SOCIAL

MEANINGS

1. Firangis – foreigners the term reflects an attitude of contempt

2. Mutiny – when soldiers as a group disobey their officers in the army

3. patent – it means the exclusive right over any idea or invention

4. Technology - it is an application of latest knowledge and skills in doing

or making thinks

5. stock of resources – it is the amount of resource available for us

6. sustainable resources – carefully utilizing resource so that besides

meeting the requirement of the present also takes care of the future
generation

7. Weathering – the breaking up and decay of exposed rocks by

temperature changes ,frost ,action ,plants ,animals and human activity

8. National parks – national areas designed to protect the ecological

integrity of one or more ecosystems for the present and the future
generation

9. Biosphere reserve – series of protected areas linked through a global

network, intended to demonstrate the relationship between conservation
and development

10. CITES – The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

of Wild Fauna and Flora

11. Arbitrary – when nothing is fixed and is instead left to ones judgment
or choice. This can be used to refer to rules that are not fixed, or decisions
that have no basis etc

12. Ideal – A goal or a principal in its most excellent or perfect form

13. Polity – a society that has an organized political structure. India is a
democratic polity.

14. Sovereign- in the context of this chapter it refers to an independent

people.

15. Human trafficking- The practice of the illegal buying and selling of
different commodities across national borders. In the context of
fundamental rights discuss in the chapter it refers of to illegal trade in
human being, particularly women and children.

16.Tyranny- The cruel and unjust use of power or authority.

17. Coercion- To force someone to do something in the context in this

chapter, it refers to the force used by the legal authority like the state.

18. Freedom to interpret- The independence that all persons shall have to
understand things in their own way. In the context of this chapter, it
refers to a person’s liberty to develop their own understanding and
meaning of the religion they practice.

19. Intervene- in the context of this chapter, it refers to the states efforts
to influence a particular matter in accordance with the principles of the
constitution.

20. Dharmashastras – Sanskrit texts prescribing social rules and codes of

behavior, composed from 500bce onwards.

21. Mahal - in British revenue records mahal is a revenue estate which may
be a village or a group of villages.

22. Plantation - A large farm operated by a planter employing various

forms of forced labour. Plantation are associated with the production of
coffee, sugarcane, tobacoo, tea and cotton.

23. Slave- A person who is owned by someone else- the slave owner. A
slave has no freedom and his compelled to work for the master.
24. Bigha - A unit of measurement of lands. Before British rule a size of
the area varied. In Bengal the British standardized it to about 1/3 rd of an
acre.

25. vat- a fermenting or storage vassel .

26. Coalition – a temporary alliance of groups or parties. In this chapter it

refers to the alliance formed by the political parties after election when no
party has been able to get adequate seats to form a clear majority.

27. Unresolved – situations in which there is no easy solution to problems

approvals to give one’s consent to and be favorable towards something.

28. Criticize – To find fault with disapprove of a person or something.

29. Evolution – process of development from a simple to a complex form

and his often used to discuss the development of a species of plants and
animals.

30. Repressive – To control severely in order to prevent free and natural

development or expression.

31. Sedition – This applies to anything that the government might consider
as stirring up resistance or rebellion against it. In such cases, the
government does not need absolute evidence in order to arrest persons.
Under the sedition act of 1870, the British had a very broad interpretation
of what constituted sedition, and what this meant was that they could
arrest and detain any person they wanted under this act. The nationalists
considered the law arbitrary because persons were arrested for a variety of
reasons that were seldom clarified beforehand as well as because those
arrested were often kept in jail without a trial.
NOTES:-

 EIC - 1600
 1498 – Vascodagama – portugese- goa
 Dutch- 1595-pulicat
 French- 1664-pondichery
 In 1765- aug-12 the british eic is appointed as divini by one of the
mogul empire.
 After eic become divini the Bengal has faced economical crises.
 In 1770 ten million people were killed because of famine hit
 Crop of Europe
 Opium- drug crop
 Indigo- used to dye cloths
 Jute – Bengal
 Tea – Assam
 Cotton- Maharashtra and Punjab
 Sugarcane- up
 Rice- tamilnadu
 The production of indigo fell down from 1783-1789
 Early 19 centaury the crop rates is increased
 Indigo – alternative plant – woad
 2 different ways of cultivation of indigo – nij , ryoti
 Till 1778 30% of indigo was reaching Europe
 There are 2 houses – lok sabha , rajya sabha
 Lok sabha – lower house – 543 seates –house of people – direct
election (elected by people)
 Rajya sabha – upper house – 233 + 12 =245 – indirect election
( elected by MLA)
 In rajya sabha 1/3 of ministers will retair in 6 years ones
 When people rebel:-
 Sepoys were given less salary
 Earlier name of mayanmor- barma
 Rebellion mainly took part in northen parts.
 Rangoon was in barma(where bahudur sha is prisoned)
 Rajaram mohan roy approach the British people to stop sati system.
 Sati system was stopped in the year – 1829.
 So many Indians converted to Christianity.
 Maulvi- one religious group leader.