacity of the currently accessible bicycles. These visual
representations encompass a diverse range of possibilities and solutions aimed at enhancing the
overall storage capabilities of the existing bicycle fleet.

 Early Innovations (19th century)

In the late 1800s, cyclists primarily relied on basic bags and pouches to carry essentials during
their rides. Saddlebags and handlebar bags were among the early storage solutions.
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 Panniers and Touring Bags (Early to Mid-20th century)

The concept of panniers, bags that hang on the sides of the bicycle, emerged in the early 20th
century.
Touring cyclists, embarking on extended journeys, needed larger capacity bags, leading to the
development of touring panniers.
Innovators like John B. Wood patented bicycle panniers in 1884.

 Mid-20th century to 1970s

As cycling gained popularity, especially for commuting and touring, designs became more
specialized.
Companies like Carradice introduced canvas saddlebags, and handlebar bags became more
sophisticated.
Innovators like Hartley Alley designed and manufactured bicycle luggage under the Touring
Cyclist brand in the 1970s.

 21st Century:
Continued advancements in materials and design led to lighter and more aerodynamic luggage
solutions.
Integration with bicycle frames became a trend, with some bikes featuring inbuilt storage
compartments.
Specialized bags for various cycling disciplines, such as bikepacking bags for off-road
adventures, gained popularity.

 Ongoing Trends
Innovations in design continue, with a focus on minimizing aerodynamic drag, maximizing
storage capacity, and improving overall functionality.
Sustainability has become a consideration, with some manufacturers using eco-friendly
materials and production processes.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This methodology establishes a structured framework for the design and analysis of chassis and
storage compartment through the utilization Solid Works. The methodology steps include:
 Design: creating a cad design for new chassis and storage doors.
 Material selection: material selection is based up on amount of force and weight both are
designed to carry while considering their own weight.
 Meshing: with the help of software a finer mesh is done, so to have accurate results, how finer
the mesh the results will be more accurate.
 Analysis: utilizing simulation software to conduct numerical analysis for the propose
the setup.

3.1 Design Consideration:

 A double side door setup for creating a closed cabin.
 A lightweight yet durable material.
 Easy access to the storage system.
 Does Not change the riding dynamics.
 Easy to remove the set up.

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3.1.1 Design Of the Storage Compartment:

Fig 3.1 Compartment Covers Outside and Inside View

One side container can hold up to 8.7 liters, both sides combine to 17.4 liters.
In addition to the containers doors, the wide central cycle frame adds more volume
to the overall capacity of the cycle resulting in total volume of 25.8 liters.

Fig 3.2 Container dimensions

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3.1.2 Representation of enclosure on cycle:

Fig 3.3 Cycle with the storage system

Fig 3.4 Storage system when open for use.

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3.2 Material Selection:

The materials selected for crafting bicycle chassis include aluminum, steel, titanium, and carbon
fiber, forming a predominant choice that constitutes around 90% of bicycle frames globally. The
widespread adoption of these materials is attributed to their exceptional strength-to-weight ratios,
making them highly desirable for constructing robust and lightweight bicycle structures. This
emphasis on strength without compromising on weight is crucial for achieving optimal
performance, durability, and overall efficiency in the design and manufacturing of bicycles.

3.2.1 Chassis Material

Fig 3.5 Fig. Material strength testing [3]

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Materials / Properties Density (g/cm3) Shear Modulus Modulus of Elasticity

(Gpa) (Gpa)
Aluminum 2.700 25 70
Steel 8.050 79 200
Carbon Fiber 1.930 15 228
Titanium 4.500 45 120

Table 3.1 Material properties table for chassis [4]

Considering a comprehensive evaluation of factors, Carbon Fiber emerges as the optimal choice for its
unparalleled combination of properties. Renowned for its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio,
durability, and resistance to corrosion, Carbon Fiber aligns seamlessly with the rigorous demands of
the application. This strategic selection not only ensures a lightweight design but also enhances
structural integrity, affirming its position as the material of choice for achieving superior performance
and reliability in the intended use.

3.2.2 Storage Material

The array of materials available for the construction of storage casings is large, providing a rich
spectrum of choices to diverse needs. When considering factors such as manufacturing feasibility,
weight, strength, flexibility, and stiffness, a number of options emerge, each offering unique
advantages.

Material / Properties Density (g/cm3) Strength (MPa)

Acrylonitrile Butadiene 1.020 57
Styrene (ABS)
Polycarbonate (PC) 1.200 75
Aluminum sheet 2.700 90

Table 3.2 Material properties table for Storage system [4]

After comprehensive consideration of all factors, ABS plastic emerges as the optimal choice for
constructing the storage casing. Renowned for its durability, impact resistance, and versatile molding
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capabilities, ABS strikes a balance that aligns seamlessly with the varied requirements of the
application.

3.3 Meshing

Meshing is a crucial step in numerical simulations, involving the division of the container's geometric
structure into smaller elements. This process is imperative for accurately representing the intricate
geometry of the container, aiding in the solution of governing equations for structural analyses. By
enabling the simulation of detailed interactions, meshing ensures the precision of results, contributing
to the effective optimization of its design and performance. [5]

Fig. 3.6 Side view of Mesh

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Mesh type Solid Mesh

Mesher Used: Blended curvature-based mesh
Jacobian points for High quality mesh 16 Points
Maximum element size 1.39059 mm
Minimum element size 0.172208 mm
Mesh Quality High

Mesh information - Details

Total Nodes 5272263
Total Elements 3527710
Maximum Aspect Ratio 36.829
% of elements with Aspect Ratio < 3 99.9
Percentage of elements with Aspect Ratio > 10 0.00017
Percentage of distorted elements 0
Time to complete mesh(hh;mm;ss): 00:02:53
Computer name:

Table 3.3 Mesh Information

Fig 3.7 Cross-sectional view

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3.4 Numerical Methodology

This section details information related to the numerical model of inbuilt storage system in
cycle.
3.4.1 Internal Forces
The formula for internal forces in a beam under a specific loading condition can be derived
using equations of equilibrium and relations between load, shear force, and bending moment.
For a simply supported beam subjected to a concentrated load at the center, the internal shear
force (V) and internal bending moment (M) as functions of the position along the beam (x) are
given by:

1. Shear Force (V)

where:
P is the concentrated load,
x is the position along the beam.

2. Bending Moment (M)

where:
P is the concentrated load,
x is the position along the beam.

These equations represent the internal shear force and bending moment distribution along the
length of the beam. They are crucial for understanding how the internal forces vary within the
beam, aiding in structural analysis and design considerations. [6]

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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The storage compartment undergoes a rigorous static analysis, systematically applying

forces to evaluate structural responses. This methodical examination aims to discern the
impact of internal loads on the compartment's integrity and performance. The forthcoming
section will document outcomes, including displacements, stresses, and support reactions,
providing vital insights for design refinement, and ensuring compliance with engineering
standards.

4.1 Stress Result

Fig. 4.1 Stress Result on the Storage Compartment

Maximum stress of 6.521x104 N/mm2 is applicable on the part.

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4.2 Displacement Result

Fig. 4.2 Displacement noticed due applied force.

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4.3 Strain Result

Fig. 4.3 Strain created due to applied force.

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4.4 Factor of Safety Result

Fig. 4.4 FOS of the Storage Cover.

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Upon extensive analysis and research, a compelling consensus emerges, the potential
normalization of this technology in the future has a strong possibility. The findings indicate a
transformative capability made to transcend current limitations. One among its anticipated
applications is the efficient transportation of goods, offering heightened effectiveness and
mitigating handling complexities. Furthermore, the adaptability of this technology extends to
streamlining the daily conveyance of personal belongings, heralding a new era of convenience.

As we look ahead, the diverse utility of this technology becomes increasingly evident, with
potential applications spanning various sectors. From revolutionizing supply chain logistics to
simplifying the transportation of everyday essentials, technology holds the promise of
reshaping societal norms. Its integration into multiple aspects of life offers the potential for
improved accessibility, sustainability, and resource optimization.

Envisioning a future where this technology becomes a commonplace, integral facet of daily life
is both promising. The positive impact on efficiency, convenience, and resource utilization
underscores its potential to evolve into a ubiquitous and indispensable element of our
technological landscape. The ongoing progression and adaptation of this technology are likely
to pave the way for innovative solutions to contemporary challenges, reshaping the domains of
transportation and logistics.

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REFERENCES

1. N Oddy - The Journal of Transport History, 2006 - search.proquest.com

2. M Singh - 2013 - sae.org.

3. Baviskar, A Bhosale, A Baswa… - IOP Conference Series …, 2021 - iopscience.iop.org.

4. G Wang, Y Zhao, Y Hao - Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2018 - Elsevier.

5. KJ Bathe - Mechanical engineering, 1998 - asmedigitalcollection.asme.org.

6. R Marrett, DCP Peacock - Journal of structural geology, 1999 - Elsevier.

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Photo Gallery
Final Cycle Design

FRONT AND BACK VIEW

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ISOMETRIC VIEWS

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TOP AND BOTTOM VIEW

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