J!

~•
CIRCULAR MOTiON
',\lh~_•n a por11cle rn,J.,·ir:-s In o ploni::- ~uct, ,hat,,~ d1~tar,cc- hon, a fi:.:ed
(·)t mo ... ,n9) oo,n! rema1w, C(H1~1::rn1 !hen ti~ motion h collt_.d a
circulor mt1!1on w;lh 't'SD•:c t l,J tt,ul 11,r,t_~ d (01 mn111n~J) p1Jllll

•ti:ttl1 1rJ,1?4t·X3,•t@►
.AVl!'l'Oge Angular Velocity

Total Angle of Rotation

= 11,0\' : =
Total time taken

whele " and"· 01e angular position o f the particle al lime

1, and u respectively.

lnstonloneous Angular Velocity lelollve Angular Velocity

The rote al which the position vector of o

particle with respect to the centre ro1a1es. is
called as instantaneous angutor velocity with
respect to the centre
here V "A.a. = Relative velocity perpendicular
lim -.\0 dO to position vector AB
=-
..u-0 \I dt

Relation belwHn speed and angular Veloc:lty : v = r, is a scalar quantity I • * :!.r )

ANGULAR ACCELERATION tu)
Avefoge Angulo, Accelerollon

Let ,.. and ,.. be the Instantaneous angular speed or time , a nd r.

respectively. then the overage angular occere,otlan . is defined 01

IU1 - fl}:
uov = = -
b - II ~I

lnstonlon=us Angular Accele<oHon

II is the limit of overage angular acceleration os \I approaches zero. lhal ls

d,,,
= {ti
dO
 RADIAL AND TANGENTIAL ACCELERATION iR·i, 111
dv 2
• v
a.= -
d1
= role of change of speed and Clf= to· r = r r
( )
=rv'

dv d 111
Angular and Tangenllal Acceleration llelallon a. = - =r - or a, = ru
d1 dt

Equations of Rolollonot Molton

I 2
0 = ' ""t + - rat
2

Uniform Circular Motion I Non-Uniform Circular Motion

Speed of lhe particle is constant i.e.. Speed of the particle is nol constant i.e..
1 111 = constonr 1 ,u ~ conslonl 1
L---dlvl
t
1
-- ----------------
-
v2
-L- ---d iv------------------1
I
I
1
....
I
I 0. =
I
-
dt
=0 ; 0. =-r ¢ 0 :. •
---
I 0. =
t
-
d1
,;,. 0 : 0r ,it O .,;_..,......_:.i
_ _ _ _ _., I
I

1------------ ------ -- --~- ---------------------~

I --~ I a,,.,, 0, I
I

C1tntrlpetal lotc1t ls the n1teessory resultant f01c1t towards the citnlre.

,-=-,
• • ............. ·-..•... ► ......... -
• ••
-. •....
C.nlrl~lol lo,ce • • • • ••
• •• I
..
··----·-·· ., ............ --··

mv'
F= =m,,,' r
r
l'.»34fi•,hillifili·i t,. m w. r
-----,1'- --- -- -- - ,
(cen trifugol
force)
,

mg
---- - - - - - - - - ---- , 1

Centrifugal force Is a ficlilious fOfce which hos lo be opp6ect as o concept only In a

rota ling frame of reference lo apply Newton's low of motion pn that frame)

SIMPLE PENDULUM

Botonclng Horizontal Forces:

Tsin II= m,,r r

. ---.,..
r _ Balancing Vertical Forces:

mgcos o
mgsino T- mgcos o = mv2/L ::::¢ T = m(gcos o + v 2/L)
mg

IF,,. I = J (mgsinoJ2-+ ( ~_.,r = J m

1
g sin2U-+ ~

,, -~ i,-,:1t+tJl49:l•t1 l!l 1t►

FID of boll shows:

T!Intl = m ,.,: , = centnpelol fOfce

' It T
Tcoso
---- '
= mg
ICOSI-I r
• Tslnn
mtt,: r

mgL mg
r1g
speed v = and Tension T = FBD o f boll WI.I ground
(L' - r) "' fl2 - r1J 'l2
 .. ---,~-
-...
•••• • ci
:::;·,.=--=:~-,
• • I "\
1 [

\
CIRCULAR TURNING ON ROADS
1
-<I I ! r I : I> _ - ..JIIP_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . .- - - - - - - - -

\ ' / '

, , -_ -_ /, Centripital force required for turning is provided in following ways.

-:i v
, I

For a sore turn without sliding:

Safe Speed v ~ 1,1rg

• Th e safe speed of Ulo vehicle should be less

than ✓JLrg
• The coefficient or friction should be more w=mg
than v1/rg.

N cosB r, I i1tu~'•tt·,1il·t1·1C·i:ii,f
From FBD of car:
~
N -·
,.,J• mv 2 '

N sin8 • "== __. A NslnB= - & NcosB=mg

r
9 From these two equaUons. we gel
o = Angle of Banking
v2
tan8i: - & v=~
rg

BOTH FRICTION AND BANKING N cos8

OF ROADS

~
N -· -

--
rg(µ + tan8) ,,J•
Maximum safe speed v..... = N sin 9 -~ • A
(1 - j.l lan6)

rg( 1,1 - tan6)

.-.-
.,
B
mg
9 F•
X
Minimum safe speed v-. =
( 1 +1,1 tan6 J

- ikl:ON IA QJRCiJL:AI P.Affi

- ----=--
mv
r
2

AD
-co v2
i: -::>
rg
v2
tan8=-
rg

Thus. the cyclist bends al an angle tan -1 [v2/rg)

with lhe vertlcal.
 MOTORCYCLIST ON A CURVED PATH

We divide the motion of lhe cycllsl In lour ports :

0 From A to 8 : 0 From 8 lo C re From C lo ~ !0 From D lo E

I MOTION OF CYCLIST FROM A To e

(1 ond 3 ore some type o l motion)

'
'
''
'
'
e·
✓~
AS CYCLIST MOVE UPWARD
In 1 and 3 normol l orce lnaecnes b 11I fricfionol
force d ecrease s becou1e 9 d ecrecues.

MOTION OF CYCLIST FROM 8 TO C

Flom 8 lo C. Nocmol latce decreases bul friction

force Increases becou1e O Increases.

MOTION OF CYCLIST FROM D TO E

ffom D to E. ·e· decremes l herel01e mg case

lncreo1es whereas Normal foice lnaeoses mg1ln8
b ul frlcllonol loice decreases.
'

VERTICAL CIR,CULAR MOTION

D C Ball will complete the circle
• •

• Temion ar A : TA= 6mg

• Temion al ll · T, = 3mg

• tr u = JSgR ball will Ju« complere

!he clrde and velocity ar 1opmo11 polnl i1

a
D Ball will slack in between

u1 - 2gR
• (OS L, =--- , V
3gR

Ball will reach B

C ________
0 _,;..
R_ _ B

• Ball will oscillare between CAB

• Velocity v = O but T "" O

Note: At height h from bottom of ball velocity will be.

 Elasticity
The r oac lron f orce per unit area of the bo dy due Poree
STRESS to th e ac tion of the app lied force Is called stress
Sir••• • - N/ m'
Area

TENSILE STRESS COMPRESSIVE STRESS TANGENTIAL STRESS

• Pullins force per unit arn • Puuq reru flll' untt •a • Tansentlal larcr per unll arcm
• Increase ln Lensth Df' volume . a.a-. in tqih DI' vablma • II causes sheartns of bodies

The raUo of the change In ,~e or shape Chen&• In alza or ahapa

STRAIN to lhe original size or shape of the body
Stra i n • - - - - - - - - - -
Orlglnal si ze or ahapa

LINEAR STRAIN: Change In length per unit length

Llnuar Strain •
Chane• In length
Orlel nal len&th
61
• -
1
_ ______ 1f+ I 11
I1.!-
·l
I• l - - 1 I~ ,- l•L~ -

VQLLJME STRAIN: Chan,:elnvolumeperunltvolume

Chane• In volume / v
Volume Strain • - - - - - - - - • -
Orl&lnal volume V

Angle through which a llne ortglnally

SHEAR STRAIN: norm•I to flxed surface ls turned •
Daformotlon / ,C
She ar Stra i n z -------- • -
Orillnal Dimanslo n l
 Part II
THERMAL STRESS
Thermal Stress = Yu1,t
Y - Moduh, ~ or El,uticlty
11 - Coelffcicnt of Linear E11panslon
/ I - Change In Tl'mper;itu rc

WORK DONE IN STRETCHING A WIRE

W = ~ F x I L = ~ load • elongation
l l

HOOKE'S LAW Within the elastlc Umlt, the stress developed In ii

body Is proportlon1I to the strain l)f'oduced In It,
SltcH thus the ratio of sttess 10 sl.r.lln Is a COl1$1llnt.Thls
Modulus Of Elasticity =
Strain conslllnt Is ulll!d the modulus of elast.klty

STRESS STRAIN CURVE ---o ~

Breaking Point
If we Incre ase the load gradually on a vertically Yh:ld Polnl
suspended metal wire:

Strain Is small ( <2%)

IN REGION OA Stress oc Strain -. Hook's law Is valld

S1ress Is not proportfonal to strain, but win~ will still regain

IN REGION AB Its original length altt'r removal of stretching fortl!

Wire yields-. strain increil.Ses rapidly with sm all <hange In stress.

IN REGION BC This behavior Is shown up lo point C known .as 111wlnt

?olnt D corresponds 10 maximum stress, which Is <a llcd point of

IN REGIO N CO breaking or 1enslh: st rength.

The wire literally flows. The maximum s tress corresponding to D, alter

IN REGION OE which wire begins to flow.
In this region, strain Increase evl'n If wire Is unloaded and ruptures at E.
 Part Ill

YOU NG'S MODULUS

Stress F l
Young's modulus Is def ined a_s 1he r.J!lo o f the llne;ir Y= - = - · -
stress to ll nc.i r st.r.iln, provided t he e lastic llmlt Is Strain A / l
no t exceeded.

BULK MODULUS MODULUS OF RIGIDITY

r
Volume Stress Vt P
=- -I V I/ =
Tangrnt lol Si ren ,.
=- -
Volume Strain Tangw lfal Slroln (/)
- - - ----

THERMAL EXPANSION
L,
LINEAR EXPANSION
~£
Lt = L, (1 + u I T )
L, : L, ♦ L l
a= co efficient of llne.ir expansion
AT = Change In temperature ~!ilMi!iJ &&::-,

SUPERFICIAL OR AREAL EXPANSION - After h4!aUng -

At = A, ( I + jl/ T)

n= coefficient o f Areal Expansion

- Before he.Ung -

,, ,-------------;1
,; t
VOLUME OR CUBICAL EXPANSION :~ - - Fin
·----------
.ii Vo lume : t
:
I I I

_______.
I I
I I
lnl t l.11 ,I , ,
Vt = V, ( 1 + 1I T) .__Volu me , ,,

J,,ftlal Le.,gth
Y = coefficient of Vol ume Exp3nslo n
Length Alttr Healing

a: p : y = l : 2 :3
 I Revolution of Earth I
Gravity aiuse-s the centrlpeul force

Mm
F=G- II
ft --
Wt - ..,.

r2
+
mv2
- SumlNf

F=-- ... - s
r --
mv2
G
Mm
T2
-- T -► GM Iv = 29 846 ms· 1

v=
mass of the s un • 1.99 x 10- kc r
r • distance between sun and EJlrth " 1.49 • 1011m
G = 6 .6742 • 10-11 m 1k,- 1s-1 '
The time for the earth to orbit around the sun:
SK Gurukul
s
v=-
t t = Znr -
V
I
= t = 3.14 x 107s I
s= 2nr = 365 da s 5 hours = 1 ear
 A Motional'IEM '-!~

•
p

r. - ,·Ill sin() I •
I
1 tf O= 90 '. l = - ,·Ill •
i\
I •
,
,.__,,~,~~~.,.,..-,. - • ·- .•• - ---

\ '\~- A B
,:
I
(
t\J
,\ /1,~co<::.0
i •••••• a
I I.'
ru
I\ I OI
, .,
----------- ----~-----~--- -- ~- -------·--
'
,,...----- . ~ ------~-......,
I
i
II
F

! Se(/ ludu,· ton ce - I. · Ml. ru •

Iii- •.w.
-----------
• Mutual Induction .J

'
,V
E = - Al -
/\t
- /.',
- -
,~/111,u,/ J11d11L um n.' \1
v, , \J I
--WW- - ., .;
 ,, , ------ Ampere's Law -----.,._ ...
,i
'
I ' \

··--·-·---·-·•-. 'I
I
I Bl = µ, I f ,...... ,CUTIIM 1 I

i• c:c:::::s¼~ ;;=.::3• _,
I I
I
I
B.i = Jl,,I !•
; ~CII' • -
l = lm'
: I
I
I
I "'-•----···----· I
I
I
I
µ,, = 4,r >e IO ' Jf/b A ' m 1 I
I
t
I
,p. . . - ..

•• Mnfll letJc field lnter.sity inside

• . . . . . . . . . ..

•
•l
'
I
I
I ;
I ·-.i·
i
•
: • • o CurT'9nt carrying sol.•noid

i / \
\ '-
r
. :::.-~/s- ~
'•••••• ••••••• ...............--·-·····-···•• ,, , I
!
J I

''------- ---------------------------------~--~
Magnetic Force on Current Carrying --- ... \

Conductor in Magnetic Field '

I
I
I

'
;;: = ,rxn)c /JB ~tn en
/.' ~
/
•
I

If 8 = 90 ,J,-_ 1/JJ ➔ B= ,; ~ ■ :
', .... _____ ----- - -- --- -- --- - --- --- ----[ _) •---- ----- ,,'

,, , ,- - Magnetic Force on Charge Moving in a

-- . \

I
Magnetic Field ''
I I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I F., = q(vx B) = qvHSJn Ofi
I
I
I
I lf8 = 90 .1,-_ =q••B - > R
I
I
I

' ' , _______ __________ ____ __ _ _______ ....., _ _________ ., ,

\ I
,,--- Electric Potentiol Dlfference .....,~--.... ,
I I
I

i t\l ' •: cc ~ d l' = - f:d -( F, ) d

C/
!
l~-----•--.,.__________________ __.___...__
I
w _______,._._~/
I

Copocitonce

......
' •,I
ll =- ,I Qr l! =- ~Cf •
-
I er
l l = - - Ad
2C
!•
I
2 &. &,
II
'
I
I
•
I
 -
,,.. r -.-..- -.- .. - Zero field , ......___.._ ---.-...,........ .
, I
'\
I '
't
I F. = 0 ! I
'l
j
Oppoaltecha ~ Sfmlkr c.hai gw
I
I

__
----, I
I ' p
I
• .,
'}'
I
-··- i
I

~
.r-
-,;;:-:,I
..- -- ~ d I
' v;;:-,
'''
I
~ (/,
'', T I
•
/

'
---~-------------~-------~-4-'
Electric Potenti_a, ,

'
I
I' = !_ = l l ' .. •
'I q
f
• •
I
I I' = kQ
'I r
I
..v
!
(
{
•S q Iii t
I

i 0 II I r(ffl)

!
! ·S
I
I
[iJ '
"\. -V J

', ......._. _. _._,,_ --

__ -- _ - - ------------ ---------~
..,;-','
 .. ' ..__
,.,,., Electric Field Intensity ... . .....
,, ,,
,.

, '\
I
,.. \I
I E!Ktrcmatlc fora pv /:. a .:.L
I
I
II unit~ q I
I
t I
( I
I I
&lactf'lc flMd lnt9Nky I
I
I ca. to a point chol ge I•.. = ~ 1 I
' r I
C

J
I
El«tric: nekt lntl!flfilty ot
0 po t of po--.Jtkm
!
I
I
'
& I
I

I'
I
a.ctrlc fleld lnteNlty ca l\V l
I negaUv• potentlol E. --
- -d I
I
I grodM\I
I
I
l
'II
C Electric ,ICld lntensfty I
on an tnflntt• larse };= .!!._ = Q - 2,rkc:, I
iI chcig.lhtt•t 2& 2A&
I

II
'l lllc1rlc fleld lnter.11y (1 Q :
~ batwNn e>ppo.it• £ =-& =-A& = 4,rlcc:, I
~ ..__.... _....__ '•
' chew ge plalti
t -~~ ~- - -~ I
~ I
1
I
Electlit flUx donlfty E• fi.
,J
II
lC ----- o ---~ 'I
! Elllc. b le fllltd lntllMhy m10 :
: r.qulred to hold o £ = -!l. I
r chOrge When F.-F, q I
l I
t :
I~ a.-v
Electric Field Intensity m negatl~ potential 9' acl1nt :,
I I

l
t ~~~~3-~
·~r-·1I;.)." Slop,= i;,.,,,.., a-~= E )
I

\ ', --~~
• - • - -
' l _;I
I
~~ ~'
----~-- ---- -------------- -----------~~---~
 --

Electric Charge --------""'U""I,.

C!•J M• c.- • l 6 1d0 v,•
1
il
w••
------------------~----- _ _ __ , i
Coulomb's Force ==

·'O
•
•

f • k 1/,'I . ; • k '111/; r
•
r· •
rI

•
Ii • ~ Q,dO~Nm:(
4.u:

Electrlc Flux

; , - i:] - 1-.A cos (} •

I
; c- q = 4,riq
..t
►
►
t:

Surface Charge Density ----p--.. . .!

"" ,f I
~-•-•---•Y----------'
 ,. Combination of$ -=n9~
I
I

- Serie• end to end

- Pea A el aide by aide
-
'
I

F,:F,:F f:f1.fi 'I

lt'"'ll1.Jl, Xa2Jlt-,S
I
- • -+-
I I 1c.. t , tk1
t ,. t A
'
I

\' *.. <k- k,. >J.,.._

,
I
I

' I
'

-------- --- ------ --------- -------------- -- - I

, ~ p ie Pend '£_um
, I

, I

, Ba/anon,: for« I =lflgeosO

llnhalanan,: Fnn:.: F- - • -~ 1inO
I
X I
.icttkrotton a .. - ,csmO• -,c - LI
1
I
I
T = 2n {I / =J_ fi I ...-
,_
• ._
Vi 2xv7 o---
Simple pendulwn susp•ndlug In an elevator .,..
Atroat ,...e+,
"'• I Ol#lg
" ' - fal
downward

T • lz fT
'{;:;
..
- t .dp t *'"
I T•l• I OH i: •
'• I • • _ ,..,,. l •La :
T
I

'
''
......... ···-·-···•' •
", , , , I

·~--------------------------------------•'
 ,,,,.-.----------- ------- .. ___

,, ...~
' '\

(
I \
'\
l
•
'
I
t
Grovitotlonol P.E Tronslotronol K.E
I
I
'
I , J I
I
I

II n. .,
=-m,•· .,I m(v..\' )
=-
I

I
- - •I
I
I
I
J I
I
~
{!A ,n '
I
I

• I
I

I
I
0 0 I
i
I

I EJastfc P.E Rotational K.E '

I
I

I />.E _ 1_., /·\· = !1._..,2

- -
., Kl . I
.,
=- r11 =·
-
I
., mr
-
.
11 ·
I
I
I
I

! ~
,.
- -
~ ~ ~
~
I

'
I
I
I

-,,. f; i
I

-
I

~ '
I
I

i I
I

'
J Electric P .E I( E In t erms of
I
I
Momentum '
I
,,.,~· = '\, ,, I
I
I
I
i I
I

-
, I
I
I
I
I
I , I
I I I
I ! _., ~ -.: I

\' ' ,/
!
~----------~-----__,_-~~-----------------~------'
 . Worlc

i
I
I
.-
Ir - /".ti - FdCO',, O
II ' - - - - -ct
••
l • •
-- ••
p
I II' Pal
I I
I I
I
p ,. .,,.,,...,,... • I

••
I

II t,1 · • Chou~ 11tl'al..- ._____ v • .f - ~

~
I
I ••
I If'= r 0 I

I
t
I
I r ,.,,,,,.. -~ •
•
I

••
II 0 Anxulur l>upl~IClfltnt •
t
II If' - rns:h •
I

I •I
I I
I
n,,: " 1Yt1i:lt1
!
I
It

JI'
lln,:111

\I (/ •

.. .. .
•
.... . . . . . .
• • •
,.
''
~I
I
: \ I • IJn - · l'nlmu,,I ll;tf • • • '•
I

II
(.)• /1,,.trl. 01•1• •
••
I ll' _!,.M F
-••'
I
l •
I
•
- ..._
I

____
I

f f .. fnn t •I
I
I A.t "'Ch1Jn>:_rtnlntgt}t
._ •
I

\ ..,
______..,.__. ---·· ...... -----·· _/ ,
 Force
r ====--==----"-------...
Contoct FoCM ce

- Momentum
, ...
r • Jw I • J:.,,,1;
r .!!l!.
,,,,,.
•
Impulse

Force due to water flow

,,,
,.-(7)• wt\rn-,-u_._. flowra#
I
,,
,.. • p( ·; )·· •-krr. pudc,uity A- u
I
/ltr11·rutl/!

I- =pAv' wAnY,Aum,s.Y- ,ec;t,,11wJ01YOof fl'~

A••lssp«J ,1 .. 111u j111W'
 Average Speed

dutltl!« S, +S,♦-
v~ -fOIAtl
t.«al tfnw- =-----
--- t, +r1•
0 Equal l#Tl(I. ~ dlitanr.e

I) ff?.a di!,l a,t';tJ INlqlO 11"00

•~•:;tw,d,_,.:-:::~•
O'r+'""'
but
= ·:::
l&JI ed C. t'I',,... :,~
~n •n-=]
i
• 11'1 a lln>/'I I OV-
oo,ntO<M'foq,t""'..0
"Vi/,, u, 4 - ~ - ~ • J

Instantaneous Velocity ---.

. ·--- -------- l
It• body is movi"t with uniform velocity then
f awr.1111 wlodty k IM!Wl1lo lnu1n1•n- ~1\1.
 £ = -!i/11 ...tBsmO
E = - NwAB
f: = - f: !iinO
·: 0= 90
,,--
Instantaneous Altemating Potentiol 6 Current

I
t r = v sinO= I' sin wt I =I sin 8 =I sinwt

Peak to Pede V alue

I ,,. = 2/ =2.J2 /

'
'

''

i~
I
'
\' ..
-·
f
, J, .. .
I
I

\ , ,I
''
' ...,_,_ -
-- -- - , ~
 £ = -!i/11 ...tBsmO
E = - NwAB
f: = - f: !iinO
·: 0= 90
,,--
Instantaneous Altemating Potentiol 6 Current

I
t r = v sinO= I' sin wt I =I sin 8 =I sinwt

Peak to Pede V alue

I ,,. = 2/ =2.J2 /

'
'

''

i~
I
'
\' ..
-·
f
, J, .. .
I
I

\ , ,I
''
' ...,_,_ -
-- -- - , ~
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i• c:c:::::s¼~ ;;=.::3• _,
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B.i = Jl,,I !•
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l = lm'
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µ,, = 4,r >e IO ' Jf/b A ' m 1 I
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t
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•• Mnfll letJc field lnter.sity inside

• . . . . . . . . . ..

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Magnetic Force on Current Carrying --- ... \

Conductor in Magnetic Field '

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If 8 = 90 ,J,-_ 1/JJ ➔ B= ,; ~ ■ :
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,, , ,- - Magnetic Force on Charge Moving in a

-- . \

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Magnetic Field ''
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I F., = q(vx B) = qvHSJn Ofi
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I lf8 = 90 .1,-_ =q••B - > R
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' ' , _______ __________ ____ __ _ _______ ....., _ _________ ., ,

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