Electric Circuit Analysis

EE1206
 Lecture -1

Basic Concepts
 Intorduction
• Why electric circuit?

̶ In electrical engineering, we are usually

interested in transferring energy or
communicating signals from one point to
another.
✓ To do this, we often require an interconnection
of electrical components.

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 Cont’d…
• An electric circuit is an interconnection of
electrical components.

• various elements of an electric circuit, like

resistance, inductance, and capacitance, and
voltage source(battry),wires switchs ...

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 Cont’d…
Simple electrical circuit…

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 Systems of Units
Seven fundamental units

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 Cont’d…
The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory

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 Cont’d…
SI Prefixes

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 Basic Electrical Quantities
• Charge is an electrical property of the atomic
particles of which matter consists, measured in
coulombs (C).
• The law of conservation of charge states that
charge can neither be created nor destroyed,
only transferred.

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 Cont’d…
Electric current is the time rate of change of charge,
measured in amperes (A).

Fig: Electric current due to flow of electronic charge in a conductor.

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 Cont’d…

• Mathematically, the relationship between current

i, charge q, and time t is

• The charge transferred between time t0 and t is

obtained by integrating both sides of the above
Eq.

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 Cont’d…
• Conventional current flows from positive terminal
of the battery to the negative terminal
• Actual current flow from negative terminal to
positive terminal of the battery.
• In circuit analysis we use the conventional current
flow to analyze the circuit.

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 Cont’d…
– A direct current (dc) is a current that remains
constant with time.

– An alternating current (ac) is a current that

varies sinusoidally with time.

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 Cont’d…
• Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy
required to move a unit charge through an
element, measured in volts (V).

̶ The voltage Vab between two points a and b in

an electric circuit is the energy (or work) needed to
move a unit charge from a to b; mathematically,

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 Cont’d…

• 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb = 1 newton meter/coulomb

• Keep in mind that electric current is always

through an element and that electric voltage is
always across the element or between two points.

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 Cont’d

• Vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than

potential of b.
• Vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower than
potential of b.

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 Cont’d…
• Power is the time rate of expending or
absorbing energy, measured in watts (W).

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 Cont’d…

• Passive sign convention is satisfied when the

current enters through the positive terminal of an
element and p = +vi. If the current enters through
the negative terminal, p = −vi.

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 Cont’d…
• By the passive sign convention, current enters
through the positive polarity of the voltage. In
this case, p = +vi or vi > 0 implies that the
element is absorbing power. However, if p = −vi or
vi < 0, as in Fig. above, the element is releasing or
supplying power.

• the algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any

instant of time, must be zero:

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 Cont’d…
• Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in
joules ( J).
• the energy absorbed or supplied by an element
from time t0 to time t is

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 Electrical Circuit Elements
• There are two types of elements found in electric
circuits: passive elements and active elements.
• An active element is capable of generating
energy while a passive element is not.
• Passive elements
̶ resistors, capacitors, and inductors
• Active elements
̶ generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers

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 Cont’d…
Energy sources

• The most important active elements are voltage

or current sources that generally deliver power
to the circuit connected to them.

• There are two kinds of sources:

✓ Independent and

✓ Dependent sources.
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 Cont’d…
• An ideal independent source is an active
element that provides a specified voltage or
current that is completely independent of other
circuit variables.

Independent voltage source Independent current source

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 Cont’d…
• An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an
active element in which the source quantity is
controlled by another voltage or current.

dependent voltage source dependent current source

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 Cont’d…

• There are four possible types of dependent

sources, namely:

1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).

2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).

3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).

4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).

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 Cont’d…
Resistance
• physical property, or ability to resist current, is
known as resistance and is represented by the
symbol R.
• the unit of measurement is ohm, for which the
symbol is Ω.
Factors that affect resistance of a material
̶ Material type
̶ Length of the material
̶ Cross-sectional area
̶ Temperature of the surrounding 25
 Cont’d…
• The resistance of material with a uniform cross-
sectional area A and length l,

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Cont’d…

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Cont’d…

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Cont’d…

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 Cont’d…

• Resistor colour code

• Fixed resistors with value tolerance of 5% ,10% and
20% are color coded with four bands to indicate the
resistance value and the tolerance.
• The first two bands indicate the precision values (i.e.
the mantissa) while the third band indicates the power
of ten applied (i.e. the number of zeroes to add).
• The fourth band indicates the tolerance.

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Cont’d…

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32
 Cont’d…
Capacitance

• A capacitor is a circuit component designed to

store electrical charge or energy stored in the
form of electric field.

• Capacitance is the electrical property of

capacitors: it is a measure of how much charge
a capacitor can hold.
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 Cont’d…
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated
by an insulator (or dielectric).

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 Cont’d…

• Where
A = plate area in meter squre
d = plate separation (spacing ) in meter
𝜖 = absolute dielectric constant(F/m)
𝜖𝜊 = 8.85 x 10 -12 F/m
𝜖𝑟 = relative dielectric constant,

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 Cont’d…
The amount of charge stored, represented by q, is
directly proportional to the applied voltage V so that

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 Cont’d…

• The V - I relationship for a capacitor is governed

by the following equation

• Note: When v = V (constant DC voltage), dv/dt =

0, and i = 0. Hence a capacitor acts as an open
circuit to DC.
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 Cont’d…
• The voltage on the capacitor must be
continuous. The voltage on a capacitor cannot
change abruptly.

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 Cont’d…

• Series and parallel capacitors:

The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-
connectedca pacitors is the sum of the individual
capacitances.

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 Cont’d…

• The equivalent capacitance of series-

connectedca pacitors is the reciprocal of the
sum of the reciprocals of the individual
capacitances.

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 Cont’d…
• Inductance
• Inductance (L) is a measure of the ability of a
device to store energy in the form of a
magnetic field. It is measured in Henries (H)

• An inductor is a piece of conducting wire

generally wrapped around a core of a
ferromagnetic material.
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42
 Cont’d…

Mathematically:

The work required to establish current through the coil, and

therefore the magnetic field, is given

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 Cont’d…
• Note: When i = I (constant DC current), di/dt = 0, v = 0.
Hence an inductor acts as a short circuit to DC.

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 Basic circuit laws
• Common terms:
Node
➢ A junction in a circuit where two or more circuit

elements and/or branches are connected together or

A node is the point of connection between two or
more branches.
Branch
➢ Part of a network which lies between two junctions

or A branch represents a single element such as a

voltage source or a resistor.
Loop
➢ A closed path in a circuit in which no element or

node is encountered more than once. 45

Cont’d…

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 Cont’d…

• Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a

resistor is directly proportional to the current i
flowing through the resistor.

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 Cont’d…

• The power dissipated by a resistor can be

expressed in terms of R

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 Cont’d…

• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

• states that the algebraic sum of currents in a node is
zero..”
N

i
n =1
n = 0

• In the other words KCL states that the sum of the currents
entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving
the node.

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 Cont’d…

𝑖1 + (−𝑖2 ) + 𝑖3 + 𝑖4 + −𝑖5 = 0

• Current towards the node, positive current

• Current away from the node, negative current
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Cont’d…

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 Cont’d…
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)
• states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a
closed path (or loop) is zero. M

v
m =1
m =0

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Cont’d…

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 Measuring Devices

• Ammeter: is used to measure a current through

an element by connected in series.
• Voltmeter: is used to measure a volage across an
element connected in parallel.
• Ohmmeter: is used to measure the resistance of
the element in parallel.
• Important rule: Measure the resistance only
when the element is disconnected from circuits.

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Cont’d…

End !

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