Asynchronous Machines-Module III

1/15/2016
Lesson 17: Synchronous

Machines
ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems
Lesson 17_et332b.pptx 1
Learning Objectives
After this presentation you will be able to:
 Explain how synchronous machines operate.

 Draw the per phase circuit model of a synchronous
machine.
 Write and utilize the power equations for synchronous
machines.
 Use machine equations to determine a machines
operation point and power
 Compute motor torques
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Synchronous Machines
Synchronous Motors – Convert electrical power into
mechanical power. They operate at a constant speed
Synchronous generator (Alternator) - Convert

mechanical power into electrical power (3-phase).
Constant speed of mechanical drive gives constant
frequency ac
Basic Construction of Synchronous

Machines
Stationary part of machine
called the armature. Similar
to induction motor stator
Rotating part of machine is

electromagnet energized by a
dc source and called the field
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Operational Theory for

Motor Operation
1.) Armature is connected to 3-phase source - rotating magnetic
field formed in armature windings
2.) Rotor (field) is energized by dc source. Creates a magnetic
dipole
3.) Motor has no starting torque, must be started as induction
motor. Damper windings engaged (induction motor action).
Motor accelerates to almost synchronous speed.
4.) Damper winding disengaged, motor stays locked to rotating
magnetic field and produces torque
Synchronous motors operate at constant speed regardless of load

applied
Operational Theory for

Alternator Operation
1.) Prime mover attached to machine shaft.
2.) Dc supply applied to rotor to make magnetic dipole
3.) Prime mover accelerates machine to operating speed.

Speed and number of poles determine frequency
4.) Armature (stationary winding) generate 3-phase voltages
Note: mechanical power input determines electrical power

output exciter voltage level determines alternator terminal voltage
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Synchronous Motor Operation

Motor speed constant at synchronous speed, ns
120  f
ns 
P
Where f = power system frequency (Hz)
P = number of motor poles
Speed can only be changed by changing system f or number of poles in
machine
Motor Reaction to Application Load

Application
1.) Motor rotor is in phase with rotating armature (stator) field
2.) Mechanical load is applied, rotor slows instantaneously then

returns to ns.
3.) Instantaneous speed reduction causes rotor to lag rotating field

by an angle (phase shift) Angular shift called power angle (d).
5.) Torque and power developed is related to angular shift
High values of d will cause rotor to slip out of synchronization

with rotating magnetic field. Condition called out-of-step
operation or pole slipping (Causes current pulses in armature
windings)
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Synchronous Motor Operation

Torque Angle
Counter-EMF Components in
Field flux induces voltage into armature (stator) due to rotation (Ef).
Ef depends on If (dc field current) and ns The parameter Ef , called
excitation voltage.
Rotating magnetic field in armature (stator) induces voltage in armature

called armature reaction voltage. (Ear) This voltage depends on the speed of
the rotating magnetic field produced by the applied voltage
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Per Phase Circuit Model
Motor Operation VT  Ia R a  jXl  Xar   E f
Where: VT = applied V /phase (phasor)

Ia = armature current (phasor)
Xl = armature leakage reactance ohms/phase
Xar = armature-reaction reactance ohms/phase
Ra = armature resistance ohms/phase
Simplified Synchronous Machine Model

Let Xs = Xl + Xar = synchronous reactance
+ Ra << Xs so it is usually ignored
Ia +
Ef also called voltage behind
synchronous reactance.
dc field is implied in this drawing
For alternator operation, VT  E f  Ia  jX s

reverse the direction of Ia
Where VT = per phase terminal voltage (phasor)

Ef = voltage behind synchronous reactance
Ia = armature current (phasor)
Xs = synchronous reactance
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Power Transfer in Synchronous

Machines
d Ia  X
E f sin(d)
Ef qi
Ia  Xs cos(qi )
From phasor diagram above Ef sin(d)  Ia  Xs cos(qi )
Power Transfer In Synchronous

Machines
Multiplying the equation from the phasor diagram by VT and dividing
both sides by Xs gives power/phase.
VT  Ef
sin(d)  VT  I a cos(qi )
Xs
Where: qi = machine power factor.
Total 3-phase power is  3 VT  Ef In terms of machine quantities

Pin  sin(d)
Xs
Pin  3VT  I a cos(qi ) In terms of input quantities
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Maximum Power Transfer in

There is a maximum power that a synchronous machine can develop
before it loses synchronism
Pmax Generator
action (+90 degrees)
12 10
 90 90
Lagging angle-motor action
Pd  0
Leading angle-generator action
10
 12
200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200
 180 d 180
deg
Pmax Motor action
(-90 degrees)
Example 17-1: A 100 hp 460 volt 60 Hz 4-pole

synchronous motor is operating at rated conditions and a
power factor of 80% leading. The motor efficiency is 96%
and the synchronous reactance is 2.72 ohms/phase. Find:
a.) developed torque;
b.) armature current;
c.) excitation voltage (Ef);
d.) power angle;
e.) the maximum torque the motor can develop without
loss of synchronization. (pull-out torque).
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Example 17-1 Solution (1)

Find the input power
No losses in
Armature so
Motor operates
at synchronous
speed
No losses in armature so Pin = Pmech
Now find the phase angle from the Fp.
Combine magnitude and phase angle
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Find voltage behind synchronous reactance
Assume that VT is the reference phasor
d.) Torque angle is the same as the angle on Ef

Now find the pullout torque
Compute the torque from Pmax and synchronous speed
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ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems
END LESSON 17
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1/15/2016

Lesson 17: Synchronous

 Explain how synchronous machines operate.

Synchronous generator (Alternator) - Convert

Basic Construction of Synchronous

Rotating part of machine is

Operational Theory for

Synchronous motors operate at constant speed regardless of load

Operational Theory for

1.) Prime mover attached to machine shaft.

2.) Dc supply applied to rotor to make magnetic dipole

3.) Prime mover accelerates machine to operating speed.

4.) Armature (stationary winding) generate 3-phase voltages

Note: mechanical power input determines electrical power

Synchronous Motor Operation

Motor Reaction to Application Load

2.) Mechanical load is applied, rotor slows instantaneously then

3.) Instantaneous speed reduction causes rotor to lag rotating field

5.) Torque and power developed is related to angular shift

High values of d will cause rotor to slip out of synchronization

Synchronous Motor Operation

Rotating magnetic field in armature (stator) induces voltage in armature

Per Phase Circuit Model

Motor Operation VT  Ia R a  jXl  Xar   E f

Where: VT = applied V /phase (phasor)

Simplified Synchronous Machine Model

dc field is implied in this drawing

For alternator operation, VT  E f  Ia  jX s

Where VT = per phase terminal voltage (phasor)

Power Transfer in Synchronous

Power Transfer In Synchronous

Where: qi = machine power factor.

Total 3-phase power is  3 VT  Ef In terms of machine quantities

Maximum Power Transfer in

Example 17-1: A 100 hp 460 volt 60 Hz 4-pole

Example 17-1 Solution (1)

Example 17-1 Solution (2)

No losses in armature so Pin = Pmech

Now find the phase angle from the Fp.

Combine magnitude and phase angle

Example 17-1 Solution (3)

Assume that VT is the reference phasor

d.) Torque angle is the same as the angle on Ef

Example 17-1 Solution (4)

Compute the torque from Pmax and synchronous speed

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