magnetism and

electromagnetism
magnetic materials that are permanently magnetised are described as
magnetically hard

magnetic materials that are only temporarily magnetised are describes as

magnetically soft

field lines move form north to south

there is a uniform magnetic field if the field lines are parallel and evenly
spaced

ELECTROMAGNETISM

an electric current passing through a conductor produces a magnetic field

around it

electromagnets consist of a coil of wire wrapped around a magnetically soft

core and can be turned on and off

RULES
right hand grip rule : fingers = field , thumb = current
flemings left hand rule : thumb = thrust of motion, first finger = field, secondary
finger = current
motor effect → when a force acts on a current- carrying conductor

if the current is reversed the force will be reversed

if the magnetic field is reversed the force will be reversed

if the magnitude of the current is increasing or the strength of the magnet the
magnitude of the force will increase

direct current → experiences a turning effect due to the forces exerted on the
magnetic field

magnetism and electromagnetism 1

 a split ring commutator is used to ensure that the direction that the current
flows in the coil is reversed every half turn

loud speakers → alternating current changes direction of magnetic field causing a

vibration that creates sound

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
when there is a relative movement between a conducting wire and a magnetic
field, a voltage will be induced

this is called the generator effect

voltage can be increased by

moving the wire more quickly

using a stronger magnet

increasing number of coils

transformers:
consists of two coils wrapped around a soft iron core and is used to change the
size of a voltage
step up → increases voltage for transmission in power lines which reduces power
loss , because lower current causes less power loss due to resistance of cables

more turns on secondary than primary

step down → reduces voltage so is safe for homes

more turns on primary than secondary

an alternating voltage produces an alternating current in the primary coil.

this creates a magnetic field which links with he secondary coil and
induces an alternating voltage in it

magnetism and electromagnetism 2