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Large Precast Prestressed Vierendeel Trusses Highlight Multistory Building
Large Precast Prestressed Vierendeel Trusses Highlight Multistory Building
Large Precast Prestressed Vierendeel Trusses Highlight Multistory Building
A. Martynowicz C. B. McMillan
50
P recast prestressed segmental con-
struction was used effectively to
erect a major portion of the new 28-
story International Civil Aviation Or-
ganization (ICAO) Tower in Montreal,
Canada (see Fig. 1).
Prefabricated Vierendeel truss seg-
ments which were post-tensioned to-
gether on site, helped provide an effi-
cient architectural and structural solu-
tion to a building that had to satisfy
several design requirements. Economy
was achieved because the precast pre-
stressed trusses not only supported the
floor loads but also gave the structure
an attractive architectural finish.
The new world headquarters for the
ICAO, which is located in Montreal
between the existing Engineering In-
stitute of Canada Building and the
McGill University Campus, will form
part of a major complex to be known
as Aviation Square. An architect's mod-
el of the complex is shown in Fig. 2.
Aviation Square presently comprises
the ICAO Tower, a plaza, and a con-
nected low building housing the main
assembly hall and various conference
and meeting rooms. It will eventually
include an adjacent linked building
providing additional office space.
The ICAO Tower is 115 x 115 ft in
plan with 27 stories plus a mechanical
penthouse. The interior of the Tower
is completely column free. The entire
structure is supported by the service
core and eight exterior columns which
also contain mechanical shafts.
Between these columns (starting at
the sixth floor) span one-story high pre-
cast prestressed Vierendeel trusses
which support two floors each. A struc-
tural floor plan of the Tower shows
(see Fig. 3) the location of the trusses.
A total of 44 Vierendeel trusses,
each 75 ft 7 in. long by 16 ft 8 in.
high, frame the building from the sixth Fig. 1. New ICAO Headquarters build-
floor up. An elevation and typical
ing. North view looking from McGill
University campus.
52
35'O"
VIERENDEEL TRUSS
Imo,
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ii
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oWe
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II
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i_____
Fig. 3. Typical structural floor plan of ICAO Tower (starting at sixth floor)
showing location of Vierendeel trusses.
tenor trusses and the inner service core Economy was achieved because the
which is enclosed in a concrete box. precast concrete sections provide at the
There are no interior columns (see same time the exterior architectural
Fig. 3). finish and the supporting structure for
' An architectural appearance in har- the floors. The additional costs of mak-
mony with the neighboring buildings on ing and handling separate cladding was
the McGill University Campus across avoided as well as the dead weight
the street was desired. All four sides involved.
of the tower are exposed and the pat- ® The use of segments precast in the
tern resulting from the design is pleas- factory allowed excellent control of the
ing and avoids the monotony which shape and color of the finished member.
characterizes many of today's buildings. It also made it possible to erect very
A H
B41 I TOP CHORD
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VIIERENDEELOTRUSS
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OR -7 BAR "10 BARS 15'-9" '+9"
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56
Fig. 5. Precast I segment being Fig. 6. End section of truss in pre-
spliced to adjoining truss in pre- caster's yard showing anchorage
caster's yard. ducts for post-tensioning.
Prior to construction,
a full-scale mockup of
the truss was made in
the precaster's yard.
cal erection methods for placing, ten- It is quite clear that the work done
sioning, and grouting of the trusses. in the plant was more reliable and
The first Vierendeel truss made was less costly than could have been ac-
erected on supports in the yard and complished by casting the trusses on
fully stressed to test the effectiveness site.
of the joints.
There were the usual moments of
uncertainty when it came time to re- Erection Procedure
move the supports, but the truss proved
sound and no faulting appeared. The The erection procedure required some
truss was subsequently dismantled and detail planning although in principal it
reused on the job. was quite straightforward and went
The Vierendeel trusses were shipped without any serious hitch.
to the site in segments by truck as they Fig. 8 shows a precast I segment
became available. They were either ready for lifting at the building site.
hoisted directly into position or stored Fig. 9 is a shot of segments being
on the site. lifted into position on the sixth floor
58
Fig. 10. First precast
Vierendeel truss assem-
bled. Note cast-in-place
columns with dowels
projecting, ready for
subsequent casting.
where the post-tensioned structure port, eight steel frames two stories high
starts. were erected, for each truss.
Each assembled truss had to be The diagonal brace for each vertical
aligned vertically and horizontally, at steel frame was bolted to a completed
the same time keeping the matching floor and then passed through the floor
segments in alignment with each other. level at the bottom of the truss being
Fig. 10 shows the first truss assembled. erected to catch the vertical near the
To provide horizontal support, chairs top. Fig. 11 shows an overall shot of
with three or four jacks were pro- the diagonal bracing system used.
vided, one support under each vertical By means of threaded connectors be-
segment and one each under the hori- tween the vertical frames and inserts
zontal end segments. in the segments, it was possible to
Except for the first truss, the chairs control the verticality and alignment of
rested on the top chord of the truss each segment.
below. For the first trusses, a five-story One of the central vertical I seg-
scaffolding was required (see Figs. 9 ments was first placed on its chair and
and 10). For vertical stability and sup- fastened to the vertical brace. After
placing and attaching a second vertical The basic concept of the BBR sys-
I segment, the top and bottom chord tem is the use of bundles of high
link pieces could be supported between strength, smooth, low friction, steel
the verticals. wires as tendons.
This was accomplished by means of The wires were cut to a predeter-
the steel lugs which were bolted to mined length and a button-head was
adjacent segments when concreting and cold-formed at one end to provide a
could now be used both for temporary permanent fastening to the anchorage.
support and to assure a perfect rematch Each tendon was partially manufac-
of the segments. This procedure was tured and assembled in the factory.
continued working towards each end These tendons were then coiled and
of the truss. shipped to the site.
Fig. 11 shows a truss erected in At the job site, the wire bundles were
place. The steel lugs between sections uncoilded from its shipping reel at one
as well as the adjustable connections end and pulled through the duct to
to the vertical braces may be seen. the opposite end of the truss. Fig. 12
The reinforcing ties to the floor beams shows the ducts at the end of a typical
as well as the column connections are truss. Also visible are the column dow-
also visible. els and the diagonal bracing.
In the stressing operation, the an-
Post-tensioning operation chor head was grasped by a continu-
The Vierendeel truss segments were ously threaded pull rod which extended
stressed together using the BBR post- through the center hole of a hydraulic
tensioning system. jack. Stress is locked, by placing steel
Fig. 14. Each succeeding Vierendeel truss was erected
using the same erection procedure, i.e., by lifting the
individual precast segments on to the proper floor position,
and assembling and post-tensioning the truss elements.
shims between the anchor head and Approximately 6 days were required
bearing , plate in combinations to to erect and tension the four trusses
achieve the required total thickness. which would eventually support two
Fig. 13 is a closeup of the jacking op- floors. A delay then ensued until the
eration. completion of the forming and con-
When the final stressing was com- creting of these two floors.
pleted, a cement-water grout was in-
jected under pressure into the tendon
duct, thus creating a permanent bond
between the tendon and the surround- The supporting columns were cast
ing concrete. in two lifts per floor, a high lift for
Erection was usually done during the the piece between chords then a shal-
day and tendon threading and tension- low lift encompassing the floor and one
ing at night. Grouting was done some chord of the truss.
time later after the floors had been With the casting of the upper floor
completed. of each truss, the truss was fully tied in.
There were four sets of prestressing Thereafter the column was considered
tendons, two in the upper chord and to be capable of carrying the truss
two in the lower chord. The tendons when the test strength reached 3000
were tensioned progressively, the order psi. Design strength was specified at
and extent being important in order 4000 psi.
to avoid undesirable variations in At this stage, the chairs supporting
pressure between the contact faces of the truss immediately below could be
the sections. removed. Thus two trusses would im-
64
Closing Remarks
In conclusion, it may be stated that the
use of segmentally precast prestressed
Vierendeel trusses on this job achieved
the objectives which were desired. The
building has a striking architectural
appearance with the structure clearly
expressed.
In the case of the trusses, the struc-
ture is also an integral part of the archi-
tectural finish, with excellent uniform-
ity and control. The interior areas are
free of intermediate supports.
Finally, the contractor was able to
reduce on-site concrete by about 3200
cu yds and to maintain a rate of one
floor per 12 days.
Since completion a year and a half
ago, the structure has performed very
well. There has been no evidence of
major cracking or other distress, The
measured deflections have agreed close-
ly with the design calculations.
Credits
Architect: Rosen, Caruso, Vecsei, Arch-
itects, Montreal, Quebec.
Structural Engineer: McMillan &
Martynowicz, Consulting Engineers,
Montreal, Quebec.
Architectural Precast Concrete Produc-
er and Erector: Prefac Concrete Co.
Ltd., Ville d'Anjou, Quebec.
Post-Tensioning: BBR Quebec Limitee,
Division of Canadian BBR Limited,
Agincourt, Ontario.
General Contractor: Louis Donolo,
Inc., Montreal, Quebec.
Owner: Gamma Properties Limited.