WORK

Refers to the transfer of energy that occurs when a force is

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applied to an object and that object is displaced in the direction

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of the force. It's defined as the product of the force applied to
an object and the distance over which the force is applied.

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Mathematically, work W is represented by the equation:

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where:

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 U = is the work done,

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 F = is the magnitude of the force applied,
 d = is the displacement of the object,
 = is the angle between the force vector and the displacement

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vector.

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 If the force and the displacement are in the same direction
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(i.e., ), then , and the work done is maximized.
If the force and displacement are perpendicular (i.e., ),
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then , and no work is done.

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The SI unit of work is the joule (J), which is equivalent to one
newton-meter . Work can be positive, negative, or zero,

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depending on the angle between the force and displacement
vectors. Positive work is done when the force and displacement

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are in the same direction, negative work is done when they are
in opposite directions, and no work is done when they are

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perpendicular.

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Examples of Work:

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 Lifting a Box: Imagine lifting a box from the ground to a
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shelf. As you apply an upward force to the box, you're
displacing it vertically. The work you do is equal to the
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force you apply multiplied by the distance the box moves

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upward.
 Pushing a Car: If you push a car along a flat road, you're

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applying a force in the direction of the car's displacement.

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The work you do is positive because the force and displacement
are in the same direction.

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 Sliding a Box: If you push a box horizontally along a rough

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surface but the box doesn't move, you're exerting a force, but
no work is done because there's no displacement.

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 Pulling a YN
Sled Uphill: Imagine pulling a sled uphill through
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the snow. You exert a force in the direction you're pulling,
but since the sled moves perpendicular to your force, the work
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you do is less than if you were pulling it along the slope.

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Illustrative Problem 1:
A person lifts a 50 kg weight vertically upwards by applying a

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force of 200 N. If the height lifted is 2 meters, calculate the

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work done.

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Illustrative Problem 2:
A force of 120 N parallel to the incline plane is applied to push

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a box weighing along a rough surface inclined at 30 degrees
to the horizontal. If the box moves 5 meters along the incline and

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the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.10, calculate the work
done.
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Illustrative Problem 3:
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A bucket of water weighing 200 N is pulled up an incline plane

that makes an angle of 45 degrees with the horizontal. If the
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bucket is displaced 3 meters along the incline, calculate the work

done.
Illustrative Problem 4:
A block of mass 50 kg is pulled upward the incline plane by a

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force P using a rope as shown in the figure. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block and the surface is 0.10. If

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the work done is 200 Joules to move the block 3 m up the plane,
determine the magnitude of force P.

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Illustrative Problem 1:
A person lifts a 50 kg weight vertically upwards by applying a

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force of 200 N. If the height lifted is 2 meters, calculate the

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work done.

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Illustrative Problem 2:
A force of 120 N parallel to the incline plane is applied to

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push a box weighing along a rough surface inclined at 30

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degrees to the horizontal. If the box moves 5 meters along the

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incline and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.10,
calculate the work done.

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Illustrative Problem 3:
A bucket of water weighing 200 N is pulled up an incline plane

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that makes an angle of 45 degrees with the horizontal. If the

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bucket is displaced 3 meters along the incline, calculate the work

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done.

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Illustrative Problem 4:
A block of mass 50 kg is pulled upward the incline plane by a

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force P using a rope as shown in the figure. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block and the surface is 0.10. If

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the work done is 200 Joules to move the block 3 m up the plane,
determine the magnitude of force P.

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WORK DONE BY A SPRING:
The work done by a spring can be calculated using the formula:

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where:

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= work done (joules)

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= spring constant (N/m)

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= the displacement from equilibrium position (meter)
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FORCE EXERTED BY A SPRING: SPRING IN PARALLEL:

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where:
𝑥 – displacement of the spring

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𝐹 – force exerted by spring to a displacement of
𝑥 distance

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SPRING IN SERIES:

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Illustrative Problem 1:
A spring with a spring constant, is compressed by

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100 mm, determine the work done by the spring.

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Illustrative Problem 2:
A force
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stretches a spring with a spring constant,
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, determine the displacement of the spring.
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Illustrative Problem 3:
Two identical springs with spring constant, supports the

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motionless block as shown, if the bottom spring is compressed
by 400 mm past its equilibrium, determine how far is the upper

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spring was stretched.

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Illustrative Problem 5:
A spring attached to the ceiling has a block of mass attached

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to the other end. On Earth, the displacement of the spring when at

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equilibrium is . What is the displacement of the spring at

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equilibrium when this system is on a planet that has a
gravitational acceleration of . At earth .

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Illustrative Problem 1:
A spring with a spring constant, is compressed by 100

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mm, determine the work done by the spring.

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Illustrative Problem 2:
A force stretches a spring with a spring constant,

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, determine the displacement of the spring.

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Illustrative Problem 3:
Two identical springs with spring constant, supports the

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motionless block as shown, if the bottom spring is compressed
by 400 mm past its equilibrium, determine how far is the upper

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spring was stretched.

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Illustrative Problem 5:
A spring attached to the ceiling has a block of mass attached

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to the other end. On Earth, the displacement of the spring when at

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equilibrium is . What is the displacement of the spring at

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equilibrium when this system is on a planet that has a
gravitational acceleration of . At earth .

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