MODULE (4.

1) GLOBAL CULTURE AND MEDIA

- Culture refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior from
which people learn, and the ability to communicate knowledge to the next
generations. Its development has been mainly influenced by media.
Five stages of development from the earliest forms to the complex one. These stages
affect globalization progressively.
1. It all started with oral communication. Language allowed humans to
communicate and share information. Moreover, language became the most
important tool for exploring the world and the different cultures. Communication
led to markets, trade, and cross-continental trade routes.
The next stage is the invention of the script. Distance became a hindrance to oral
communication.
2. Script allowed humans to communicate over a larger space and for a much
longer duration. It allowed the permanent codification of economic, cultural,
religious, and political practice..
3. Printing press. The introduction of the printing press allowed the continuous
production, reproduction, and circulation of print materials. Written documents
were mass-produced which gave everyone access to information that was once
available only to the rich, powerful.
4. Electronic media is characterized by its use of electricity. Electronic media
includes the telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and television. The wide reach of
these media continues to open up new perspectives in the economic, political,
and cultural processes of globalization.
5. The last stage is the digital media which relies on digital codes. It can be created,
modified, and stored in any digital electronic device. Digitalized content is
transmitted over the internet and computer networks.
Media is a carrier of culture. It is a tool for the interaction of people with different
cultures. However, the real media is the people. Marketing people seek the world for
their cultural products, and managers facilitate interactions of culture for profit.
Cultural differentialism views cultural differences as immutable. As the West and non-
Western civilizations interact or are brought in contact through globalization, clash of
civilizations such as that of the West and Islam logically follows.
Cultural convergence suggests that globalization engenders a growing sameness of
cultures. However, the culture of powerful and progressive countries becomes culture.
Cultural hybridity suggests that spawns an increasing and ongoing mixing of cultures.
globalization
MODULE (4.2) THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
Religion plays a vital role in the lives of Filipinos for their values are anchored on it. It
has affected their attitudes, characters, and perspectives in life. This truth is not
exclusive to Filipinos. It is true to most of the former "Third World," developing countries,
and even the West.
Globalization can refer to the worldwide interconnectedness of all areas of
contemporary social life. One of these areas is religion which entails a personal or
organized system of religious beliefs and practices.

First, globalization gave rise to religious nationalism that came about after the Second
World War. Nationalism was closely associated with particular religious beliefs and
affiliations.

Globalization led to the turn of religion into public life as a reaction to post-World War II
modernism. The often forceful entrance of religious traditions, such as the Catholic
liberation theology and Islamic fundamentalism, from private sphere into public life.

Globalization affected the proliferation of international terrorism. For one, religious

extremism a type of political violence anchored on the belief that a supreme being
grants violence in the act of glorifying one's faith (Martin, 2017)-has become a central
issue faced by the global community.

Globalization prompted the increase of individual religiosity brought about by the

individual's need to rely on his or her beliefs and relationship with the supreme being.

This is called the deterritorialization of religion. Deterritorialization is a cultural feature

that blurs the lines between culture and place and thus transcends territorial
boundaries.
Global migration also resulted in what Campbell (2007) called the Easternization of
the West. The West, which is the starting point for the spread of world religions, is now
the recipient of a new system of beliefs from the East. There is also a rise in the number
of believers of Asian religions like Zoroastrianism, Confucianism, Buddhism, and
Taoism.

Religion is influenced by global trends and impulses and is forced to respond to

newfound situations (Roudometof, 2014). One good example is the use of social media
as a tool for evangelization.

1. Vernacularization refers to the blending of universal religions with local languages.

For instance, Arabic is used as Islam's sacred language even outside the Arab world,
while Greek and Latin remains to be the primary languages of Christianity. This
vernacularization of religion also results in the creation of new branches of religion such
as that of Orthodox Christianity which stems from Christianity.
2. Indigenization transforms a universal religion to suit the specifics of a particular ethnic
group. An example is the practice of Islam by various ethnic groups in the Zamboanga
peninsula. Another example is the blending of African traditional forms of religiosity and
Christianity in Brazil and the Caribbean.

3. Nationalization constructs a link between the nation and church. Religious institutions
relate to national identities and the realities of that nation. Being part of the nation
means belonging to its national church. The Philippine Independent Church, an
independent Christian denomination, is an example of a national church impose
Pailippines. People also ten modifiers to add national ous identification.

4.Transnationalization has complemented religious nationalization by focusing groups

on identifying specific religious traditions of real or imagined national homelands. Iglesia
ni Cristo is one good example of this. This Christian organization is national in scope but
it has an international reach that is easily identified as Filipino in its roots and central
authority.
Fundamentalist believe that men ought to return to the very passages of the sacred
books to legitimize their actions. Nationalists tie their traditions with their nation or
homeland. Any threat is a threat to their identity, power, privilege, and rights.

Juergensmeyer (2014) also believes that there are five stages of global religious
rebellion against the secular state-i.e., revolt against secularism, wherein localized
uprisings go up against the state's less moral authority to govern; internationalization of
religious rebellion, wherein the warfare comes between the religious and secular
politics; invention of global enemies, wherein anti-American and anti-European
sentiments are growing; global war, wherein there is an expansion of range and depth
of of post-Arab spring, wherein the jihadist strategy is proven to be not the way to end
the struggle, but with the use of nonviolent means as demonstrated in the Tahrir Square
in Egypt.

Religion touches the inner self of humans and encourages them to improve themselves
and society. Though not famous among the recent international news stories, religious
peacemakers do their task concerning humanitarian assistance and faith-centered
intervention. Human assistance helps achieve peace by advancing poverty reduction
and putting attention to economic equality. World Vision, for example, is a Christian
humanitarian organization helping children, families, and communities overcome
poverty and injustice. Also, faith-centered mediation is driven by the search for peace.
In 2014, Pope Francis had an important role in the US-Cuba deal that ended the long
conflict between the two nation-states.
MODULE (5.1) GLOBAL CITY
The 21st century is a hub for the closer relation of states and for a wider perspective in
technological development. As such, the world became a web where people can
witness the interconnectivity of nations.

There are three (3) stages of globalization.

The first stage is called Globalization 1.0 that lasted from 1492 to 1800 and "shrank the
world from a size large to a size medium." This is known as the age of mercantilism and
colonialism and the driving forces were workforce, horsepower, wind power, and, later
on, steam power.

The second stage is the age of Pax Britannica when Great Britain was the hegemonic
power in terms of trade and economy; it is known as Globalization 2.0. The driving force
was new institutions, particularly the emergence of global markets and multinational
corporations.

The third stage, which occurred during the second half of the 20th century, refers to the
age of Pax Americana when the United States of America was the hegemonic power in
terms of security, trade, and economy.

This is called Globalization 3.0. After the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1980s, the United
States of America became the sole superpower in the so-called Unipolar World. This
system was developed by the reigning hegemonic state by defeating other great
powers, not necessarily in a military aspect, but in terms of economy and influence to
other states in the world.

Soft power, according to Joseph Nye (2004) who coined the term, uses a different
method to establish cooperation- attraction. This form of power "arises from the
attractiveness of a country's culture, political ideals, and policies." When these policies
are deemed justifiable by other states, soft power is enhanced.

Multinational corporations (MNCs) play a substantial role in the global economy and
enjoy a multitude of privileges such as unquestionable access to vast amounts of wealth
they draw from their income, theoretical immortality to a certain extent, and the ability to
pit themselves against one another. Nation-states are the centerpieces of the global
community to the extent that MNCs threaten nation-states themselves.
Therefore, from these established premises, one can infer that MNCs play a pivotal role
not only in the global economy but in the international political community as well,
alongside nation-states in terms of their capacity to sustain themselves and
considerably to influence the members of the international community.
The global city serves as a hub for production, finance, and telecommunications.
Sassen (2005) outlined the different characteristics of globality that maintain its link to
globalization.
1) the cultural diversity of the people;
2) existence of a center of economy;
3) geographic dispersal of economic activities that marks globalization; and
4) global reach performance.

These characteristics are observed in famous global cities such as New York, Tokyo,
Singapore, and Seoul. According to the 2018 Global Cities Index, New York ranked the
highest in terms of the general criteria i.e., business activity, human capital, information
exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement. New York is followed by
London, Paris, Tokyo, and Họng Kong.

MODULE (5.2) GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

- According to Friedman (2005), change is inevitable because of the flattening of
the world.
- One thing he learned from his experiences is that the 21st-century world is
becoming more globalized and interconnected.
- Technological innovation, economic cooperation, and political alliance in the
international arena are some of the examples of the new trends in international
relations.

The flattening of the world is a result of globalization. For Viotti and Kauppi (2013),
globalization is the continual increase in transnational and worldwide economic, social,
and cultural interactions that surpass the boundaries of states which altogether
generates political implications. It is through technological innovation that this global
cooperation becomes possible.

- Demography is a field in statistics that is concerned with births, deaths, income,

or the incidence of disease, which later illustrates the changing structure of
human populations.
- demography is a statistical study to determine world population that can be used
as a tool to identify certain phenomenon in geopolitics, public administration, and
others.
- The changing perspective on technology and technological advancements and
the movement of international organizations (IOs) have made the world a global
civil society. The constant evolution of economic production, development of
political agreement of states, and the factors affecting local growth were adopted
in the world stage.
- The formation of a global civil society is a result of a backlash against free-
market capitalism. It is in a global civil society where transnational non-
governmental organizations and social movements operate and offer an
alternative to transnational corporations. The role of a global civil society in global
demography is its salient influence on institutional decision-making, affecting the
populations at large.
 - Global demography is about the trends and practices in world politics. It is the
study of the issues and developments of the global population. Basically, it lays
out the present condition of the world and its population. To understand this
concept, citing an example of current world issues and humanitarian crises can
be done.

- According to Ronald Lee (2003), demography is currently in transition; the

mortality rate declined followed by fertility, causing population growth rates to
accelerate and then to slow down again. This demographic transition leads to low
fertility, long life, and an old population.

- The world is bigger than what people know about it but it is smaller than how they
perceive it. There are a lot of issues and crises along the road of globalization.
The economic bubble in some parts of the world, wars in different states of every
region, the existence of transnational crimes, climate change, and migration are
some of the trends in global demography.
- Since globalization has something to do with the population demand of a state,
its effect on demography in terms of overpopulation must be noted. Aside from
increasing birth rate, excessive movements of people from one place to another
are also a factor in overpopulation.
- International migration is becoming more tremendous. Population is part of
human demography and since the world is shrinking, this condition develops a
concept of a globalized world wherein a state population transcends into global
population.

MODULE (5.3) GLOBAL MIGRATION

- First World refers to states which have high-income and are capital-rich;
- Second World refers to the former communist-socialist, industrial states; and
- Third World refers to nations not aligned with either the First World or Second
World which are also called "developing" countries.

- The aftermath of the Cold War ended the bipolarity of the world's hegemonic
powers which were held by the Western Bloc (United States, its NATO allies, and
others) and the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states). This left
the United States as the sole remaining super power of the world. By 1989, US
had military alliances with 50 countries therefore bringing to life the American
era.

- As a superpower, US relied on its strong democracy and capitalist market to

promote free market capitalism and further emphasize its global power. However,
its success in promoting such market led to the dispersal of power to several
other countries.

- After a decade, Fareed Zakaria (2008) refers to this as the post- American world
which is illustrated by the diffusion of power from states to other actors. This
 diffusion of power signals the "rise of the rest" which gives other states the power
to play roles in the world's economic and political arena.

The classification of countries into three was changed into two:

- developed and developing. Developed countries are countries that have

progressive economies and advanced technological infrastructures while
developing countries are low-income countries with less developed industrial
bases.
- These two types of countries emerged to highlight the economic inequalities of
states. Such inequalities pushes people living in developing countries to seek
better opportunities in developed countries or sometimes, motivates thein to just
move from one country to another to attain the ways of living they are aspiring
for. This ongoing movement of people from one country to another is called
migration.

According to Heywood 2011, cosmopolitanism literally means the adherence or belief in

the in world state.
In Individualism, cosmopolitanism believes that a human being is the ultimate unit of
moral concern; second, the element of universality wherein he asserts that all human
beings are of equal moral worth; and lastly, the concept acknowledges the element of
generality which implies that human beings have necessary concern for each other
(Pogge, 2008). Thus, understanding the concept of cosmopolitanism requires an in-
depth understanding of the role of moral integrity among people. Through this concept,
the global city in globalization has come into existence.

There are two types of migration-internal and international migration. Internal migration
is any movement from one place to another in the same country. On the other hand,
International migration is a movement from one country to another

Due to transnational relations and the growing demand for economic wealth, migration
exists. It is defined as the form of social behavior that both shapes and is shaped by
broader social and economic structures and processes of transformation (International
Migration Institute, 2011)

Three (3) categories of this trend were created: voluntary economie migration, forced
displacement, and refugee crisis. Voluntary economic migration is rooted is the pursuit
of economic stability. It is usually seen in the condition of people in the global south
such as in the regions of Asia and Africa. People from these regions move to other
countries which have steadily growing labor markets and can provide them high
salaries. This kind of migration in illustrated by Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW). The
second and third categories, on the other hand, refer to how people are forced to
migrate.