PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC PARTICLEBOARD PRODUCED

WITH ACACIA LEAVES AND CORNSTARCH AS AN

ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTION

MATERIAL

A Capstone Research Presented to the faculty of Civil

Engineering Division La Concepcion College, SJDM Bulacan

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Major in

Construction Engineering and Management

Abala, Kisharhein Angel D.

Buhayo, Anthony M.

Jaranilla, Heart Conrad A.

Magcamit, Ralph Kevin A.

Soliano, Janna A.

April 2024
 APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that this research entitled “PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF

SYNTHETIC PARTICLEBOARD PRODUCED WITH ACACIA LEAVES AND

CORNSTARCH AS AN ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL”,

prepared and submitted by Kisharhein Angel D. Abala, Anthony M. Buhayo, Heart

Conrad A. Jaranilla, Ralph Kevin A. Magcamit, and Janna A. Soliano have been

examined.

ENGR. ELOISA P. CADAG, Reg. CE., MACT

Research Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Examined and approved by the Panel of Examiners in a Final Defense with a grade of

_____ on April 2024, at La Concepcion College, Bulacan

ENGR. WINIFREDO E. GONZALES

Chairman
ENGR. CAROLINE A. ASUNCION ENGR. CAMILO A. BATULAN JR.,
Member MSCM
Member
Rating:_____________
Rating:_____________

Accepted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

ENGR. WINIFREDO E. GONZALES

Division Head of Civil Engineering

DR. LORETO F. MAGPANTAY, LPT, LLB

Dean of Instruction

ii
 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that the research paper entitled “Physical Properties of Particleboard

Produced with Acacia leaves and Cornstarch as an Alternative Construction Material”

is the outcome of our own independent and original work. We hereby declare that the

content of this research paper is the product of our own research and analysis, except

to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s design, conception, or in style,

has been duly acknowledged within the text.

We further certify that all sources and literature used in the preparation of this research

paper, whether they be books, articles, reports, lecture notes, or any other kind of

document, electronic or personal communication, have been duly acknowledged and

cited in the appropriate manner.

Abala, Kisharhein Angel D.

Buhayo, Anthony M.

Jaranilla, Heart Conrad A.

Magcamit, Ralph Kevin A.

Soliano, Janna A.

Attested by:

Engr. Eloisa P. Cadag, Reg. CE.,MACT

Research Adviser

Date: __________________

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, we would want to thank the Almighty for providing us with

the chance to conduct this research, as well as for his direction during the process.

We are also want to express our heartfelt gratitude to our adviser Engr. Eloisa

Cadag and the member of the panel, Engr. Caroline Asuncion, Engineer. Winifredo

Gonzales and Engineer. Camilo Batulan Jr. for his encouragement and excellent

advice. Also to statistician Ms. Rowena Aragon for her assistance and encouragement.

Their experience and insights have helped to shape the path of our study and ensure

its success.

We also want thank you to the DOST-FPRDI personnel Carmina Lasap, Aldrin

Finrel and Edgardo Villena. Also to the MEGATESTING CENTER INC., for their

significant support and assistance during our research project. Their expertise has

helped us undertake accurate and trustworthy testing, which is critical to the success

of our research.

Finally, we want to thank our family and friends for their love, support, and

encouragement throughout this journey. Their unshakeable faith in us has been a

source of strength and inspiration.

We would like to thank everyone who has contributed to our research endeavor

in any form. We are appreciative for your support and dedication to our study.

iv
 ABSTRACT

The research paper titled "Physical Properties of Particleboard Produced with

Acacia Leaves and Cornstarch as an Alternative Construction Material" presents a

comprehensive investigation into the feasibility and potential of utilizing acacia leaves

and cornstarch as primary constituents in the development of synthetic particleboard.

This study, conducted by a team of dedicated Civil Engineering students at La

Concepcion College, SJDM Bulacan, aims to address the growing need for sustainable

and environmentally friendly construction materials in the industry. The research is

grounded in the context of sustainable development and the increasing demand for

eco-friendly alternatives to traditional building materials. By focusing on the

combination of acacia leaves and cornstarch, the researchers seek to explore the

possibility of creating a synthetic particleboard that not only meets industry standards

but also offers enhanced environmental benefits. The objectives of the study are

clearly outlined, with a primary focus on evaluating the internal bond strength of the

synthetic particleboard, determining the optimal composition ratio of acacia leaves and

cornstarch for desirable physical properties, and analyzing the potential for mass

production and commercialization of the product. These objectives are crucial in

assessing the practicality and viability of incorporating acacia leaves and cornstarch

into the construction industry. Through a series of experiments and data collection

techniques, including observations and analyses of physical properties, the researchers

aim to provide empirical evidence to support their hypotheses. The study hypothesizes

v
a significant difference in the physical properties of synthetic particleboard made from

acacia leaves and cornstarch compared to standard particleboard, setting the stage for

a rigorous evaluation of the materials' performance. The findings of this research have

significant implications for the construction industry, particularly in terms of

sustainability and environmental impact. By exploring the potential of acacia leaves

and cornstarch as alternative construction materials, the study contributes to the

ongoing discourse on green building practices and the importance of utilizing

renewable resources in construction projects. In conclusion, this research paper serves

as a valuable contribution to the field of construction engineering and management,

offering insights into the feasibility and benefits of incorporating acacia leaves and

cornstarch into the production of synthetic particleboard. The study’s recommendation

for enhancing manufacturing efficiency, minimizing waste, and evaluating

performance compared to traditional particleboard underscore the importance of

sustainable practices in the construction industry.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ...................................................................................................................... i

Approval Sheet............................................................................................................. ii

Certificate of Originality ............................................................................................. iii

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... iv

Abstract ........................................................................................................................ v

Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1

Background of the Study .......................................................................................... 3

Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................ 5

Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................ 6

IPO Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................... 7

Statement of the Problem ......................................................................................... 9

Objectives of the Study .......................................................................................... 10

Hypothesis .............................................................................................................. 10

Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 11

Scope and Limitations of the Study ....................................................................... 11

Definition of Terms ................................................................................................ 13

vii
CHAPTER 2. REVIEW RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

Local Literature ...................................................................................................... 14

Local Studies .......................................................................................................... 16

Foreign Literature ................................................................................................... 18

Foreign Studies ....................................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design ..................................................................................................... 23

Materials ................................................................................................................. 24

Preparations and Treatment .................................................................................... 25

Preparation of Mixtures .......................................................................................... 26

Data Gathering Tools ............................................................................................. 27

Statistical Treatment ............................................................................................... 28

CHAPTER 4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA

Data Interpretation .................................................................................................. 29

CHAPTER 5. SUMMRAY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings ............................................................................................. 36

Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 37

viii
 Recommendations .................................................................................................. 38

References .............................................................................................................. 39

Appendix A ............................................................................................................ 46

Appendix B ............................................................................................................ 52

Appendix C ............................................................................................................ 53

Appendix D ............................................................................................................ 59

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 .................................................................................................................... 5

Figure 2 .................................................................................................................... 6

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 ...................................................................................................................... 7

Table 2 .................................................................................................................... 26

Table 3 .................................................................................................................... 27

Table 4 .................................................................................................................... 29

Table 5 .................................................................................................................... 32

Table 6 .................................................................................................................... 34

Table 7 .................................................................................................................... 35

ix
 CHAPTER 1

The Problem and its Background

This chapter discusses the problem and its background, the objective of the study, the

hypotheses, the scope and limitations, and the significance of the study. It also presents

the essential terms defined both conceptually and operationally.

Introduction

Global warming has become a major concern all around the world, and its

consequences are being felt everywhere, including the Philippines. The rise in

greenhouse gasses, mostly caused by human activities such as the use of fossil fuels

and deforestation, has resulted in an increase in global temperatures. As a result, global

warming has resulted in a slew of environmental, economic, and societal issues.

Making an eco-accommodating molecule board is significant in light of

multiple factors. Right off the bat, it lessens ecological issues by utilizing reused wood

chips rather than new wood or debris amble. This diminishes the interest for new assets

and advances manageability. In addition, eco-accommodating molecule sheets are

utilizing regular happening substances that are non-harmful to the human body. This

guarantees the security of people who encounter the sheets, like furniture clients or

indoor decorators. Furthermore, these sheets have great physical properties, making

them appropriate for different applications like furnishings, bundling, and indoor

beautification. Ultimately, eco-accommodating

 2

molecule sheets can be made for a minimal price by utilizing low-thickness wooden

materials and applying high-pressure proportions during the squeezing system. This

makes them a practical and effective option in contrast to conventional molecule

sheets.

Particleboard, also known as particleboard, chipboard, and low-density

fiberboard, is an engineered wood product made from wood chips and a synthetic resin

or other appropriate binders. Particleboard, which manufactured under pressure and

heat, is distinguish by its low cost, homogeneity, and density, which is typically lower

than that of ordinary wood and plywood. Particleboard, despite its reduced cost, can

be upgrade with paint or wood veneers on visible areas for a more aesthetically

pleasing and stable design.

The effect of the particleboard industry on climate change cannot be eliminated

by using organic material, but it can be reduced. Particleboard made from wood can

be replace with organic materials like agricultural waste, non-wood fibers, bamboo, or

other quickly renewable resources. These materials have a smaller carbon footprint

and can aid in lowering greenhouse gas emissions from the production process as well

as deforestation. Müller et al., 2023) But it's crucial to make sure that the substitute

materials are produced sustainably and do not harm other ecosystems or human

livelihoods. Utilizing renewable energy sources and putting in place energy- efficient

procedures might also lessen the industry's impact on climate change.

Organic ingredients include cornstarch and acacia leaf if they are manufactured

in environmentally sustainable ways and do not contain harmful chemicals. Cornstarch

 3

is a renewable resource that can be produce in a sustainable manner. Acacia leaf is a

naturally occurring byproduct of the acacia tree that can be grown and harvested in a

sustainable manner. (Moubarik et al., 2013)

The objective of this research is to examine the environmental sustainability of

manufacturing organic ingredients, particularly cornstarch and acacia leaf, and to

analyze their potential to be used as sustainable alternatives to standard ingredients in

various industries.

Background of the Study

Particleboard is frequently produced using wood products, and this practice has

been around for a while. The rising demand for particleboard across a range of

industries has, however, resulted in unsustainable forestry methods and accelerated

deforestation, which has a negative impact on the environment. Alternative materials

that can be use to create synthetic particleboard are therefore required.

One alternative that has been explored in recent years is the use of acacia leaves

and cornstarch as a bonding agent for the production of particleboard. Acacia leaves

have been found to contain high levels of tannin, which is a natural adhesive that can

be extracted and used as a bonding agent.(Elgailani & Ishak, 2014). Cornstarch, on

the other hand, is a biodegradable and renewable material that can be combined with

tannin to create a strong adhesive. Watcharakitti et al. (2022).

According to the study by Elgailani and Ishak, the three common Acacia

species found in Sudan (Acacia nilotica, Acacia seyal, and Acacia senegal) have

varying levels of tannins in their bark and leaves. The study found that Acacia senegal
 4

had the highest concentration of tannins in both its bark and leaves, while Acacia

nilotica had the lowest concentration of tannins in both its bark and leaves. The study

also found that the tannin concentration in the leaves of all three species was higher

than that in their bark. The study also highlights the potential of Acacia species as a

natural alternative to synthetic adhesive in the manufacture of wood-based composites,

as tannins have been found to be effective adhesives.

Moreover, adding cornstarch makes the material stronger and durable. The

study conducted by Zhi Wang et al. (2022) found that the mechanical properties of

epoxy resin were improved by adding cornstarch at different weight percentages

ranging from 3 to 9%. The improvement was attributed to the strong interfacial

bonding between the cornstarch particles and the epoxy resin matrix, which prevented

crack propagation and improved the stress transfer between the cornstarch and the

epoxy resin. The results suggested that cornstarch could be an effective toughening

agent for epoxy resin, making it suitable for use in applications requiring high-strength

materials while reducing the environmental impact of production (Wang, Lv, & Yang,

2022).

Overall, the use of acacia leaves and cornstarch as a bonding agent for the

manufacture of synthetic particleboard has the potential to lessen the impact of

particleboard production on the environment. This study's goal is to evaluate the

properties of manufactured from acacia leaves and cornstarch. This kind of

environmentally friendly material development has the ability to both meet the

growing demand for particleboard and lessen its negative effects on the environment.
 5

Theoretical Framework

SUSTAINABLE THEORY

PARTICLEBOARD BASED ON PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL

RICE HUSK: EFFECT OF PROPERTIES OF
BINDER CONTENT AND PARTICLEBOARD PRODUCED
PROCESS ING CONDITION WITH ADDITION OF WALNUT
Ciannamea et.al (2017) Marta Pedzik. et.al (2022)

The study explores the use of walnut wood waste as an alternative raw
material in particleboard manufacturing due to the loss of natural resources
and increasing demand for wood-based components. The laboratory produced
three-layer particleboard with different levels of walnut wood particles,
ensuring compliance with European standards. The study examined the impact
of UF resin concentration and applied pressure on particleboard
characteristics. Panels made with 50% walnut wood residues met European
standards, but did not meet thickness swelling standards. This article explores
the use of rice husk as a lignocellulosic alternative for wood in the production
of particleboards, analyzing the effects of processing parameters, pressure, and
binder content on density, water absorption, and elasticity. Particleboards with
11% BC meet ANSI's commercial standards, while 14% BC meet industrial
requirements, enabling productive use of agricultural waste.

Fig 1. Theoretical Framework

 6

Conceptual Framework

INTERVENING VARIABLE
• Particleboard manufacturing process
• Innovation in manufacturing process
• Overall environment impact

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT VARIABLE

VARIABLE
• Synthetic particleboard
• Acacia leaves • Properties of synthetic
• Cornstarch particleboard

PHYSICAL PHYSICAL
PROPERTY PROPERTY

Moisture Internal
Content Bond

Fig 2. Conceptual Framework

 7

IPO Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. Produce high-quality of To address internal Internal bond
synthetic particleboard bond and moisture • Based on the
made from acacia leaves content: result the average
and cornstarch in terms • Material of the bonding is
of: Preparation 2.79 kg/cm²
1.1. Internal Bond • Formulation Moisture Content
1.2. Moisture Content • Molding • Based on the
• Curing result the average
• Testing of internal of the moisture
bond content is 30.50
• Moisture Content %
Control
2. The precise processes To effectively combine • The optimal ratio
and procedures acacia leaves and is 1:1:1:1:3:1:16
necessary to effectively cornstarch: this means for
combine acacia leaves • Prepare the every part of
and cornstarch in the adhesive water, acacia
production of synthetic mixture leaves, and
particleboard? • Apply the cornstarch, there
• The adhesive are 1/3 parts of
optimal mixture to sugar and
composit the acacia 1/16parts of
ion ratio. leaves vinegar.
• The ideal • Pressing • To create
processing time. • Determine synthetic
the ideal particleboard,
processing gather materials,
time heat a pot, add
• Testing cornstarch and
sugar, water and
vinegar, and
crushed acacia
leaves. Mix
thoroughly, place
in mold, level,
and compress
manually. Allow
board to set for 7
days.
 8

3. Distinction of • Evaluate the • The differences

Acacia leaves and physical properties between
cornstarch of the particle board synthetic and
particleboard to standard
normal or standard particleboard are
particleboard their raw
materials,
manufacturing
techniques, and
properties.
Table 1. IPO Conceptual Framework
 9

Statement of the Problem

The study focuses on examining the Physical Properties of Particleboards

utilizing Acacia leaves and cornstarch as primary constituents in the development of

Synthetic Particleboard The primary aim of this research is to address the following

critical issues and research questions:

1. What properties do acacia leaves and cornstarch possess that, when combined, have

the potential to produce high-quality synthetic particleboard in terms of:

1.1 Internal Bond

1.2 Moisture Content

2. What are the precise processes and procedures necessary to effectively combined

acacia leaves and cornstarch in the production of synthetic particleboard?

2.1. The optimal composition ratio

2.2. The ideal processing time

3. Distinction between the synthetic particleboard made from Acacia leaves and

cornstarch to normal or standard particleboard.

 10

Objectives of the Study

The researchers aim to achieve the following objectives based on the stated

problem.

General Objectives:

To examine the feasibility of employing a combination of Acacia leaves and

cornstarch as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to standard

particleboard.

Specific Objectives:

1. To evaluate the internal bond of the synthetic particleboard made from Acacia

leaves and cornstarch.

2. To determine the optimal composition ratio of Acacia leaves and cornstarch

for producing synthetic particle board with desirable physical properties.

3. To analyze the possibility of mass-producing synthetic particleboard as well as

its commercialization and market acceptability.

Hypothesis

Ha: There is a significant difference in the physical properties of acacia leaves

and cornstarch as synthetic particleboard compared to standard particleboard.

Ho: There is no significant difference in the physical properties of acacia leaves

and cornstarch as synthetic particleboard compared to standard particleboard.

 11

Significance of the Study

The result of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Hardware Companies: This can help the hardware entrepreneur to provide good

quality and less expensive particleboard to the consumer. This particleboard can also

be sold in the livelihood supplies.

Environment: This will be a beneficiary study for the environment to protect the

forest by cutting trees in making particleboard.

Community: This can help the community in having cheap but high-quality

particleboard that they may use for their construction needs.

Researcher: This will help the researcher to know the effectiveness of synthetic

particleboard as an alternative material for producing particleboard, and other ideas

that can produce synthetic particleboard.

Future Researcher: This will be used as a reference guide for the incoming

researcher who would plan to make any related study about synthetic particleboard.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The physical characteristics of standard particleboard and synthetic

particleboards made from cornstarch and acacia leaves are compared, with an

emphasis on the latter's potential as a construction material. To ensure the synthetic

particleboard panels' safety and reliability for use in building, they are tested in

compliance with applicable standards and procedures. The synthetic particleboard

panels will be tested and evaluated in a regulated laboratory environment, so the

 12

outcomes might not accurately represent how well they operate in some kinds of real-

world settings. The study will be limited to DOST Los Baños’s facilities and resources,

and its conclusions are unable to be applied broadly to other areas or production

environments. Based on our observation of the final product we made, which is

Synthetic particle board, there are a few things we noticed, one of which is the presence

of pests or insects such as ants and another of which we also noticed that when our

product is exposed to air, it becomes moldy and softens and smells. In terms of its

lifespan, the particleboard does not have much longevity due the fact that it does not

perform well when moisture is involve it generally does not last especially in climates.
 13

Definition of Terms

Acacia leaves – commonly known as the wattles or acacia, a large genus of shrubs

and trees in the subfamily mimosoideae of the pea family fabaceae

Cornstarch – is the starch extracted from corn grains that is ground into a fine powder.

The starch is obtained from the endosperm of the corn kernel. The endosperm is the

bulk of the kernel and is the main energy source for the seedling, which can eventually

grow to be a new plant.

Deforestation – occurs when forests are converted—typically through logging,

natural disasters, wildfire, and mining—to non-forest uses, often agriculture, logging,

road construction, and urban development.

Energy efficiency – refers to using energy in the most efficient way possible without

sacrificing performance or output, resulting in reduced energy consumption, cost

savings, and environmental sustainability.

Synthetic Particleboard – also known as engineered or composite particleboard is a

type of wood panel made by binding together layers of wood veneers or fibers with

adhesives.

Tannins – Amorphous, astringent substances occurring widely in the bark, wood,

leaves, and resinous exudates of plants. They are water-soluble phenolic compounds,

which occur widely in vascular plants.

 Chapter II

Review of Related Study and Literature

Local Literature:

The study conducted by Abilleira et al. (2021) aimed to extract tannins from

Pinus pinaster and Acacia dealbata bark and examine their potential applications in

various industries. Extracted tannins using a combination of organic solvents and

water extraction and analyzed the chemical composition of the extracted tannins using

FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that the tannins extracted from both

barks were of high purity and had a wide range of potential applications, including in

the production of adhesives, resins, and plasticizers. Additionally, it was found that

the tannins extracted from Pinus pinaster bark could be used as a natural wood

preservative in the plywood industry. This study provides valuable insights into the

potential uses of tannins extracted from pine and acacia barks and their potential as a

sustainable alternative to synthetic chemicals in various industries.

According to Miyazaki (2021), sustainable construction has become a priority

for the government as it aims to achieve its sustainable development goals. The

Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) has released guidelines for

sustainable infrastructure development, which includes green building practices such

as the use of renewable energy, efficient water systems, and sustainable materials.
 15

These initiatives have led to an increase in the number of green buildings being

constructed in the Philippines.

In the study conducted by Melendres and Carrillo (2019), the researchers aimed

to improve the properties of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) by treating it with

cornstarch.The researchers conducted a series of experiments to test their hypothesis.

First, they prepared SAP by polymerizing acrylic acid with a cross-linking agent in the

presence of a porogen solution. The SAP was then surface-treated with cornstarch by

mixing the two materials in a certain ratio and drying the mixture. The researchers

evaluated the water absorbency capacity, swelling degree, and Fourier transform

infrared (FTIR) spectra of the SAP before and after the surface treatment. The results

showed that the surface treatment of SAP with cornstarch significantly improved its

water absorbency capacity and swelling degree. The water absorbency capacity

increased from 282.47 g/g for untreated SAP to 373.07 g/g for treated SAP, while the

swelling degree increased from 1029.12% for untreated SAP to 1848.31% for treated

SAP. The FTIR spectra also showed that the surface treatment of SAP with cornstarch

resulted in the formation of hydrogen bonds and increased intermolecular interactions

between the two materials.

According to the study, Jabile et al (2022) noted that cornstarch can be used as

an adhesive in the manufacturing process, reducing the need for formaldehyde-based

glues. The benefits of using cornstarch in this way include a lower environmental

impact and improved indoor air quality. The authors also found that particleboards
 16

with cornstarch adhesive had comparable strength properties to those produced with

formaldehyde-based adhesives.

The study conducted by Jimenez, Acda, and Hernandez (2020) determined the

effect of tobacco stalk and leaf midrib additives on the bond strength and termite

resistance of urea- formaldehyde bonded plywood. The study found out that using

tannin-rich tobacco stalk and leaf midrib additives significantly improved the bond

strength of plywood and increased its resistance to termite attack. It was also noted

that the addition of tannin-rich additives resulted in a lower formaldehyde emission

rate from the plywood.

Local Studies:

In the study conducted by Melendres, Manacob, and Vera Cruz (2022), the

researchers investigated the effect of cornstarch on the biodegradability and

absorbency of superabsorbent polymer. The study utilized cornstarch as a natural

additive to improve the properties of the superabsorbent polymer. The results showed

that the addition of cornstarch increased the biodegradability and absorbency of the

polymer. Specifically, the polymer’s biodegradability increased by 35%, and its

absorbency increased by 25% with the addition of cornstarch.

The study conducted by Engay-Gutierrez, Dimailig, and Yacon (2023) focuses

on the extraction of tannin from the barks of Plus and Mother Trees in Mt. Banahaw

de Lucban, Quezon, Philippines, to determine its potential use in the wood industry.

Aimed to analyze the tannin content of the barks and evaluate its quality through

various tests. The study concludes that tannin extracted from the barks of both Plus
 17

and Mother Trees has potential use in the wood industry as it exhibits high-quality

characteristics. According to the results, tannins from these trees can be utilized as a

natural adhesive, extender, and preservative.

The study by Macabutas and Tongco (2021) aimed to determine the thermal

conductivity of bamboo plyboard as a thermal insulator for passive roof cooling. The

authors conducted experiments to measure the thermal conductivity of the bamboo

plyboard at different temperatures and thicknesses. The results showed that the thermal

conductivity of the bamboo plyboard decreased as the temperature decreased and the

thickness increased. Additionally, the study found that the tannin component in

bamboo contributed significantly to its thermal insulation properties.Tannin is a

natural compound found in different types of plant materials, including bamboo.

Tannin been reported to have a various properties, including thermal insulation

properties.

Gao, et al. (2019) discussed the development of antimicrobial tannin-based

hybrid materials. Tannin, a natural polyphenolic compound found in many plants, has

been reported to possess antimicrobial properties. However, tannin also has limited

solubility and low stability under certain conditions. Various approaches to modify

tannin or combine it with other materials to enhance its antimicrobial activity and

stability. Tannin can be cross-linked with other polymers or metal ions, or incorporated

into nanoparticles or hydrogels. These tannin-based hybrid materials have been shown

to exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses,

as well as some other desirable properties such as

 18

biocompatibility, biodegradability, and adsorption capacity, this improve the

durability and longevity of materials.

The study by Arias et al. (2021) explores the use of tannin-based bio-adhesives

as sustainable alternatives to petrochemical resins in the wood panel industry. The

study highlights the negative environmental impacts of current adhesives and argues

that tannin-based bio- adhesives have potential to reduce emissions and waste.

Tannins, naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds found in plants, been identified

as a promising alternative due to their adhesive properties. The study outlines the

various methods used to extract and purify tannins for use in adhesive formulations. It

was also discussed the potential challenges associated with using tannin- based

adhesives, such as their higher cost and lower water resistance compared to traditional

adhesives. Overall, the study suggests that tannin-based bio-adhesives have potential

as a sustainable alternative in the wood panel industry, and further research needed to

optimize their formulation and performance

Foreign literature:

Tannins are a type of polyphenol compound that commonly found in plant

tissues, particularly in the bark, leaves, and fruits of trees such as oak, pine, and

eucalyptus. Dunky, M. (2021) provides a critical review of tannin- and lignin-based

adhesives that derived from natural resources, specifically wood. The study discusses

the properties, advantages, and limitations of tannin- and lignin-based adhesives and

their potential applications in the wood industry. The study found that these types of

adhesives have good bonding properties, are environmentally friendly, and are cost-
 19

effective. However, further research needed to improve their water resistance and

durability. Tannin-based adhesives offer several advantages over synthetic adhesives,

including their renewable and biodegradable nature, low toxicity, and ability to bond

with a variety of substrates.

According to the study of Kumar, C., & Leggate, W. (2022). Starch-based

adhesives are one of the most promising bio-adhesives for engineered wood products.

Starch is a natural polymer derived from crops like corn, potato, and wheat that been

used traditionally as a food thickener and stabilizer. Starch-based adhesives are

environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and readily available. It was further describe

that starch-based adhesives have good bonding strength and can be used in

combination with other renewable resources such as soy protein, lignin, and cellulose

nanocrystals to improve their mechanical properties. However, the study highlights

some of the limitations of starch-based adhesives such as poor water resistance and

long drying times.

The use of formaldehyde-free resins has become of great interest in the wood-

based panel industry due to the potential health and environmental risks associated

with formaldehyde-based resins. Tannin and lignin are two alternative natural

resources that can be utilized as formaldehyde- free resins. These alternative resins

have shown promising results in terms of their mechanical properties and their ability

to replace formaldehyde-based resins in various applications (Chrobak, et.al, 2022).

In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for eco-friendly and

sustainable resins in the polymer industry. Tannin and formaldehyde-free resins have
 20

gained attention as potential alternatives to conventional resins due to their

biodegradability and low toxicity. Tannin-based resins can be produced by extracting

tannins from natural sources such as wood, bark, and fruits, and polymerizing them

with appropriate crosslinking agents. The resulting resins show favorable properties

like high thermal stability, good adhesion, and water resistance. Additionally, they can

play a crucial role in reducing waste and promoting sustainability in several

applications, such as adhesives, coatings, and composites (Vera & Urbano, 2021).

Tannins are natural polyphenolic compounds that been shown to possess

similar properties to phenol and formaldehyde. Sarika et al. (2020) suggest that the use

of such bio-based alternatives can help reduce the environmental impact of resin

production without compromising performance. Plywood, for example, is a commonly

used wood composite material that can benefit from the use of tannin-based resins.

Tannin-based resins have shown promise in terms of mechanical properties and

moisture resistance, which are important characteristics for plywood. Thus, tannin-

based resins may provide a sustainable and viable option for producing resins for the

wood composite industry.

Foreign Studies:

A study conducted to evaluate the environmentally friendly plywood made

using glutaraldehyde-modified starch as the binder. Several types of starch, including

corn, tapioca, and potato starch, were modified using glutaraldehyde and used as

binders in the plywood. The results showed that the modified starches improved the

bonding strength and water resistance of the plywood. Furthermore, the use of
 21

glutaraldehyde-modified starch as a binder reduced the amount of formaldehyde

emissions from the plywood, which is beneficial to the environment and human health.

Overall, the study suggests that glutaraldehyde-modified starch can be a potential

alternative to formaldehyde-based binders in plywood production. (Amini et al.,

2021).

The study conducted by Shao et al. (2022) aimed to develop an environmentally

friendly adhesive that has high wet-bond strength. The adhesive formulated using a

combination of starch, itaconic acid, and silicone. The study found that the resulting

adhesive had excellent bonding strength for various materials, including aluminum,

wood, and paper. The starch used played a key role in forming strong bonds. Starch is

a natural polymer that is easily available, inexpensive, and has high adhesiveness. The

study measured the wet-bond strength of the adhesive using a lap shear test. The results

showed that the adhesive had significant bonding strength, with the highest strength

achieved with the aluminum substrate. The adhesive also maintained its bonding

strength for at least 48 hours under water immersion conditions, demonstrating

excellent water resistance.

A study conducted a physicochemical properties comparative analysis of

cornstarch and cassava starch, as well as a comparative analysis of their adhesive

properties. The researchers found that both cornstarch and cassava starch have similar

morphology and particle size distribution but differ in their chemical compositions.

Cornstarch had higher amylose content, while cassava starch had higher phosphorus

and protein contents. In terms of adhesive properties, cassava starch showed better
 22

performance in terms of viscosity, bonding strength, and water resistance compared to

cornstarch. The study concludes that cassava starch can be considered as a potential

substitute for cornstarch in adhesive applications. (Chen et al., 2020).

A study by Ratih et al. (2023) investigated the properties of plywood bonded

with formaldehyde-free adhesive based on poly (vinyl alcohol)-tannin-hexamine at

different formulations and cold-pressing times. The results showed that the adhesive

had good bonding properties and met the standards for water resistance, shear strength,

and internal bond strength. The study found that the formulation with 20% poly (vinyl

alcohol), 20% tannin, and 25% hexamine with a 10-minute cold-pressing time resulted

in the highest mechanical properties of plywood. Furthermore, the study showed that

the starch content in the adhesive formulation significantly affected the properties of

the plywood.

The study conducted by Sayef-Al-Hasib and Islam (2021) aims to investigate

the mechanical behavior of plywood produced from cornstarch-based phenol-

formaldehyde adhesives. The study revealed that the cornstarch-based adhesives

showed comparable mechanical properties to the traditional petroleum-based

adhesives in terms of dry and wet shear strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus

of rupture. Moreover, the results showed that the cornstarch- based adhesives exhibited

better performance in terms of water resistance.

 Chapter III

Research Methodology

This chapter describes the study's methodologies and approaches. The study

made use of experimental research, specifically a quasi-experimental approach. The

research employs checklists of observations as data collection techniques. This

allowed the researchers to give an overview and develop an analysis of statistics of the

strength and durability of particleboard made of acacia leaves and cornstarch.

Research Design

This experimental study used a quasi-experimental approach since the study's

goal is to find out about the effectiveness and attributes of particleboard created from

acacia leaves and cornstarch. An independent variable is modified, but group members

are not assigned at random. Quasi-research is employed in field settings where random

assignment is either useless or unnecessary (Bhat, 2023). This design's internal validity

stands out as a distinctive strength since it can determine if there is a causal link

between independent and dependent variables through treatment manipulate.

 24

Materials and Methods

Materials

Acacia leaves: The Acacia leaves used were brown, indicating that been dried

Cornstarch: The cornstarch we used is ordinary store-bought cornstarch.

Vinegar: The vinegar used is a commercially available white vinegar

 25

Water: The water utilized in this experiment is tap water, but any type of water can
be use.

Sugar: The sugar used in this experiment is refined white sugar. Brown or other types

of sugar can also be utilized as long as they are refined.

Preparation and Treatment

The researchers have chosen dry acacia leaves; dry leaves are the best and most

recommended alternative because green leaves take weeks to dry out, extending the

treatment of the leaves. After gathering the leaves, they are sun dried for another day

to ensure that everything is evenly dry. After the leaves have dried in the sun, the

researchers will keep them in an environment where humidity will not influence them.

After being stored, the leaves will be sent into a shredding machine, which will shred

them into tiny fragments with the consistency of cornstarch. This is required to avoid

rough interior structure on the final product.

 26

Measurement of Ingredients Order Process Utilized

Sample:

1 cup of water Step 1: Cook the ingredients

1 cup of acacia leaves Step 2: Hot compress before the

sample dries out.

1 cup of cornstarch Step 3: Sun dry it for 7 days.

1 tablespoon of vinegar Step 4: Harvest

1/3 cup of refined sugar

Table 2. Process

While cooking, the ingredients are combined all at once and constantly

stirred. The output is then hot compressed, sun dried, and harvest it after a week.

The final step is to polish the surface to make it smoother.

Preparation of Mixtures

The ingredients will be heated over low heat for 1 minute, stirring

constantly, until the consistency thickens. The heated components will then be

placed into a mold to produce a squared form, and the output will be hot/hot

compressed to obtain the necessary thickness of the particleboard.

 27

Tools/Equipment Specifications
Pot, Bowl, Spatula, Measuring Cups -
Fire/Electric Stove Have low heat
Shredding Machine -
Molding tool -
Hot Compressor -
Polishing tool -
Flat Metal Sheet -
Table 3. Tool and Equipment
Data Gathering Tools/Equipment

These equipment and tools can be purchased on the market or seen inside the house

if they are available.

● Weighing Scale – To measure the weight of the specimen

● Measuring Tape – To check the width and length of the specimen after sun

drying.

● Thickness Gauge – To check the thickness of the final output.

 28

Statistical Treatment

The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to

determine if the means of two or more groups differ significantly from one another.

ANOVA compares the means of different samples to determine the impact of one or

more factors. ANOVA can be used to verify or disprove whether all material treatments

were equally effective. A one-way ANOVA will reveal that at least two groups differed

from one another. A Two Way ANOVA is an expansion of the One Way ANOVA,

which has one independent variable influencing one dependent variable.

If the value of F is near about 1, then there is insignificant variance between the means

of the two groups of data set under observation. The p-value is the most important value

in the context of ANOVA testing. The null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative

hypothesis (HA) are the foundations of the ANOVA test. The null hypothesis asserts

that all group means are equivalent, whereas the alternative hypothesis contends that

the means are not equivalent. In a one-way ANOVA, the null hypothesis is rejected if

the p-value is less than 0.05. The null hypothesis is accepted if the p-value is larger than

0.05. If the null hypothesis is rejected, it means that the groups' means are not equal
.
 Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents the tables that answer the statement of the problem; and

also presents the analysis and interpretation of the gathered data

SOP 1. What properties do acacia leaves and cornstarch possess that, when combined,

have the potential to produce high-quality synthetic particleboard in terms of:

1.1 Internal Bond

1.2 Moisture Content

 30

Table 4. Data Result

In this table, it shows that the values the for three different boards internal bond

strengths and the moisture content. Based on the given values of internal bond: Board

one has an internal bond strength of 2.36 kg/ cm². Board two has an internal bond

strength of 2.73kg/ cm². Board three has an internal bond strength of 3.28kg/ cm².

Comparing these values, Board three (3.28kg/ cm²) has the highest internal bond

strength, suggesting it is the strongest among the three boards. Board two (2.73kg/

cm²) comes next in terms of strength, and Board one (2.36 kg/ cm²) has the lowest

internal bond strength among the three. Higher internal bond strengths typically

indicate stronger boards.

Based on the given values of moisture content: Based on these results, it

appears that board three (24.70%) has the lowest moisture content among the three

boards, which is generally favorable for board quality. Board one (25.20%) also has a

relatively low moisture content, indicating good quality. Board two (30.50%) has the

highest moisture content, which might lead to concerns about potential issues like

warping, shrinking, or mold growth. With that, lower moisture content values are

generally indicative of better quality and durability in particleboards.

 31

SOP 2 What are the precise processes and procedures necessary to effectively

combined acacia leaves and cornstarch in the production of synthetic particleboard?

2.1. The optimal composition ratio

2.2. The ideal processing time

For the composition ratio of the three synthetic particleboard sample boards,

we utilize the following measurements: 1 cup of water, 1 cup of crushed acacia leaves,

1 cup of cornstarch, 1 tablespoon of vinegar, and 1/3 cup of refined sugar. After

collecting all of the dry acacia leaves, we sun-dried them for a day before crushing

them into fine particles to ensure the optimal processing time. Following that, we

prepared a sample and sun-dried it for 7 days before testing for internal bond and

moisture content.
 32

SOP 3. Distinction between the synthetic particleboard made from Acacia leaves and

cornstarch to normal or standard particleboard.

Synthetic Particleboard from Normal or Standard

Acacia Leaves and Cornstarch Particleboard

Composition This form of particleboard is Standard particleboard is

commonly created by typically composed of wood

combining acacia leaves and particles or fibers such as

cornstarch, as well as binding sawdust, wood chips, or

agents and maybe additional wood shavings. These

chemicals. Acacia leaves offer particles are held together by

cellulose fibers, and cornstarch sticky resins.

acts as a binder.

Manufacturing The ingredients are mixed, Manufacture follows

Process pressed into panels under heat identical methods but uses

and pressure, and then cured to different source materials.

make the finished product. Made by mixing wood

particles with adhesive resins,

forming them into panels,

compressing and curing

them.
 33

Properties The qualities of this type of Is well-known and widely

particleboard may differ from utilized in a variety of

those of normal particleboard, applications. Its qualities,

depending on the formulation including strength, durability,

and processing procedures and cost, are well understood

utilized. It may provide benefits and predictable.

such as being more ecologically

friendly if the raw materials are

supplied sustainably and

biodegradable.

Table 5. Difference between Synthetic Particleboard and Standard particleboard

 34

CHI-SQUARE
Internal Bond (IB)

Synthetic particleboard Standard particleboard

sample sample
5 2.36

3 2.73

2 3.28

Table 6: One-way ANOVA result

̅̅̅
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 ̅𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟗
𝒙

𝑺𝟐𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 𝒔𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟒

𝒏𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒏𝟐 = 𝟑
Formula: T-test
 35

Test of Significant Difference According to Internal Bond

CHI-Square: Treatment for Hypothesis

CHI-SQUARE
df α CRITICAL
CHI-SQUARE
COMPUTED
Decision INTERPRETATION

2 0.05 4.303 0.417 REJECT Ha In terms of internal

ACCEPT Ho bond, there is no
significant difference
between our synthetic
particleboard and
standard
particleboard.

Table 7. Test of Significant Difference According to Internal Bond

Since CHI-square computed is less than CHI-square critical, reject the

alternative hypothesis and accept the null hypothesis. Therefore we conclude that, in

terms of internal bond there is no significant difference between our synthetic

particleboard and standard particleboard.

 Chapter V

Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendation

This chapter is to summarize the findings that emerged from the study. The

findings were presented, and the conclusions and recommendations were made about

the problems in question and directions proposed for future studies.

Summary of Findings

1. Properties do acacia leaves and cornstarch possess that, when combined, have the

potential to produce high-quality synthetic particleboard .

The study reveals that the internal bond strength and moisture content of three

different boards are analyzed. Board 3 has the highest internal bond strength

(3.28kg/cm²), indicating it is the strongest. Board 2 has the lowest strength

(2.73kg/cm²), and Board 1 has the lowest (2.36 kg/cm²). Board 3 has the lowest

moisture content (24.70%), indicating good quality. Board 2 has the highest moisture

content (30.50%), indicating potential issues.

2. The precise processes and procedures necessary to effectively combined acacia

leaves and cornstarch in the production of synthetic particleboard

The composition ratio of synthetic particleboard sample boards was determined

using water, crushed acacia leaves, cornstarch, vinegar, and refined sugar. The leaves

were sun-dried, crushed, and sun-dried for 7 days before testing for internal bond and

moisture content
 37

3. Distinction between the synthetic particleboard made from Acacia leaves and

cornstarch to normal or particleboard.

The key differences between synthetic particleboard made from acacia leaves

and cornstarch and regular particleboard are their raw materials, manufacturing

techniques, and, potentially, properties.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study the following conclusion drawn:

There is no significant between particleboard made from acacia leaves and

cornstarch to standard particleboard in terms of internal bond. Acacia leaves and

cornstarch may have a lesser environmental impact in terms of resource consumption

and carbon footprint, particularly if the manufacturing process prioritizes

sustainability and material efficiency. In conclusion, particleboard manufactured from

acacia leaves and cornstarch has the potential to be more sustainable and resource

efficient than ordinary particleboard, but it may have trade-offs in terms of strength

and cost. When deciding which of these materials to use for a certain application, it is

critical to consider unique requirements and objectives. The reason why we choose

acacia leaves is its tannin component and cellulose fibers.

 38

Recommendations

1. Some synthetic particleboard may be manufactured using recycle materials or eco-

friendly process, offering a more sustainable option compared to standard

particleboard.

2. The study aims to explore strategies to enhance manufacturing efficiency, minimize

waste, and decrease production costs.

3. The study aims to evaluate the performance of acacia leaves and cornstarch-based

particleboard compared to traditional particleboard in terms of strength, durability, and

environmental impact.

4. Future researcher they need to explore and improve the materials of producing

synthetic particleboard.

5. Keep the area around the particleboard clean and free of food crumbs or spills that

may attract pests.

6. Apply a non-toxic sealant or varnish to the particleboard to create a protective

barrier against pests.

 39

References

Articles or Journals

Abilleira, F., Varela, P., Cancela, Á., Álvarez, X., Sánchez, Á., & Valero, E.

(2021). Tannins extraction from Pinus pinaster and Acacia dealbata bark with

applications in the industry. Industrial Crops and Products, 164, 113394. doi:

10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113394

Adhikari, S., & Ozarska, B. (2018). Minimizing environmental impacts of timber

products through the production process “From Sawmill to Final Products”.

Environmental Systems Research, 7, 6. doi:10.1186/s40068-018-0116-6.

Amini, M.H.M., Hermawan, A., Sulaiman, N.S., Sobri, S.A., & Demirel, G.K.

(2021). Evaluation of Environmentally Friendly Plywood Made Using

Glutaraldehyde-Modified Starch as the Binder. Forests, 12(2), 151.

https://doi.org/10.3390/f12020151

Arias, A., González-García, S., Feijoo, G., & Moreira, M. T. (2021). Tannin-based

bio-adhesives for the wood panel industry as sustainable alternatives to

petrochemical resins. Journal of Industrial Ecology.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13210
 40

Ciannamea, Emiliano & Marín, Diana & Ruseckaite, Roxana & Stefani, P.. (2017).

Particleboard Based on Rice Husk: Effect of Binder Content and Processing

Conditions. Journal of Renewable Materials. 5. 10.7569/JRM.2017.634125.

Chen, X., Yao, W., Gao, F., Zheng, D., Wang, Q., Cao, J., Tan, H., & Zhang, Y.

(2020). Physicochemical Properties Comparative Analysis of Corn Starch and

Cassava Starch, and Comparative Analysis as Adhesive. Engineering Research

Center of Advanced Wooden Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry

University, Harbin, 150040, China

Chrobak, J., Iłowska, J., & Chrobok, A. (2022). Formaldehyde-Free Resins for the

Wood-Based Panel Industry: Alternatives to Formaldehyde and Novel Hardeners.

Molecules, 27(15), 4862. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154862

Dukarska D, Rogoziński T, Antov P, Kristak L, Kmieciak J. Characterisation of

Wood Particles Used in the Particleboard Production as a Function of Their

Moisture Content. Materials. 2022; 15(1):48.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010048

Dunky, M. (2021). Wood adhesives based on natural resources: A critical review:

Part III. Tannin- and lignin-based adhesives. In K.L. Mittal (Ed.), Advances in
 41

adhesion science and technology (pp. 215-240). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119846703.ch10

Elgailani, I. E. H., & Ishak, C. Y. (2014). Determination of Tannins of Three

Common Acacia Species of Sudan. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry,

2014, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/482907

Engay-Gutierrez, K., Dimailig, E., & Yacon, J. (2023). Plus and Mother Trees in

Mt. Banahaw de Lucban, Quezon, Philippines: An Exploration of Tannin

Extraction and Their Potential Use in the Wood Industry. Journal of Environmental

Science and Management, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2022_2/05

Gao, X., Zhang, F., & Wang, H. (2019). Antimicrobial tannin-based hybrid

materials. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 7(32), 4962-4977. doi:

10.1039/C9TB00780D

Jimenez, J. P., Acda, M. N., & Hernandez, H. P. (2020). Effect of glueline

treatment using tobacco stalk and leaf midrib additives on the bond strength and

termite resistance of urea-formaldehyde bonded plywood. Wood Material Science

& Engineering, 15(1), 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2020.1830347

 42

Koutika, L.-S., & Richardson, D. M. (2019). Acacia mangium Willd: Benefits and

threats associated with its increasing use around the world. Forest Ecosystems,

6(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-018-0165-3

Kumar, C., & Leggate, W. (2022). An overview of bio-adhesives for engineered

wood products. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 118, 103187.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.103187

Liezl M Jabile, Mikee P Tuyor, Arjel Salcedo, Jeffrey Ken B Balangao, Consorcio

S Namoco. UTILIZATION OF SAWDUST AND RICE HUSK FOR PARTICLE

BOARD APPLICATION. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2022, 17

(2), pp.257-261. ⟨hal-03928999⟩

Miyazaki, E. (2021, July 11). The Demand for Sustainable Construction in the

Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.asiapropertyawards.com/en/sustainable-

construction-philippines/

Melendres, A. V., & Carrillo, L. A. (2019). Surface treatment of superabsorbent

polymer with corn starch for improved properties. ASEAN Journal of Chemical

Engineering, 19(1), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50876

 43

Moubarik, A., Mansouri, H. R., Pizzi, A., Allal, A., Charrier, F., Badia, M. A., &

Charrier, B. (2013). Evaluation of mechanical and physical properties of industrial

particleboard bonded with a corn flour–urea formaldehyde adhesive. Wood

Science and Technology, 47(1), 81-93. doi:10.1007/s00226-012-0499-3

Müller, D. P., Szemkus, N., & Hiete, M. (2023). Carbon balance of plywood from

a social reforestation program in Indonesia. Scientific Reports, 13, 13552.

doi:10.1038/s41598-023-12987-w. ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2756-0310

(Müller), orcid.org/0000-0001-6379-3480 (Hiete)

Pędzik, M., Auriga, R., Kristak, L., Antov, P., & Rogoziński, T. (2022). Physical

and Mechanical Properties of Particleboard Produced with Addition of Walnut

(Juglans regia L.) Wood Residues. Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 15(4), 1280.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041280

Sari, R. A. L., Lubis, M. A. R., Sari, R. K., Kristak, L., Iswanto, A. H., Mardawati,

E., Maulana, S. (2023). Properties of plywood bonded with formaldehyde-free

adhesive based on poly(vinyl alcohol)-tannin-hexamine at different formulations

and cold-pressing times. J. Compos. Sci., 7(3), 113.

https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7030113
 44

Salise, O., Kızılcan, N., & Bengü, B. (2022). Environment-friendly cornstarch and

tannin-based wood adhesives for interior particleboard production as an alternative

to formaldehyde-based wood adhesives. Pigment & Resin Technology, 51(4), 265-

271. https://doi.org/10.1108/PRT-07-2020-0129

Sarika, P. R., Nancarrow, P., Khansaheb, A., & Ibrahim, T. (2020). Bio-based

alternatives to phenol and formaldehyde for the production of resins. Polymers,

12(10), 2237. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102237

Sayef-Al-Hasib, M., & Islam, M. A. (2021). Mechanical behavior of plywood

produced from cornstarch-based phenol-formaldehyde adhesives. Industrial Crops

and Products, 171, 113927. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113927

Seng Hua Lee, Wei Chen Lum, Jia Geng Boon, Lubos Kristak, Petar Antov, Marta

Pędzik, Tomasz Rogoziński, Hamid R. Taghiyari, Muhammad Adly Rahandi

Lubis, Widya Fatriasari, Sumit Manohar Yadav, Aujchariya Chotikhun, Antonio

Pizzi, Particleboard from agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste: a review,

Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Volume 20, 2022, Pages 4630-

4658, ISSN 2238-7854, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.08.166

 45

Shao, W., Wang, P., Liu, J., Xu, H., Cai, X., Wu, Q., Xia, N., & Kong, F. (2022).

An environmentally friendly and high wet-bond strength adhesive based on starch,

itaconic acid and silicone. Industrial Crops and Products, 181, 114809. doi:

10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114809.

Tongco, A. F., & Macabutas, E. C. (2021). Determination of thermal conductivity

of bamboo plyboard as thermal insulator for passive roof cooling. Advanced

Composites and Hybrid Materials, 4, 647-661.

Ülker, O. (2016). Wood adhesives and bonding theory. IntechOpen.

https://doi.org/10.5772/65759

Vera, M., & Urbano, B. F. (2021). Tannin polymerization: An overview. Polymer

Chemistry, 12(18), 2598-2612. doi: 10.1039/d1py00399j

Watcharakitti, J., Win, E. E., Nimnuan, J., & Smith, S. M. (2022). Modified starch-

based adhesives: A review. Polymers, 14(10), 2023.

https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14102023
 46

APPENDICES

Appendix A – Data Result

47
48
49
 50

Laboratory Receipt
51
 52

Appendix B
Letter of Request for Statistician
 53

Appendix C

Computation
 54

Documentation
Gathering of Materials
 55

DOST-FPRDI
 56

PRODUCT MAKING
 57

FINAL OUTPUT
 58

Laboratory and Material Expenses

Transportation 3000
Laboratory Expenses 930
Materials 160
Total = 4,090
 59

Appendix D
Curriculum Vitae
60
61
62
63