Closed system

the quantities of everything present (concentrations of reactants and products) in the

mixture remain constant, although the reactions are continuing.

Kc=[CH3OH](g)/[CO](g)[H2]^2

3.64 mol-2dm6

ACID – A species that can donate a proton (H+) in aqueous solution.

HA (aq) + H2O(l) H3O(aq) + A-(aq)

General formula of an acid

BASE – A Species that can accept a proton (H+) in an aqueous solution.

B(aq) + H2O(l) BH+(aq) + OH-(aq)

pH- the measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution

pH = -log10[H+]

the Brønstead-Lowry acid-base theory states that acid and base reactions involve the
transfer of H+ ions, also known as protons.

HCl + NH3  Cl- + NH4+

Acid + Base  conjugate base + conjugate acid

Conjugate acid-base pair

An acid turns into its conjugate base when it loses a proton. A base turns into its conjugate
acid when it gains a proton. Any pair of compounds made up of an acid and a base that can
be converted from one to the other by proton transfer is a conjugate acid–base pair.
Amphoteric Nature of Water

HCl + H 2O → [H 3O] + + Cl-

H3O is called the oxonium ion and is the conjugate acid.
Cl is the conjugate base.

NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) ⇋ NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)

H3O+ is called the oxonium ion and is the conjugate acid.

NO2- is the conjugate base.

A strong acid is an acid that fully dissociates in an aqueous solution to produce H+ ions.

Mineral acids are always strong.

Always this arrow 

A weak acid is one that does not fully dissociate in aqueous solution to produce H+ ions.

Organic acids are always weak.

Always this arrow ⇋

The pH scale:

The acidity of a solution depends on the concentration of H+ ions and is measured on the pH
scale.

A difference of one pH number means a tenfold difference in acidity. So pH 2 is ten times the
strength of pH 3

10-pH