HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY USING

RESISTIVITY SOUNDING METHOD FOR THE LOCATION OF

BOREHOLE DRILLING SITE

LOCATION
JAKADIYA GUEST INN RINGIN GANI
TORO LGA, BAUCHI STATE

CLIENT
HON. MUSA WAKILI

SURVEYOR
AMJ NOOR GENERAL SERVICES
08051337022

MAY, 2024
TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 REGIONAL GEOLOGY SETTING

3.0 GEOPHYSICS

4.0 GEOPHYSICAL METHODS

5.0 INSTRUMENTATION

6.0 DATA PRESENTATION

7.0 INTERPRETATION

8.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The survey was aimed at revealing the geologic nature and hydro geologic condition
of the area in preparation for drilling of a productive mechanized borehole.

2.0 REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING

The study area is located within the Nigerian Basement Complex, which forms part
of the Pan African Mobile Belt and les between the West African Craton and the
Tuareg Shield. Earlier workers have intricately linked the overall emplacement of the
Nigerian. The basemen Complex rocks include gneisses, migmatites and
metasediments of Precambrian ages that have been intruded by a series of Pan African
age rocks. These rocks have been variably metamorphosed and granitised through
tectonometamorphic cycles, so that they have been largely converted to
migmatisation has differently affected all the earlier rocks as well as the large-scale
conversion of Basement gneisses and migmatites (McCurry, 1989).

3.0 GEOPHYSICS

The geoelectric resistivity method adopted is a well-established technique for the

subsurface investigation at various depths. The resistivity (ρ) is a material constant
that is related to its capacity of conducting an electrical current measured in ohm
meter (Ω-m). This method is most useful for solving a geological problem, if the
geological body of interest has a resistivity that is different from the surrounding
(Griffith and King, 1982).
4.0 METHODOLOGY

In practice earth resistance (R) is measured by inducing direct current or low

frequency alternating current into the ground using a pair of metal electrodes (current
electrodes). Another pair of electrodes (potential electrodes) measures the resultant
potential difference.

Generally, the current electrodes (C1 and C2) and the potential electrodes (P1 and P2)
are arranged in a linear array. For each particular electrode configuration, a geometric
factor is calculated which converts the resistance measured to an apparent resistivity
(ρa). This is true for the Schlumberger electrode configuration employed for the
present investigation. Here the potential electrodes maintain a constant separation
during sounding, while the current electrodes are moved outwards after each reading
(Hamill and Bell, 1986). Resistivities are then only a function of the current electrodes
separation and the subsurface exploration increased by increasing this separation.

5.0 INSTRUMENTATION

During the field operation, determination of earth’s resistance was made using Allied
Ohmega resistivity meter. This is a portable microprocessor controlled integrated
receiver and transmitter which provides a direct digital readout of resistance (Kollert,
1969). Power is supplied by a re-chargeable pack with current amplitudes switch
selected from 0.5-50 milli-ampheres and output in the form of a square wave.

The measurement system employs signal stacking digital and analogue filtering
rejection of self-potentials and current transients enabling accurate discrimination of
the signal even high noise environments. Moreover, several self-diagnostics are
inbuilt and error codes are displayed for the instrument, cable and electrodes faults.
6.0 DATA PRESENTATION

Sounding data in the form of earth resistance measurements are converted to apparent
resistivity values by multiplication with the Geometric factor. The resistivities are
then plotted on a log-log graph of standard scale as a function of half-current electrode
separation (AB/2). The use of logarithmic co-ordinates suppresses resistivity
variations at low values of resistivities and shallow depths were enhanced.

7.0 INTERPRETATION

Smooth curves of each of the VES points were generated and qualitative inspection
of each curve followed, where estimate of the number of layers, their approximate
resistivities and thickness were determined.

However, a more sophisticated and efficient version of interpretation was adopted

using the ipi2win forward modeling software program. Intermediate points are
automatically calculated and observational and lateral errors computed for each
measurement of the data set. Interpreted models were displayed graphically on the
display unit along with the field data. The interactive nature of the program allows
quick examination of changes to the curve affected by altering the layer parameter.
Once a satisfactory match was achieved the field and computed software data plus
the generated model curve were printed (appendix).
8.0 RECOMMENDATION

From analyses and interpretation of the data, 70-80m is recommended for drilling at
VES 02.

DATA
1.5 - 627

2.5 - 411

4 - 361

6 - 248

8 - 209

10 - 142

15 - 92

15 - 98

20 - 86

25 - 97

32 - 108

40 - 116

60 - 118

- 149
60
80 - 287
REFERENCES
Griffith, D.W and, King (1982) Applied Geophysics for Engineers and Engineering
Geologists. 2nd ed, Pergamon Press.

Hamill, I., and F.G. Bell (1986) Groundwater Resource Development, Butterworths,
London.

Kollert, R. (1969) ‘Ground water exploration by the electrical resistivity method’.

ABEM Geophysical Memorandum 3/69, Atlas Copco, Stockholm.

McCurry, P. (1989) A General Review of the Geology of the Precambarian to Lower

Palaeozioc Rocks of Northern Nigeria In: C.A Kogbe (ed) Geology of
Nigeria. Rockview Ltd., Jos.

Oyawoye, M. O. (1964) The Geology of the Nigerian Basement Complex, Jour, Nig,
Min, and Metal Soc.