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Method of Differentiation
Method of Differentiation
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JEE Syllabus :
Derivative of a function, derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, chain
rule, derivatives of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic
functions, derivatives of implicit functions, derivatives up to order two, L'Hospital rule of evaluation of
limits of functions, geometrical interpretation of the derivative
M
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METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION Page # 3
Ex.1 Using first principles, find the derivative of the function y = –cot x – x.
We find ∆y = – cot(x + ∆x) – (x + ∆x) + cot x + x = cot x – cot (x + ∆x) – ∆x.
sin ∆x sin ∆x
∆y ∆ x ∆y 1
M
whence = – 1 & consequently lim = lim ∆x −1= – 1.
∆x sin x sin( x + ∆x ) ∆x →0 ∆x ∆x →0 sin x. sin( x + ∆x ) sin2 x
1 O
.C
Thus we have y′ = – 1 = cot2x.
sin 2 x
ex A
Ex.2 Find by first principle the derivative of w.r.t. x.
x
M
A
x
e e x + ∆x
e x + ∆x
ex x.e x .e ∆x −e x ( x + ∆x )
Sol. y = ; y + ∆y = ⇒ ∆y = − =
x x + ∆x x + ∆x x x( x + ∆x )
N
∆y
xe
e ∆ x −1
x
∆x
∆x
−e x . ∆ x Y ∆y
x e x e
∆x
∆ x
−1
x
−e
D
⇒ = ⇒ Limit = Limit
∆x x( x + ∆x ) ∆ x →0 ∆x ∆ x →0
x ( x + ∆ x )
xe x −e x
U
T
d
⇒ (x ex ) =
dx x2
S
Ex.3 If f (x) = (ln x) , find f ′ (x) from the first principle.
x
Limit e − 1 . s
s
s
Note that as h → 0 , s → 0 ⇒ Limit e − 1 = 1
s→0
s
( x+h)n[n( x+h)]− xn(nx )
= (ln x)x Limit
h→0
h
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n(n( x+h))−n(nx )
= (ln x)x x Limit +Limit n(n( x+h)) .......(1)
h →0 h h →0
l say
nx +n 1+ hx
nx1+ hx n
n nx
n( x+h) n nx nx
Now l = Limit
h →0
= Limit
h→0 = Limit
h →0
h h
h
n 1+ hx
n1+ nx n 1+ h
n 1+ hx
1+ ( ) 1/ h
Limit 1
h →0 h
x
n x
= Limit = Limit l n = ln e
h →0 h h→0
nx
M
1/ x
( )
n 1+ hx
1/ h
( )
n 1+ hx
x /h
1
= Limit = ⇒l =
O
h →0
nx nx xnx
.C
Substituting the value of l in (1)
1 1
= ( n x)x . x
x nx
+ n( nx ) = (n x) nx + n( nx )
A
x
(iv) D (ln x) =
1 A
(v) D (logax) =
1
logae (vi) D (sinx) = cosx
x
N(viii) D (tanx) = sec²x x
Y
(vii) D (cosx) = − sinx
(ix) D (secx) = secx . tanx (x) D (cosecx) = − cosecx . cotx
−1 −1
(xvii) D(cos ec −1x )= , x >1 (xviii) D(cot −1 x )= ,x∈R
x x −12 1+ x2
B. RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
If u and v are derivable function of x, then ,
d du dv d du
(i) (u±v )= ± (ii) (Ku)=K , where K is any constant
dx dx dx dx dx
The extended linearity rule
If f1, f2 ....., fn are differentiable functions and a1, a2, ....., an are constants, then
d dv du dy dv du
(iii) PRODUCT RULE : (u . v ) = u + v i.e. =u +v .
dx dx dx dx dx dx
1 dy 1 du 1 dv
On division by uv the above result may be written as = +
y dx u dx v dx .
Hence it is clear that the rule may be extended to product of more than two functions.
For example, if y = uvw; let vu = z, then y = uz.
1 dy 1 du 1 dz 1 dz 1 dv 1 dw
= + but = + ,
y dx u dx z dx z dx v dx w dx
1 dy 1 du 1 dv 1 dw
by substitution = + +
y dx u dx v dx w dx .
Generally, if y = uvwt.....
1 dy 1 du 1 dv 1 dw 1 dt
= + + +
M
y dx u dx v dx w dx t dx + .......,,
O
and if we multiply be uvwt..... we obtain
dy
dx
= (vwt ...)
du
dx
.C
+ (uwt...)
dv
dx
+ (uvt...)
dw
dx
+ ....,,
i.e. multiply the differential coefficient of each separate function A by the product of all the remaining
functions and add up all the results; the sum will be the differential coefficient of the product of
all the functions. M
( ) ( )
A
du dv
d u v −u
(iv) QUOTIENT RULE : = dx
2
dx
where v ≠ 0
dx v v
The derivation of formula for the derivative Nof the quotient of two functions f and g as follows :
f ( x ) f (a)
− Y
d f 1 f ( x )g(a) − f (a)g( x )
x−a D
g( x ) g(a) lim .
g (a) = lim =
g( x )g(a) x−a
dx x →a x →a
U
T x −a
1 f ( x )g(a) − f (a)g(a) + f (a)g(a) − f (a)g( x )
= 2
lim
g ( a) x →a
1
S f( x ) − f (a ) g( x ) − g(a ) f (a)f ′(a) − f (a)g′(a)
lim g(a ) − lim f( a )
g 2 ( a) x→a
= =
x−a x→a x−a g2 ( a )
(v) CHAIN RULE : If f and g are differentiable functions, then so is the composite function f(g(x)).
Let a be a number in the domain of g such that g(a) is in the domain of f.
Remark : In using the Chain Rule we work from the outside to inside. Formula says that we differentiate
the outer function f[at the inner function f(x)] and then we multiply by the derivative of the inner
function.
d
f (g(x)) = f′ (g(x)) . g′(x)
dx
outer evaluated derivative evaluated derivative
function at inner of outer at inner of inner
function function function function
dy d
= sin (x 2 ) = cos (x 2 ) . 2x
dx dx
M
outer evaluated derivative evaluated derivative
function at inner of outer at inner of inner
function function function function
Sol.
differentiation formulae.
2 3 6
F(x) = (x + 2) = x + 6x + 12x + 8,
5 3
4 2
. C
F′(x) = 6x + 24x + 24x.
Another method uses the Chain Rule. Let g and f be the A functions defined, respectively, by g(x) =
2 3 2 3
x + 2 and f(y) = y . Then f(g(x)) = (x + 2) = F(x), and, according to the Chain Rule,
A
2 2
F′(x) = 3(x + 2) (2x) = 6x (x + 4x + 4), 4 2
By the Chain S
dy dy du
Rule, [f(g(x))]′ = f′(g(x)) g′(x) = f′(u)g′(x), and so = . ...(1)
dx du dx
The idea that one can simply cancel out du in (1) is very appealing and accounts for the popularity of
the notation. It is important to realize that the cancellation is valid because the Chain Rule is true,
and not vice versa. Thus, du is simply a part of the notation for the derivative and means nothing by
itself. Note also that (1) is incomplete in the sense that it does not say explicitly at what points to
evaluate the derivatives. We can add this information by writing
dy dy du
(a) = (a) (a) .
dx du dx
1 dw
Ex.6 If w = z2 + 2z + 3 and z = , find (2)
x dx
dw dw dz 1
Sol. By the Chain Rule, = = (2z + 2) − 2 .
dx dz dx x
1 dw 1 1 3
when x = 2, we have z = . Hence (2) = 2. + 2 − = − .
2 dx 2 4 4
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION Page # 7
x
Ex.7 Differentiate g(x) = 4 .
1 − 3x
1/ 4
x x
Sol. Write g(x) = = u1/4 where u = is the inner function and u1/4 is the outer function.
1 − 3x 1 − 3x
−3 / 4
1 1 x x ′
Then, g′(x) = (u1/4)′u′(x) = u –3/4u′(x) and we have g′(x) =
4 4 1 − 3x 1 − 3x
−3 / 4 −3 / 4
1 x (1 − 3 x )(1) − x( −3) 1 x 1 1
= = 2
= 5/4 .
4 1 − 3x (1 − 3 x )2 4 1 − 3x 3/4
(1 − 3 x ) 4 x (1 − 3 x )
M
x2
3
+ 5 + 4 .
6
O
.C
Ex.8 Differentiate g(x) = cos
x
(x ) + 5 A
dg d d d d −1 5 −1
Sol. = cos x + 52 (3x + 4) = – sin x –1 6
6(3 x + 4) dx (3 x + 4)
2 2
dx dx dx dx
2
= (– sin x ) (2x) + 30 (3x + 4) (–3x )
M
–1 5
= –2x sin x – 90x (3x + 4)–2 2 –2 –1 5
cos (3x + 1) N
dy 3
d 2 2
d 3 2 2 2
Sol. = 4 cos (3x + 1) = 4 cos (3x + 1) . [–sin(3x + 1) ] . (3x + 1)
D
dxU
dy
Ex.10 If y = sin cos x , find .
T
Sol.
dy d sin cos x
dx
=
dx
S=
d sin cos x d cos x d(cos x )
d cos x
.
d cos x
.
dx
dy
Ex.11 If y = x2 cos (log x), find
dx
dy d d{cos(log x )} d( x 2 )
Sol. = {x2 cos (log x) } = x2 + cos (log x)
dx dx dx dx
d cos(log x) . d(log x)
= x2 . + cos (log x) . 2x
dlog x dx
1
= x2 (– sin (log x)} . + 2 x cos (log x) = – x sin(log x) + 2 x cos (log x)
x
Page # 8 METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
C. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
To find the derivative of :
(i) a function which is the product or quotient of a number of functions OR
(ii) a function of the form [f(x)] where f & g are both derivable, it will be found convenient to
g(x)
take the logarithm of the function first & then differentiate. This is called Logarithmic
Differentiation.
Steps in Logarithmic Differentiation
1. Take natural logarithms of both sides of an equation y = f(x) and use the Laws of Logarithms to
simplify.
2. Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
3. Solve the resulting equation for y′.
If f(x) < 0 for some values of x, then in f(x) is not defined, but we can write |y| = |f(x)| and use
d
dx
(ln |x|) =
1
x
. M
O
.C
d d
Ex.12 Find (a) ln|x| (b) ln |x2 – x|
dx dx
d 1
M
In contrast,
dx
ln x =
x A
but only for x > 0.
d
ln |x2 – x| =
1 d
(x2 – x) =
N
2x − 1
, x ≠ 0, x ≠ 1.
Y
(b) 2
dx ( x − x ) dx x( x − 1)
In contrast,
d
dx
D
(ln (x2 – x) =
2x − 1
x( x − 1)
but only if x (x – 1) > 0, that is, for x > 1 or x < 0.
x U
T
Ex.13 Differentiate y = x .
S
x
Sol. Using logarithmic differentiation, we have ln y = ln x = x ln x
y′ 1 1 1 lnx x 2 + lnx
= x. + (ln x) y′ = y + = x
y x 2 x x 2 x 2 x
dy
Ex.14 Find , where y = (x + 1)2x.
dx
Sol. y = (x + 1)2x ⇒ ln y = ln[(x + 1)2x] = 2x ln(x + 1)
1 dy d d
Differentiate both sides of this equation : = 2x [ ln( x + 1)] + ( 2x ) ln (x + 1)
y dx dx dx
1 2x
= 2x (1) + 2 ln (x + 1) = + 2 ln (x + 1)
x + 1 x +1
dy 2
Finally, multiply both sides by y = (x + 1)2x : = + 2ln( x + 1) (x + 1)2x
dx x + 1
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dy dv du
= uv loge u + vuv – 1
dx dx dx
is the sum of the two special forms and therefore we may, instead of taking logarithms in any
particular example, consider first u constant and then v constant and add the results obtained on
these suppositions.
dy
Ex.15 If y = ex sin x3 + (tan x)x, find
dx
Sol. Let u = ex sin x3 and v = (tan x)x. Now u = eX sin x3
du d{sin( x )3 } d
Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get
dx
= ex .
dx
+ sin x3.
dx M
(ex) = ex . cos x3 . 3x2 + sin x3 . ex
log v =O
du
Hence = 3x e cos x + e sin x
2 x 3 x 3
and v = (tan x) ∴ x
x log (tan x)
dx
C
1 dv 1 .
Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get = 1. log (tan x) + x .
A sec x 2
v dx tan x
∴
dv
dx
2
M
= v[log (tan x) + x cot x . sec x] = (tan x) [log (tan x) + x cot x sec x]
x 2
dy du dv A
N
Now y = u + v ∴ = + = 3x e cos(x ) + e sin (x ) + (tan x) [log (tan x) + xcot x sec x]
2 x 3 x 3 x 2
dx dx dx
D. PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
Y
D dy dy / dθ
U
If y = f(θ) & x = g(θ) where θ is a parameter , then = .
dx dx / dθ
T
Derivative Of A Function w.r.t. Another Function
Let y = f(x) ; S
dy dy / dx f '( x )
z = g(x) then dz = dz / dx = g'( x ) .
dy
Ex.16 Find from the equation x3 + ln y – x2ey = 0.
dx
Sol. Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we obtain
y′ (2xye y − 3 x 2 )y
3x2 + 2 y y
y – x e y′ – 2xe = 0, i.e. y′ =
1 − x 2 ye y
.
Page # 10 METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
dy dy dy
O–3
3y2
dx
+ 2y
dx
–5
dx
– 2x = 0
. C
Figure
3 2
y + y – 5y – x = –4
2
3y + 2y –5 = 2x Point Slope
dx dx dx
M on(2,Graph
3. Factor dy/dx out of the left side of the equation.
of Graph
4
A
0) −
5
dy 2 1
(3y + 2y – 5) = 2x (1, –3)
dx
N x=0 0
8
Y
2
4. Solve for dy/dx by dividing by (3y + 2y – 5). (1, 1) Undefined
dy 2x
dx
=
3 y +2
2y − 5 D
Ex.18 Find
dy
if xy – x = 1.
U
dx
T
We must findS at x = 1. Assume y is a function of x,y = y(x). The relation now is xy (x) – x = 1.
dy
Sol.
dx
d d d d
Hence, [xy(x) – x] = (1) [xy (x)] – (x) = 0. ...(1)
dx dx dx dx
d d d dy
By the product rule, [x . y (x)] = x [y(x)] + ( x ) y(x) = x + y(x).
dx dx dx dx
dy dy 1 − y( x )
Hence, substituting into (1) we obtain x + y(x) – 1 = 0⇒ = .
dx dx x
Remark If, in the preceding example, we had explicitly solved for y, we would have obtained
1 dy 1
y=1+ =− 2 .
x dx x
To see that this is exactly the result obtained by implicit methods, note that if 1 + 1/x is substituted for
dy 1 − y( x ) 1 − [1 + (1/ x )] 1
y ⇒ = = =− 2 .
dx x x x
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION Page # 11
d d
Hence, [2x2 + xy(x) – 3[y(x)]2] = (x).
dx dx
d d d
Using the sum rule, we obtain (2x2) + [xy (x)] – 3 [y (x)]2 = 1. ...(1)
dx dx dx
d dy d dy d dy
By the product rule, [xy (x)] = x +y (x) = x +y ⇒ [y(x)]2 = 2y(x) .
dx dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy
Substituting these results into Formula (1), we obtain 4x + x + y – 6y = 1.
dx dx
We solve this equation for dy/dx : M
=O
dy dy dy dy 1 − 4x − y
x – 6y = 1 – 4x – y ⇒ (x – 6y) = 1 – 4x – y ⇒ ...(2)
dx dx dx
C
dx x − 6y
BE CAREFUL : When applying Formula (2), keep in mind that the.only values of x and y that can be
2
2x + xy – 3y = x. for instance, we might substitute x = 1, A
substituted into the right-hand side of Formula (2) are those values that satisfy the original condition
2 y = 2 to obtain (dy/dx) = (1 – 4 – 2)/
2 2
M
(1 – 12) = 5/11; however, (1, 2) is not a point on the graph 2x + xy – 3y = x, so the calculation of dy/
dx at this point is totally meaningless.
A
2 2
The equation in Example can be written as – 3y + xy + (2x – x) = 0 and hence is a quadratic
equation in y (an equation of the form Ay + By + 2 2
C = 0 where A = –3, B = x and C = 2x – x). Hence,
N
we could use the quadratic formula to solve this equation for y in terms of x, obtaining
y=
− x ± 25x − 12x
–6
2
. Y
D in terms of x, the resulting expression is fairly complex, and it
Though we are able to find y explicitly
WARNING : It is important U
still might be best to find dy/dx implicitly as in Example.
to realize that implicit differentiation is a technique for finding dy/dx that is
T
valid only if y is a differentiable function of x, and careless application of the technique can lead to
dy
Ex.20 If x3 + y2 = sin (x + y), find
dx
Sol. given, x3 + y3 = sin (x + y) ...(i)
d d d
differentiating w. r. t. x, we get (x3) + (y3) = {sin (x + y)}
dx dx dx
d( x 3 ) d( y 3 ) dy d sin( x + y ) d( x + y ) dy dy
or + . = . or 3x2 + 3y 2 = cos (x + y) . 1 +
dx dx dx d( x + y ) dx dx dx
dy dy cos( x + y ) − 3 x 2
or [3y2 – cos(x + y)] = cos (x + y) – 3x2 ∴ = .
dx dx 3 y 2 − cos( x + y )
Page # 12 METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
1 dy
Ex.21 If x = y + , prove that = 2x2 + y2 – 3xy
1 dx
y+
1
y+
y + ....to ∞
1 1
Sol. x= y+ ∴ x=y+ ...(i)
1 x
y+
1
y+
y + ....to ∞
dy 1 dy 1
differentiating w. r. t. x, we get 1 = − 2 ; or
dx x dx
=1+ 2
x M
= 1 + x + y – 2 xy O
dy 1
or = 1 + (x – y) . ∵ from(i), = x − y
2
....(ii)
2 2
dx x
From (i) x = xy + 1 ∴
2
1 = x – xy 2
.C
Putting in (ii), we get
dy
dx
= x – xy + x + y – 2xy
2 2
AHence dydx = 2x + y – 3xy
2 2 2
Y
f ′(x) exists & f ′(x) ≠ 0 then g ′(y) =
f ′ (x)
. This result can also be written as :
dy dy D dx dy
= 1/ or
dy dx
. =1
if
dx
exists &
U
dx
≠ 0 , then
dy dx dx dy
du T du dy dy dx
We have
S =
dx dy dx We put u = x, .
dx dy = 1.
dy dx
The truth of this is also manifested geometrically, for and are respectively the tangent and
dx dy
the co-tangent of the angle ψ which the tangent to the curve y = f(x) makes with the x-axis.
2x
Ex.22 Find the derivative of y = sin−1 2
and mention the points of non differentiability..
1+x
2tan −1x x ≤1 2
for x <1
1+ x 2
2x
Sol. y = f(x) = sin−1 = π−2tan −1x x >1 ⇒
dy
= nonexistent for x =1
1 + x 2
dx − 2
− π+2tan −1x
( ) x<−1 1+ x 2
for x >1
G. DERIVATIVE OF A DETERMINANT
a+ x b + x c + x
Ex.23 Let f(x) = + x m + x n + x . Show that f ′′ (x) = 0 and that f(x) = f(0) + k x where k denotes the
p+ x q+ x r + x
sum of all the co-factors of the elements in f(0). M
1 1
f ′ (x) = + x m + x n + x +
1 a+ x b + x c + x
1 1 1
a+ x b+ x c + x
+ +x m+ x n+ x
O
C
Sol.
.
p+ x q+ x r + x p + x q+ x r + x 1 1 1
⇒ f ′ (0) = k = m n + 1 1 1 + m nM
1 1 1 a b c a b c
A
p q r p q r 1 1 1
= (c + c + c ) + (c + c + c ) + (c + c + c ) = sum of co-factors of elements f(0)]
N
11 12 13 21 22 23 31 32 33
d3y d d2 y
Similarly, the 3rd order derivative of y w. r. t. x , if it exists, is defined by = .
d x3 dx d x2
It is also denoted by f ′′′(x) or y ′′′.
The third derivative, written f′′′, is the derivative of the second derivative, and, in principle, we can
go on forever and form derivatives of higher order. We adopt the alternative notation f(n) for the nth
derivative of f.
x3
Solving for y′ gives y′ = – ...(1)
y3
to find y′′ we differentiate this expression for y′ using the Quotient Rule and remembering that y is a
d x 3 y 3 (d / dx )( x 3 ) − x 3 (d / dx )( y 2 ) y 3 .3 x 2 − x 3 (3 y 2 y′)
function of x : y′′ = − = =–
dx y 3 ( y 3 )2 y6
Page # 14 METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
d2 y dy
Ex.25 If y = x sin x, prove that x2 . 2
− 2x + (x2 + y) y = 0
dx dx
dy
Sol. ∵ y = x sin x ....(1) ∴
dx
= x cos x + sin x
M.....(2)
= 2x
dy
– 2 x sin x – x2 y = 2x
dy
– 2y – x2y
N ∴ x2
d2 y
2 – 2x
dy
+ (2 + x2) y = 0
dx dx
Y dx dx
D
Ex.26 A function f(x) is so defined that for al x, [f(x)]n = f(nx). Prove that f(x) . f′(nx) = f′(x) . f(nx), where
f′(x) denotes derivative of f(x) w.r. to x.
Sol. Given [f(x)]n = f(nx)
U .....(1)
T
differentiating both sides w. r to x, we get
n[f(x)]n – 1 . f′(x) = f′(nx) . (n . 1) or, [f(x)n . f′(x) = f′(nx)
S
multiplying both sides by f′(x), we get
[f(x)n . f′(x) = f′(nx) . f(x) or, f(nx) . f′(x) = f′(nx) . f(x) [from (1)]
x 1− x
2
d2 y
+ sin 2tan θ.
−1
Ex.27 y = tan–1 , then prove that, 4 (1 − x 2 )3 dx 2 + 4 x = x + 4.
2
1+ 1− x 2
1+ x
1− x
2
du 1 −1 1− x 1+ x
Sol. y = u + v . Now = & v = sin 2tan = = 1− x 2 Hence
dx 2 1− x 2 1+ x 1− x
1+
1+ x
dv x dy 1−2x
=− ∴ =
dx 1− x 2 dx 2 1− x 2
d2 y x −2 d2 y
= (using quotient rule) ⇒ 4 (1 − x2)3 = x2 + y − 4 x
dx 2
2(1− x )3 / 2 dx 2
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION Page # 15
dn y ( n − 1) !
Ex.28 If y = x n − 1 . ln x then use induction to prove that, n = ∀n∈N.
dx x
(n−1)! k!
Sol. P (n) : Dn (x n − 1 . ln x) = ; P (k + 1) : Dk + 1 (xk . ln x) =
x x
L H S of P (k + 1) = Dk (xk − 1 + ln x . k xk − 1) or Dk (xk − 1) + k . Dk (ln x . xk − 1)
(k −1)! k!
⇒ 0 + k. = = R H S of P (k + 1) ]
x x
d2 y 2x dy y
Ex.29 Change the independent variable to θ in the equation 2
+ + = 0,
dx 1 + x dx (1 + x 2 )2
2
Sol. We have
dy dy dx
= ÷
dx dθ dθ
= cos2 θ
dy
dθ
;
dx
dθ
= sec2 θ ≠ 0 for any value of θ M
d2 y dθ dy d2 y dθ O
Again = –2 cos sin . . + cos .
C
2
θ θ θ
dx 2 dx dθ dθ 2 dx
.
Aθ
2
dy d y
= – 2 cos θ sin θ cos2 θ . + cos2 θ . . cos
2
2
dθ dθ
= –2 sin θ cos θ .
dy
dθ
3
+ cos θ
4
d2 y
dθ 2
. M
A
Substituting the values of x, dy/dx and d2y / dx2 in the given differential equation, we have
dy d2 y 2 tan θ dy N y
Y
– 2 sin θ cos θ 3
+ cos θ
4
2 + . cos2 θ + =0
dθ dθ
2
1 + tan θ dθ (1 + tan 2 θ)2
⇒ – 2 sin θ cos θ
dy
dθ
+ cos θ .
3 4
d y
dθ 2
D
+ 2 sin θ . cos θ
3
2
dy
dθ
+ cos θ . y = 0 ⇒
4
d2 y
dθ 2
+ y = 0.
U
T
Ex.30 Given F(x) = f(x) . φ(x) and f′(x) . φ′(x) = c then prove that
F′′′ f ′′′ φ′′′
= + , where c ∈ constant, when
S
F f φ
f(x), φ(x), F(x) are differentiable
Sol. Given F(x) = f(x) . φ(x) ...(i) and f′(x) . φ′(x) = c ...(ii)
On differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get, F′(x) = f(x) . φ′(x) + f′(x) . φ(x)
Again differentiating ; F′′(x) = {f(x) φ′′(x) + f′(x) φ′(x)} + {f′(x) . φ′(x) + f′′(x) φ(x)}
F′′(x) = f(x) φ′′(x) + 2f′(x) φ′(x) + f′′(x) φ(x)
or F′′(x) = f(x) φ′′(x) + f′′(x) φ(x) + 2c [using (ii)]
Now again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
F′′′(x) = f(x) . φ′′′(x) + f′(x) . φ′′(x) + f′′(x) . φ′(x) + f′′′(x) . φ(x) ...(iii)
On differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x, we get f′(x) . φ′′(x) + φ′(x) . f′′(x) = 0 ...(iv)
from (iii) and (iv), we get, F′′′(x) = f(x) φ′′′(x) + φ(x) . f′′′(x) + 0
F′′′( x ) f ( x ).φ′′′( x ) φ( x ).f ′′′( x ) F′′′( x ) φ′′′( x ) f ′′′( x )
or = + ⇒ = + [∵ F(x) = f(x) φ(x)]
F( x ) F( x ) F( x ) F( x ) φ( x ) f(x)
F′′′ φ′′′ f ′′′
or = +
F φ f
Page # 16 METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
I. L’ HOPITAL’S RULE
Let f and g be functions that are differentiable on an open interval (a, b) containing c, except possibly
at c itself. Assume that g′(x) ≠ 0 for all x in (a, b), except possibly at c itself. If the limit of f(x)/g(x) as
x approaches c produces the indeterminate frorm 0/0, then
f(x) f ′( x )
lim = lim
x→c g( x ) x →c g′( x )
provided the limit on the right exists (or is infinite). This result also applies if the limit of f(x)/g(x) as x
approaches c produces any one of the indeterminate forms
∞ / ∞, (– ∞) / ∞, ∞ / (– ∞).
e θ + e − θ + 2 cos θ − 4 0
Ex.31 Lim form 0 L’ Hopital’s Rule.
θ =0 θ4
Sol. = Lim
e θ − e − θ − 2 sin θ
= Lim
e θ + e − θ − 2 cos θ
= Lim
e θ − e − θ + 2 sin θ
=
M
Lim
e θ + e − θ + 2 cos θ
=
4 1
= .
O
3 2
θ =0 4θ θ = 0 12θ θ=0 24θ θ=0 24 24 6
D
U
1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x )
Ex.33 Find Lim
x →0 x tan 2 x
Sol. T
The inconvenience of continuously differentiating the denominator, which involves tan2 x as a factor,
S
may be partially avoided as follows. We write
2
1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x ) 1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x ) x
= .
x tan 2 x x3 tan x
2
lim
1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x ) 1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x ) x
so that lim 2 = lim 3
x →0 x tan x x →0 x x → 0
tan x
x
t2 d t
∫ a+t
Ex.34 Find the constants 'a' (a > 0) and 'b' such that , Limit 0
= 1.
x→0
b x − sin x
0
Sol. form hence using L` Hopital rule
0
x2
a +x
l = Limit
x →0
for existence of limit Limit b − cos x = 0
x →0
⇒ b=1
b−cosx
Limit x2 1 2
hence x →0 . Limit
x →0 =1 =1 ⇒ a=4
1−cosx a+ x a
M
3
x + x + x x −3
Ex.35 Evaluate lim
x →1 x3 − 1
lim
(3 x − 1) + ( x − 1) + ( x 3 / 2 − 1) 0
form O
.C
Sol. x →1 ( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1) 0
A
3 x − 1 ( x − 1) ( x 3 / 2 − 1) 1
= x →1
lim + + . 2
x − 1 x −1 x − 1 x + x + 1
3
x − 1 ( x − 1) ( x 3 / 2 − 1) . 1
M
= x →1 x − 1 x →1 x − 1 x →1 x − 1 lim
A
lim + lim + lim 2
x →1 x + x +1
(Apply L–Hopital’s rule)
N
1 1/ 3−1 1 1/ 2−1 3 3 / 2−1
= (1)
3
+ (1)
2
+ (1)
2
. 2
1
1 + 1+ 1
Y
1 −2 / 3 1 −1/ 2 3 1/ 2 1
D 1 1 3 1 2+3+ 9 1 7
= (1)
3
+ (1)
2
+ (1) .
2 3 U = + + .
3 2 2 3
=
6
. =
3 9
T
1 x −t2 1
S∫
Ex.36 Evaluate : lim 5 0 e dt − 4 +
x →0 x x
1
3x2
x − t2
2 dy
6. If y = x x then =
2. If f(x) = logx (ln x ) then f′(x) at x = e is dx
(A) 1/e (B) e (C) 1 (D) zero 2 2
(A) 2 ln x. x x (B) (2 ln x + 1) . x x
M
Sol.
2
(C) (2 ln x + 1) . x x +1
(D) none of these
Sol. O
.C
A
dy 5π
M
–1
3 . If y = cos (cos x) then at x = is equal to
dt 4 |sin x|
7. If f(x) = |x| then f′(π/4) equals
1 1 A 1/ 2
2 4 2 2
N π
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) (D) –
2 2 (A) ln −
4 2 π π
Sol.
Y
D π
(B)
1/ 2
2 4 2 2
2
ln +
U 4 π π
T
3
1+ t 3 2 dy dy
4. If x = 3 , y = 2 + then, x – = π
1/ 2
2 π 2 2
(A) 0
t 2t
(B) – 1
t
S (C) 1
dx dx
(D) 2
(C)
4
2
ln −
4 π
Sol.
π
1/ 2
2 π 2 2
(D) ln +
4 2 4 π
Sol.
dy
5. If sin (xy) + cos (xy) = 0 then =
dx
y y x x
(A) (B) – (C) – (D)
x x y y
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION Page # 19
M
O
–1 2
2 2 2 13. If y = sin ( x 1 − x + x 1 − x )
9. If y = x – x , then the derivative of y w.r.t. x is
1C
2 2
.
(A) 2x + 3x – 1 (B) 2x – 3x + 1
2 dy
and =
(C) 2x + 3x + 1 (D) none of these
dx 2 x(1 − x ) + p, then p =
Sol.
A1 1
M(B) 1 − x (C) sin x (D)
–1
(A) 0
1 − x2
A
Sol.
N
10. Let f(x) be a polynomial in x. Then the second Y
D
x
derivative of f(e ), is
x x x x 2x x 2x
(A) f″(e ) . e + f′ (e ) (B) f″(e ) . e + f′ (e ).e
U
x 2x x 2x x x
(C) f″ (e ) e (D) f″(e ) . e + f′(e ) . e
d 1+ x2 + x4
T
Sol. = ax + b then the value of a
dx 1 + x + x 2
14. If
cos x x 1
2 sin x x 2 2x f ′( x )
15. Let f(x) = . Then Limit =
tan x x 1 x →0 x
Sol. Sol.
1
19. If 8 f(x) + 6 f = x +5 and y = x f(x), then
2
x
dy
at x = –1 is equal to
dx
dn (A) 0 (B)
1
14
M 1
(C) –
14
(D) none of these
O
16. If u = ax + b then (f(ax + b)) is equal to
dx n Sol.
(A)
dn
dun
(f(u)) (B) a
dn
dun
(f(u)) .C
A
dn dn
M
n –n
(C) a (f(u)) (D) a (f(u))
dun dun
Sol. A
N 20. If x = e
y + e y + .... to ∞ dy
Y
, x > 0, then
dx
D (A)
x
1+ x
(B)
1
x
(C)
1− x
x
(D)
1+ x
x
x
17. If y = x + e then
d2 x
is
U Sol.
dy 2
T
(A) e
x
(B)
− exS (C) – ex
(D)
ex
(1 + e x )3 (1 + e x )2 (1 + e x )2
Sol.
1+ x − x2 2x − 1 2(1 + x − x 2 ) 2x − 1
(A) sin (B) sin 2
(1 + x 2 )2 2
x + 1 (1 + x 2 )2 x + 1
1− x + x2 2x − 1
(C) 2 2
sin 2 (D) none of these
(1 + x ) x + 1
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION Page # 21
a + bx 3 / 2 dy a dy
22. If y = & vanishes when x = 5 then = 25. If y = sin x + y , then =
x 5/4
dx b dx
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) None of these sin x sin x cos x cos x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Sol.
2y − 1 1 − 2y 1 − 2y 2y − 1
Sol.
M
26. If y = e–x cos x and y4 + ky = 0, where y4 =
d4 y
dx 4
,
then k = O
.C
23. If f(x) = f′(x) + f′′(x) + f′′′(x) + f′′′′(x) .........∞ also
(A) 4 (B) –4 (C) 2 (D) –2
f(0) = 1 and f(x) is a differentiable function indefinitely
Sol.
A
then f(x) has the value
(A) ex (B) ex/2 (C) e2x (D) e4x
Sol.
M
A
N
Y d2 y
D 2
dy
27. If y = a cos (ln x) + b sin (ln x), then x 2
+x
dx dx
T Sol.
2x
24. If y = sin–1 1 + x 2 then dx
Sdy is
x = −2
2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) – (D) None of these
5 5 5
Sol.
y y1 y2
y y4 y5
28. If y = sin mx then the value of 3 (where
y6 y7 y8
dy
at x = 0 is
dx
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2n
Sol.
at x =
1
2
is.C
d2 y d2 x (A) 4 A
(B) 1/4 (C) 1 (D) None of these
30. Let y = e . Then 2 2 is
2x Sol.
(A) 1
dx dy
(B) e– 2x
(C) 2e–2x (D) –2e–2x
M
Sol. A
N
Y
D cos x sin x cos x
U 34. Let f(x) =
cos 2x sin 2x 2 cos 2x π
then f ′ =
T cos 3 x sin 3 x 3 cos 3 x 2
S
31. If g is the inverse function of f an f′(x) =
x5
.
(A) 0
Sol.
(B) 1 (C) 4 (D) None of these
1+ x4
If g(2) = a, then f′(2) is equal to
a5 1 + a4 1 + a5 a4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1 + a4 a5 a4 1 + a5
Sol.
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION Page # 23
–1
t x x
1. The differential coefficient of sin 2 w.r.t 4. The functions u = e sin x ; v = e cos x satisfy the
1+ t equation
–1
1 du dv 2 2 d2u
cos is (A) v –u =u +v (B) =2v
1+ t2 dx dx dx 2
(A) 1 ∀ t > 0 (B) – 1 ∀ t < 0
d2 v du dv
(C) 1 ∀ t ∈ R (D) none of these (C) 2 =–2u (D) + =2v
Sol. dx dx dx
Sol.
M
O
.C
A t –1
y
dy
5. If x 2 + y 2 = e where t = sin 2 then =
M
2
2. If f(x) = | (x – 4) (x – 5) |, then f ′(x) is x +y dx
(A) –2x + 9, for all x ∈ R (B) 2x – 9 if x > 5
(C) –2x + 9 if 4 < x < 5 (D) not defined for x = 4, 5
Sol. A
(A)
x−y
x+y (B)
x+y
x−y (C)
y−x
y+x (D)
x−y
2x + y
NSol.
Y
D
U
Tdy
p q
3. If x . y = (x + y) S
p+q
then
dx
is 6. If fn (x) = e fn −1( x ) for all n ∈ N and f0 (x) = x, then
M
11. Two functions f & g have first & second derivatives
.
g′(0) = 4g(0), g′′(0) C= 5 f′′(0) = g(0) = 3 then
f( x)
(A) if h(x)A
15
=
2 2 2 g( x ) then h′(0) = 4
cos( x + x ) sin( x + x ) − cos( x + x )
(B) if k(x) = f(x) . g(x) sin x then k′(0) = 2
Mg′(x) = 1
2 2 2
8. If f(x) = sin( x − x ) cos( x − x ) sin( x − x )
2
sin 2x 0 sin 2x (C) Lim
ASol.
(D) None of these
then f ′( x ) 2
x →0
1 − cos x
(v) tan tan
−1
1 + cos x
Sol.
M
O
.C
(ii) f(x) = e2x + 3
Sol.
3. If f(x) = 2 ln (x – 2) – x2 + 4x + 1, then find the
A
solution set of the inequality f′(x) ≥ 0.
Sol.
M
A
N
2. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
(i) x2/3 + 7e –
5
x
+ 7 tan x Y
Sol. D 4. Find
dy
when x and y are connected by the fol-
U dx
T lowing relations
(i) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(ii) x2 . ln x. ex
S Sol.
Sol.
(ii) xy + xe–y + y . ex = x2
π x Sol.
(iii) ln tan +
4 2
Sol.
sin x − x cos x
(iv)
x sin x + cos x
Page # 26 METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
n
(ii) xx – 2sinx 9. If f(x) = x then find the value of
Sol.
f 1(1) f 2 (1) f n (1)
f(1) + + +.....+ where f′(x) denotes
1! 2! n!
(iii) y = (x ln x)ln ln x th
the r derivative of f(x) w.r.t. x
Sol.
Sol.
dPn
(1 – r) = n . Pn – 1 – (n – 1) Pn.
dr
Sol.
M
O
.C
a sin x − bx + cx 2 + x 3
10. If Limit exists and is finite,
x →0 2 x 2 . ln(1 + x ) − 2x 3 + x 4
3 2 Sol.
A of a, b, c and the limit.
find the values
7. If x = a t and y = b t , where t is a parameter,
N
Y
D
U 11. If cos
x
.cos
x
.cos
x
... ∞ =
sin x
then find
T x
2 3
2 2 2 x
S
8. Show that the substitution z = ln tan changes
2
the val ue o f
1
sec
x 1
+ se c
x 2
+
1
se c +
2 2
22 2 24 22 26
d2 y dy 2
the equation 2 + cot x + 4y cosec x = 0 to
dx dx x
...∞.
2 2
(d y/dz ) + 4y = 0. 23
Sol. Sol.
Sol.
1
16. Let f(x) = x + . Compute the
1
2x +
1
2x +
2x + ......∞
M
O
.1C
1 + x2 + 1− x2
17. Differentiate 2
w.r.t. 1− x 4 .
+x − 1 − x2
ln x x dy
Sol. A
14. If y = (cos x) + (ln x) find .
dx
M
A
Sol.
N
Y
D
U
18. Find the derivative with respect to x of the
–1
15. Suppose f(x) = tan (sin (2x)) function
T
(a) Find the domain and range of f.
2x π
S
Sol. –1
(logcos x sin x) (logsin x cos x) +arcsin 2 at x=
1+ x 4
Sol.
dy x2 1− y6
= 2 .
dx y 1− x6
Page # 28 METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
Sol.
–1 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x dy
22. If y = cot , find
1 + sin x − 1 − sin x dx
π π
if x ∈ 0, ∪ ,π .
2 2
Sol.
1
20. If y = x + , prove that
1
x+
1
M
x+
x + .......
O
.C
dy 1
= .
dx x
2−
1
x+
x+
1 A
23. If y = tan
–1
x
+ sin 2 tan
2
−1 1 − x
1 + x ,
x + .......... .... 1+ 1− x
Sol.
M dy
Athen find dx for x ∈ (–1, 1).
N Sol.
Y
D
U
u T 1
S
–1 –1
21. If y = tan 2 & x = sec 2 ,
1− u 2u − 1 2
24. (a) Let f(x) = x – 4x – 3, x > 2 and let g be the
inverse of f. Find the value of g’ where f(x) = 2.
1 1 dy
u ∈ 0, ∪ ,1 prove that 2 + 1 = 0. Sol.
2 2 dx
Sol.
g( x ), x≤0
defined by f(x) = 1 + x
1/ x
.
, x>0
2 + x
Find the continuous function f(x) satisfying
f′(1) = f(–1)
Sol.
25. If x = 2 cost – cos2t & y = 2sint – sin2t, find the
d2 y π
value of 2 when t = .
dx 2
Sol.
M
O
.C
A
29. If sin y = x sin (a + y), show that
dy sin a
dx M
= .
2
1 − 2x cos a + x
26. If f : R → R is a function such that
3 2
f(x) = x + x f′(1) + xf′′(2) + f′′′(3) for all x ∈ R, then
A
Sol.
–1 –1 1 1
27. If y = x ln [(ax) + a ], prove that tan
–1
+ tan
–1
+ ..... to n
2 2
x + 5x + 7 x + 7 x + 13
d2 y dy terms. Find dy/dx, expressing your answer in 2 terms.
x (x + 1) 2 + x = y – 1.
dx dx Sol.
Sol.
Page # 30 METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
sin 2nxA
= , x ≠ K π, K ∈ Ι and deduce from this:
sinM
2 sin x
x + 3 sin 3x + 5 sin 5x + .... + (2n – 1) sin (2n – 1) x
Sol. D
U
T 7. Find a polynomial function f(x) such that f(2x) =
S f′(x) f″(x).
Sol.
sin x
4. Let f(x) = if x ≠ 0 and f(0) = 1. Define the
x
function f′(x) for all x find f″(0) if it exist.
Sol.
xe x x≤0
8. (i) Let f(x) = 2 3 then prove that
x + x − x x<0
(a) f is continuous and differentiable for all x.
Sol.
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION Page # 31
3 1 (x − b)4 (x − b)2 1
f′(x) = λ . . Find the value of λ.
x (1 − x ) sin 2 if 0 < x ≤ 1 (x − c)4 (x − c)2 1
f(x) = x , then prove that
0 if x=0 Sol.
(a) f is differentiable in [0, 1]
Sol.
p + x q +O
Sol. +x m+x n+x
12. Let f(x) = . Show that
x r+x
ax − xa Sol.
15. If Lim find ‘a’..
x →a x x − a a
Sol.
M
O
17. Determine the values of a, b and c so that .C
Lim
x →0
(a + b cos x )x − c sin x
x5
= 1. A
Sol. M
A x 6000 − (sin x )6000
22. Evaluate : Lim
Lim
sin x − (sin x )sin x
18. x → π 1 − sin x + ln(sin x ) N x →0 x 2 .(sin x )6000
Y
Sol.
2
D
Sol.
U
T
sin x
3 x ln
S
2
+x
3
19. Lim x
x →0 ( x − sin x )(1 − cos x ) 1 − cos x. cos 2x. cos 3 x..... cos nx
23. If Lim has the
x →0 x2
Sol. value equal to 253, find the value of n (where n ∈ N)
Sol.
M
O
.C
2 2
2. (a) If x + y = 1 then [JEE 2000 (Scr.), 1]
2 2
(A) yy” – 2(y’) + 1 = 0 (B) yy” + (y’) + 1 = 0 (b) If P(x) is a polynomial of degree less than or equal
2 2
(C) yy” – (y’) – 1 = 0 (D) yy” + 2(y’) + 1 = 0 to 2 and S is the set of all such polynomials so that
Sol.
(A) S = φ
A
P(1) = 1, P(0) = 0 and P’(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ [0, 1], then
M
2
(B) S = {(1 – a)x + ax, 0 < a < 2}
2
(C) (1 – a)x + ax, a ∈ (0, ∞)
2
A
(D) S = {(1 – a)x + ax, 0 < a < 1}
Sol.
2
(b) Suppose p(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2x + ........ + anx .
If | p(x) | ≤ | e
x– 1
– 1| for all x ≥ 0 prove that
N n
S
(C) f ’(x) = 0 = f ”(x), x ∈ (0, 1]
(D) f(0) = 0 and f ’(0) need not to be zero
3. (a) If n (x + y) = 2xy, then y’(0) = [JEE 2004 (Scr.)] Sol.
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0
Sol.
A
M
differentiable positive function on (0, ∞) such that A
7. (a) Let g(x) = n f(x) where f(x) is a twice
N
f(x + 1) = x f(x). Then for N = 1, 2, 3 ;
sin θ π π
1 1 9. Let f(θ)=sin tan , where – <θ<
−1 .
Y
g″ N + – g″ = [JEE 2008, 3 + 3]
cos 2θ 4 4
2
2
d
D
1 1 1
Then the value of (f(θ)) is [JEE 2011]
(A) – 4 1 + + + ..... + 2 d (tan θ)
9 25 (2N − 1)
1U
Sol.
1 1
(B) 4 1 + + + ..... +
T1
2
9 25 (2N − 1)
+S
1 1
(C) – 4 1 + + ..... +
2
9 25 (2N + 1)
1 1 1
(D) 4 1 + + + ..... + 2
9 25 (2N + 1)
10. Let y'(x) + y(x)g'(x) = g(x)g'(x), y(0) = 0, x ∈ R,
Sol.
d f(x)
where f'(x) denotes and g(x) is a given
dx
non-constant differentiable function on R with
g(0) = g(2) = 0. Then the value of y(2) is [JEE 2011]
Sol.
ax + hy + g A 2x − y − e − y − e x y
N
3. (2, 3] 4. (i) – (ii)
hx + by + f x − xe − y + e x
5. (i) (ln x)
cos x
cos x
x ln x
− sin x ln(ln x )
Y x
(ii) x (1 +ln x) – ln2 . 2
sin x
. cos x
1
D
2
U
1 + ln(ln x )1 + 3
(iii) (x ln x)
ln ln x 9. 2
n
10. a = 6, b = 6, c = 0;
x ln x 40
T ln(cos x ) 1
2
11. cosec x – (1/x )
2
S 14. Dy = (cos x)
lnx
x
− tan x ln x + (ln x)x
ln x + ln(ln x )
1 1 2x 16 3
15. (a) − , , (– ∞, ∞) (b) f(x) = (c) 16. 100
2 2 1 − 4x 2 9
1+ 1+ x4 32 8 1 1
17. 18. 2
− 22. or –
x6 16 + π ln 2 2 2
1 − 2x 3
23. 2 24. (a) 1/6 ; (b) 16 25. –
2 1− x 2
2 1 3
− + ln x if x≤0
3 6 2
1 1
1/ x −
28. f(x) = 1 + x 30. 2
if x>0 1 + ( x + n) 1+ x2
2+x
Page # 36 METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
x cos x − sin x
if x≠0 1
2. 6 3. k = 1, –1 or 0 4. f′(x) = x2 ; f″(0) = –
0 if x=0 3
4x 3 5 1
7. 11. 3 13. 14.
9 6 2
15. a = 1 16. –
1
2
17. a = 120; b = 60; c = 180 M 18. 2
+ O –
C
19. –2/5 20. f(0) = 1; differentiable at x = 0, f′(0 ) = –(1/3); f′(0 ) = – (1/3)
3 .
21. a = 6, b = 6, c = 0;
40
22. 1000
A 23. n = 11
Y dx (1 − x )
D
–1
Domain of f (x) = R – {– 1/2, 1} 2. (a) B 3. (a) A ; (b) a = 1
9. 1 10. 0
U
4. (a) C ; (b) B ; (c) B, (d) g’(0) = 0 5. C 6. D 7. (a) A, (b) A 8. 2
T
S
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