Carbonate rocks

(Nov 2009)
 MARGIN

RESTRICTED OPEN MARINE

SHELF SLOPE

BASIN
Mineralogi
 Aragonite – high temperature mineral
 Calcite – stable in sea water & near surface
crust
 Low Magnesium Calcite
 High Magnesium Calcite
 Imperforate foraminifera
 Echinoidea
 Dolomite – stable in sea water & near surface
 Carbonate mineralogy of oceans changes with
time!
 Komponen batuan karbonat
1. Fragmen: - skeletal
- non skeletal

2. Mikrit (micrite – microcrystalline calcite)

3. Semen

4. Porositas
Fragmen – non skeletal

 Ooids
 Grapestones and other intraclasts
 Pellets
Ooids
Grapestones & intraclasts

Intraclast
Pellets
 Fragmen – skeletal
 Calcite, e.g. brachiopods, bryozoans, ostracodes,
echinoderms, foraminifera, red algae

 Aragonite, e.g. corals, stromatoporoids, most

molluscs, green algae

 Silika, e.g . sponge spicules & radiolarians

Foraminifera Brachiopod

Bryozoan Echinoid

Pictures taken after Scholle

Coral Gastropod

Green algae Pelecypod

Radiolarian

l e s
i c u
e Sp
g
p on
S
 Lime Mud or Micrite

Mechanical breakdown

Bioerrosion Chemical precipitation

 SP
ON
GU
ES
P IC
UL
ES

Lime Mud – Micrite

r i te
M ic
 Mikritisasi intensif pada
bioclast membentuk peloid
Mikritisasi pada bagian tepi
cangkang fosil (Brachipod)
 Semen

 Crust or rims coat grains

 Syntaxial overgrowth – optical continuity
with skeletal fabric
 Blocky equant - final void fill
Meniscus cement
Syntaxial cement
Isopachous marine cement
 Fina
l Ce
me
nt F
ill

Isopachus
Marine Cement

Sed
ime
nt F
ill
 Porositas

1. Primer
- Interclast
- Intraclast

2. Sekunder
- Dissolution
- Fractures
C. G. St. C. Kendall
 Smackover – Alabama

bs
om
Rh
ite
m
lo
Do

C. G. St. C. Kendall

Intercrystalline porosity
Intercrystalline porosity
Intraparticle porosity 0.48 mm
Intraparticle porosity
Shelter porosity 2.2 mm
Intraparticle porosity + dissolution
Moldic porosity
Moldic porosity
Smackover
Jurassic
i d s
O o
ze d
i ti
l om
D o
id e d
O o o lv
s
ss
Di

C. G. St. C. Kendall
 e
ra
st
ne
Fe

Fenestrae porosity
 e
ra
st
ne
Fe

Fenestrae porosity
Fracture porosity
Channel porosity 1.02 mm
Vug porosity
Vug porosity
Klasifikasi
Klasifikasi
Klasifikasi
Embry& Klovan (1971) Limestone Classification
0.68 mm
~ 0.2 mm
0.62 mm
0.68 mm
0.48 mm
1.1 mm