02112020/CAPE/KMS 2018

C A R I B B E A N E X A M I N A T I O N S C O U N C I L

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION®

CHEMISTRY

UNIT 1 – PAPER 02

KEY AND MARK SCHEME

MAY/JUNE 2018
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CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

SECTION A

MODULE 1

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

Question 1.

Specific Objectives: Module 1. 6.6 – 6.9

KC UK XS

(a) The total/standard enthalpy/energy/heat change for a chemical 1

reaction is independent of the route by which the reaction
proceeds/occurs. (1)OR

The total/standard enthalpy/energy/heat change for a chemical

reaction is the same whatever route is taken. OR

The total/standard enthalpy/energy/heat change for a chemical

reaction is the same whether the reaction occurs in one
step/stage or through steps/stages

(b) (i) H1 – Enthalpy of atomization (or sublimation) for

potassium
(1) 4

H2 – Enthalpy of atomization (or bond dissociation

energy) for fluorine (1)
Students must indicate each element for marks to be
awarded

H3 – Enthalpy of first ionization energy for potassium

(1)

H4 – Enthalpy of electron affinity for fluorine (1) 4

(ii) H6 = Hlatt  (H1 + H2 + H3 + H4)

H5 = Hlatt = H6  (H1 + H2 + H3 + H4) (1)

= 562.6  (89.6 + 419.0 + 79.1  332.6) (1)

= 562.6  255.1

= 817.7 (1) kJ mol1 with units (1) 2

If student had no statements but only uses numerical values, in
the correct order,the candidates will receive the two marks.
If the student has ONE incorrect numerical value, they lose ONE
mark. If their numerical answer corresponds to what they have
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written, they will be awarded that mark.

More than one incorrect numerical value, the student will ONLY
have access to the mark for the UNITS.

(iii) The theoretical and experimental lattice energy values

are close therefore, suggesting an ionic lattice with
ionic bonding (1) due to the large difference in
electronegativity of the ions. (1)

If the value calculated in (b)(ii) is much lower than it should

be and the candidate writes that “ the theoretical and
experimental lattice energy values are far apart suggesting
that the structure has covalent bonding or covalency. (Assign 1
mark)

Question 1. (continued)

KC UK XS

(c)  Pipette 50 cm3 of potassium hydroxide (or acid) solution

in a styrofoam cup and note the temperature, T1.
(1)
 The temperature of the acid (or alkali) is noted and
acid placed in a burette, T2.
 Add small portions (5 cm3) of acid (or alkali) from burette
to styrofoam cup, mixing and recording the highest
4
temperature, T3. (1)[Note addition can also be done all at
once]

T1 + T2
= T4
2
(1)
T = T3 – T4

H = 100 g  4.18  T kJ (1)[All terms must be correct]

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CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Total 15 marks 5 6 4
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CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
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MODULE 2

KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA

Question 2.

Specific Objectives: Module 2. 1.1 – 1.8

KC UK XS

(a)  Surface area

 Concentration of reactants
2
 Temperature of reactants
 Catalysts
 Light

Any 2 for 2 marks

(b) Change in concentration of nitrogen (1) 2

(i)
Time taken (1)

OR Change in amount/concentration of nitrogen (1) per unit

time/per second (1)

OR Δ[N2]/Δt
1
(ii) Hydrogen:

First order with respect to hydrogen (1)

Nitrogen oxide: 1

Second order with respect to nitrogen oxide (1)

(iii) Rate law: 1

Rate = k [NO]2 [H2] (1)

If student has lost a mark for an incorrect order of the
reaction in part (b)(ii) and their rate law matches that
error, the student will be awarded this mark.
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CHEMISTRY
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Question 2. (continued)

KC UK XS

(b) (iv) Choosing values from experiment 2 or any other:

[NO] = 6  103 mol dm3

[H2] = 2  103 mol dm3

3
Rate = 6  103 mol dm3 s1

6  103 = k (6  103)2 (2  103)

Ensure that student values ACTUALLY match an experiment. If
values DO NOT match an experiment,the ONLY mark available to
the student is the one for UNITS. Note that the units must
match with their rate law written in part (b)(iii).
-3 6
6 × 10 10
k = = (1)
6 × 10 
-3 2
× 2 × 10
-3 12

= 8.33  104 (1)mol2 dm6 s1 units (1)

Note – if student has incorrect rate law but all expressions
and calculations are consistent with incorrect rate law, NO
MARKS ARE DEDUCTED i.e use student rate law from b(iii).

(c) (i) The reactants and products are all gases so a

measurement of pressure at suitable time intervals would 1
be appropriate. (1)

(ii)  The [HCOOH] is constant due to amount being in (1)

large excess.
 Bromine (aqueous) is reddish brown and [Br2]
falls during course of reaction.
 The intensity of the reddish brown colour can be
followed by a colorimeter at suitable time (1)
intervals.
4
 A calibration curve of known [Br2] against the
colorimeter readings plotted and [Br2] deduced.
 The [Br2] is plotted against time.
(1)
 Tangent is drawn to the curve at given times to
obtain reaction rate.
 The reaction rate is plotted against the [Br2].

6-7 steps 4 marks; 4-5 steps 3 marks;

2-3 steps 2 marks; 1 step 1 mark (1)
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Question 2. (continued)

KC UK XS

(c) (ii)  Carbon dioxide gas is produced. (1)

 The volume of carbon dioxide is measured at time
intervals. (1)
 The volume of CO2 is plotted against time. (1)
 The tangent is drawn to the curve to determine
reaction rate. (1)
 The reaction rate is plotted against volume of
CO2.

5 steps 4 marks
4 steps 3 marks
3 steps 2 marks
1-2 steps 1 mark

Total 15 marks 4 6 5
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CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
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MODULE 3

CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS

Question 3.

Specific Objectives: Module 3. 3.3 – 3.4

KC UK XS

(a)
Group IV Elements in Group IV Elements in the
the +2 oxidation state +4 oxidation state
Properties
CO SiO PbO CO2 SiO2 PbO2

Readily Changes 4
Thermal oxidized to PbO
Stable Stable
Stability to (on
dioxide warming)

(1) (1) (1) (1)

1 mark for each

(b) Melting point of CO2 is 56 °C.

CO2 is a gas at room temperature with simple molecular

structure and weak /van der walls or intermolecular forces.
(1)

Melting point of SiO2 is 1610 °C. 3

SiO2 has a giant molecular/covalent structure/macromolecular in

its solid state. (1)

Melting point of PbO2 is 290 °C.

PbO2 has a giant covalent/molecular structure with ionic

character OR some degree of covalency in ionic structure. (1)
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KEY AND MARK SCHEME
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Question 3. (continued)

KC UK XS

(c)  The stability of the +2 oxidation state decreases in moving

from PbO, SiO to CO. (1)
 The bonding in the PbO compound is ionic and PbO is more
stable due to unreactive ‘s’ electrons or inert pair effect,
which is not present in carbon in CO. (1)
OR The electrode potential value, Eө is more positive for 4
Pb4+(aq)/Pb2+(aq) system.
 The stability of the +4 oxidation state increases in moving
from PbO2, SiO2 to CO2. (1)
 CO2 possesses the lowest oxidizing power. (1)
 OR PbO2 accepts electrons readily. (1)OR PbO2 exhibits strong
oxidizing power. (1)

(d) (i) The solid dissolves. A white precipitate (1) is formed 2

and a greenish yellow, (pungent gas) (1) evolves. (color
of gas MUST be noted for student to be awarded mark)

1
(ii) The solid dissolves and colourless solution forms. (1)

1
(iii) The pale green solution changes to yellow or reddish
brown solution. (1)

Total 15 marks 4 7 4
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CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
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CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
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SECTION B

MODULE 1

FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY

Question 4.

Specific Objectives: Module 1. 5.1 – 5.4

KC UK XS

(a) The kinetic theory for an ideal gas:

 Particles move randomly. (1)

 Particles do not attract each other/no intermolecular forces 4
(1)
 Particles have no volume/negligible volume (1)
 Collision between particles are elastic, there is no loss of
energy. (1)

(b) (i) Real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior under
conditions of high pressures and low temperatures. (1)

Under these conditions:

 Attractive forces between gas particles pull particles 3

closer/ intermolecular forces are now present (1)
 Volume of particles is not negligible compared to
overall volume. (1)

(ii)

OR atm

Labeled axes (1) (unit only required for x-axis

Reference ideal gas (1)
Illustration of one real gas (1)
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CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
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Question 4. (continued)

KC UK XS

(c) (i) The molecules in the liquid state are:

 Close together/In clusters and not arranged in regular

order. 2
 Have more kinetic energy than particles in the solid
state OR particles move less randomly than in gaseous
state.

1 mark for a statement on arrangement

1 mark for a statement on motion

(ii) Volume of vaporized liquid = (54.6  18.4) cm3 (1)(seen

or implied)

36.2 cm3 = 36.2  106 m3

[If no subtraction is performed OR if no conversion to m3
is done, student loses one mark]
p = 1.01  105 Pa 3

t = 273 + 57 = 330 K

r = 8.314 JK1 mol1

m
pv = rt = 1.01  105  36.2  106 (1)
M

0.187
=  8.314  330 (1)
M
[all values must be correct for allocation of third mark]

M = 140

Alternatively, student may solve for n, then use m and

calculate M:

Pv =nRT = n 8.314 x 330

n = (1.01 x 105 x 36.2 x 10-6)/ (8.314 x 330) (1)

n = 3.62 / 2743.62 = 0.00132

0.00132 moles has a mass of .187g (1)

Therefore 1 mole has a mass of 141.6g

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CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Total 15 marks 6 9 -
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CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

MODULE 2

KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA

Question 5.

Specific Objectives: Module 2. 6.1 – 6.7

KC UK XS

(a) (i) The potential of that half-cell relative to a standard 2

hydrogen electrode (1) under standard conditions. (1)

(ii)

Fe2+/Fe3+ (aq) 1 mol dm-3

8 – 9 labels 4 marks
6 – 7 labels 3 marks
4 – 5 labels 2 marks
2 – 3 labels 1 mark
1 label 0 mark

(iii) Standard electrode potentials can be used to:

2
 Predict the feasibility of a reaction/if the reaction
can occur.
 Indicate the oxidizing/reducing ability of species.
 Determine the direction of electron flow in a cell.
 Calculate standard cell potentials

Any two
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CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Question 5. (continued)

KC UK XS

(b) (i) Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq)  Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) (1) (balanced with 1

state symbols)

(ii) Cu(s)  Cu2+(aq) + 2e  0.34V 2


2Ag (aq) + 2e  2Ag(s) + 0.80 V
 2+
(1)
Cu(s) + 2Ag (aq)  Cu (aq) + 2Ag(s)
OR Eθ cell = ERHS – ELHS OR Eθ = Ecathode- Eanode = 0.80V - 0.34V (1)

Eө = +0.46V (WITH UNIT) (1)

2
(iii) The positive electrode potential value of emf value (1)
indicates that the reaction is feasible. (1)

If the candidate has a negative EӨ value, then accept the

appropriate answer as: the negative electrode potential
value (1) indicates that the reaction is not feasible (1)

(iv) If the concentration Ag+ increases, according to Le 2

Chatelier’s Principle, the equilibrium will shift to
the right (1) and the cell potential will become more
positive. (1)
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CHEMISTRY
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Total 15 marks 6 9 -
MODULE 3

CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS

Question 6.

Specific Objectives: Module 3. 4.1 – 4.6

KC UK XS

(a) The volatility of the elements decreases down the group. (1)
This is due to the increasing strength of Van der Waal forces 2
as the molecular mass increases. (1)

(b) The Eө values for the halogens become less positive in moving
down the group from fluorine to iodine and this is an
indication of the decreasing oxidizing (1) power or ability of
the halogens. OR Based on the values, fluorine and chlorine are
strong oxidizing agents (1) and iodine is the weakest oxidizing
agent. 4
This is illustrated in their reactions with sodium thiosulfate.
Fluorine, chlorine and bromine can all oxidize (1) the
thiosulfate ion, S2O32 to the sulfate ion, SO42. (1)

Iodine oxidizes the thiosulfate ion to the tetrathionate ion,

S4O62. (1)

(c) (i)  Fluorine explodes with hydrogen in the dark.

OR Fluorine reacts with hydrogen even under cool
conditions/low temperature. (1)
 Chlorine reacts slowly with hydrogen in the dark. 4
OR Chlorine explodes with hydrogen in sunlight. (1)
 Bromine reacts with hydrogen on heating (and in the
presence of platinum catalyst). (1)
 Iodine reacts partially and slowly even when
heated. (1)
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Question 6. (continued)

KC UK XS

(c) (ii) •The bond energies for the hydrides:

HF > HCl > HBr > HI
HF is the most stable hydride and HI the least stable
hydride. (1) OR The length of the H-X bond increases
as we descend group VII. Longer bonds are weaker bonds 3
and hence the strength of the H-X bond decreases.
•Fluorine is the strongest oxidizing agent and the most
reactive and forms strong covalent bonds with
hydrogen. (1) OR Flourine having the highest
electronegativity forms the most polar bonds with
hydrogen giving rise to strong intermolecular hydrogen
bonding between molecules.
 The reactivity of chlorine, bromine and iodine
decreases with hydrogen and the strength of the
covalent bonds in the hydrides decreases down the
group. (1) 2

(iii) H2(g) + F2(g)  2 HF(g)

OR (balanced with state symbols)

H2(g) + X2(g)  2 HX(g) (2)(ALL reagents are gaseous)

X2 = Cl2, Br2, I2

1 mark – balanced equation (correct formula)

1 mark – state symbols
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CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
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Total 15 marks 6 9 -