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SSC JE
Civil Engineering Capsule
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Building Materials
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22 October
Shubham Aggarwal

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 SSC JE Year-wise Average Questions Analysis

Number of Questions Number of Questions Number of Questions Number of Questions Average Number of
Subjects
(2016) (2018) (2019) (2020) Questions

Building Material 17 16 12 14 14.75

Construction
Management & 10 9.5 10 7.5 9.25
Estimation

SOM & Mechanics 3 5.5 3 4 3.875

Structural Analysis 4 6.5 3 3 4.125
RCC & PSC 9 7 12 10.5 9.625
Steel 5 7 4 3.5 4.875
Geotech 9 7 9 11 9
Transportation 9 9.5 11 7.5 9.25
Survey 9 9 9 11.5 9.625
Hydrology & Irrigation 9 7.5 10 10 9.125
Fluid Mechanics 9 6 6 9 7.5
Environmental 8 9.5 11 8.5 9.25
 Building Materials Concept (C)
Numerical (N)
▪ Yellow Means High Priority
Cement & Concrete C ▪ White Means Medium Priority
Bricks C ▪ Green Means Average Priority
Timber C
Stones C
Lime C
Bitumen & Tar C
Paints & Varnish C
Mortar C
Glass, Tiles C
Plastering, Damproofing C
Pozzolana, Asbestos C
• A masonry unit not exceeding 300 mm in length, 150
mm in width nor 100 mm in height.
• Blocks - Masonry unit exceeding size of a brick in any
dimension.
Ingredient Percentage(%)
Silica 50 -60
Alumina 20 – 30
Iron Oxide 5–6
Lime 4–5
Magnesia <1
Ingredients Function
Silica Imparts Strength
Excess - Brittle (Due to loss of cohesion)

Alumina Impart plasticity

Excess - Cracks developed, corner deformed
Lime Used as flux (Reduce melting point)
Excess - Brick over burnt and shape changed
Iron Oxide Red colour, Used as flux
Excess - Provide dark blue or blackish colour
Magnesia Yellow colour and its prevent to shrinkage
Excess - Give yellowish colour
It is carried out in 4 Steps:
Preparation of
Clay

Moulding of
Bricks
Manufacturing of Bricks
Drying

Burning
1. Preparation of Clay:
Sequential Steps Involved are:

a. Un-soiling : It is the process in which top 20cm of the soil is removed.

b. Digging : The Remaining soil of about (60-120) cm in depth
c. Cleaning

d. Weathering
e. Blending
f. Tempering
• It is the process of giving the required shape and size of the
bricks.
• The size of mould should be kept to be (8 to 12)%.
• Moisture content is reduced up-to 2%.
• Strength Gained By Drying of Bricks is about (15-25)kg/cm2

Burning Temperature-900 1200°C

Dehydration Oxidation Vitrification
• It imparts strength and Hardness to the bricks. Zone Zone Zone
• Burning of Bricks is done at (900 to 1200)°C 400-650°C 650-900°C 900-1200°C
• It helps to identify the manufacturer name.
• It act as a Shear Key between the bricks.

Frog 10 cm × 4 cm × 1 or 2 cm
Stock Board 21 cm × 10 cm × 6 cm
(To make frog)
Pallet Board 30 cm × 12 cm × 1 cm
(To dry the brick)
Figure Brick Name Figure Brick Name
Rounded Cant Water Compressive
ended Types of bricks absorption Strength Use
Double cant Compass (%) (Kg/cm2)
Perforated Partition Wall
Bull nosed Perforated 20 70
Bricks (IS 2222)
Hollow Coping Hollow Bricks For making
(IS 3952) proof, sound
Queen closer King Closer 20 35 heat proof,
3
damp proof
Brick Bat
4 walls
Paving Bricks Road
<5 400
(IS 3583) pavement
Soling Bricks Soling of road
<20 50
(IS 5779)
Refractory Kiln lining
Bricks (IS 6902) 4-10 350 furnace boiler
combustion
1. Bull-Nose Brick : One Edge of the Brick is Rounded.
2. Cow-Nose Brick : Two Edge of the Brick is Rounded.

Bull-Nose Brick Cow-Nose Brick

3. Channel Bricks : They are Used as Drains.
4. Coping Bricks: Use are Used on Parapets.

Channel Brick Coping Brick

5. Hollow Bricks : Used for Sounding & Heat Proofing,
Not Suitable for Concentrated Loaded Areas.

Compressive Strength : Not Less than 3.5N/mm2.

Water Absorption : Not more than 20%. Hollow Brick
5. Paving Bricks : Iron content in these bricks are more
than ordinary bricks, making it more resistant to
abrasion.
Compressive Strength : Not Less than 40N/mm2.
Paving Brick
Water Absorption : Not more than 5%.
6. Perforated Bricks
Compressive Strength : Not Less than 7N/mm2.

Water Absorption : Not more than 20%.

Perforated Brick
7. Heavy-Duty Bricks : They are Also Known as
“Engineering Bricks” and are generally required for
masonry work in Heavy Engineering Works such as Heavy-Duty Brick
a. Bridge Structures
Strength (not less than in
b. Industrial Foundations Class Designation
N/mm2)
c. Multi-Story Buildings 40 40.0
Compressive Strength : Not Less than 40N/mm2. 45 45.0
Water Absorption : Not more than 10%.
Before Using the Bricks , Bricks should be of suitable
Quality, following test should be performed :
1. Compressive Strength Test Bricks Test I.S. Code No. of Sample
2. Water Absorption Test Compressive strength 3495-Part I 6
3. Efflorescence Test test
4. Shape & Size Test Water absorption test 3495-Part II 5
Efflorescence test 3495-Part III –
Warpage test 3495-Part IV 10
Dimension test 1077 20
 Class Compressive Strength Class Comp. Strength
Ist Class Brick 10.5N/mm2 Grade A 105 kg/cm2
IInd Class Brick 7.5N/mm2 Grade AA 140 kg/cm2
IIIrd Class Brick 5N/mm2 Grade B 70 kg/cm2
Common Brick 3.5N/mm2 Grade C 35 kg/cm2
 Water Water
Class Class
Absorption Absorption

Ist class 20% Up-to 12.5 20%

Greater than
IInd class 22% 15%
12.5

IIIrd class 25%

Efflorescence Test
4. Shape & Size Test

Brick Classification Usual size Nominal size

Conventional
Traditional Size (23 × 11.2 × 7.0) cm (23 × 11.4 × 7.6) cm
Standard
Modular (19 × 9 × 9) cm (20 × 10 × 10) cm
Normal size
 Bricks Test I.S. Code No. of Sample
Compressive 3495-Part I 6
strength test
Water Absorption 3495-Part II 5
Test
Warpage Test 3495-Part IV 10
Dimension Test 1077 20
 Compressive
Water
Types of bricks Strength Use
absorption (%)
(Kg/cm2)
1st Class Facing work R.B.
≤ 20 >105
Slab
2nd Class ≤ 22 >70 Hidden Structure
3rd Class Temporary brick
< 25 >35
masonry
4th Class Bricks ballast, lime
(Jhamma or concrete
< 10 350
over burnt foundation, road
bricks) metals
Oxide/Composition/Avera Function
ge composition
Lime (CaO) 62-67% Strength & soundness control
Silica (SiO2) 17-25% Due to excess reduces strength
Alumina (Al2O3) 3-8% Responsible for quick setting excess of its lowers
strength
Iron oxide(Fe2O3) 3 - 4% Used as flux
Magnesia (MgO) 1-3% Imparts colour & hardness
Gypsum 3-4% Used as retarder
Sulphur (SO3) 1-3% Impart soundness
Alkalies 0.2-1% Used as flux & Imparts efflorescence
 Bouges
Compounds

Tri-Calcium Di-Calcium Tri-Calcium Tetra Calcium

Silicate Silicate Aluminate Alumino Ferrate
1. Tri-Calcium Silicate (45 - 65)%
• Hydration is completed with 1 week of addition of
water.
• Maximum Strength
• Early Strength in Cement
• Increases Resistance from Frost Action
2. Di-Calcium Silicate (15 - 35)%
• Hydration is completed with 1 Year of addition of
water.
• Maximum Strength after C3S
• Later on Strength in Cement
• Least Rate of Hydration
• Least Heat of Hydration
3. Tri-Calcium Aluminate (4 - 14)%
• Hydration is completed with 24 Hours of addition
of water.
• Maximum Heat of Hydration
• Early Setting in Cement
• In Excess : Reduces resistance from Sulphate Attack
4. Tetra-Calcium Alumino Ferrate (10 - 18)%
• Hydration is completed with 24 Hours of addition
of water.
• Maximum Rate of Hydration
• Least Strength in Cement
• Decreasing order of Binding Property Bogue's Composition Function
Compound
C3S > C2S > C3A > C4AF C3S (Alite) 25-50% ≈ 42% 7 days hardness
• Decreasing order of Heat of Hydration & strength
C2S (Belite) 20-45% ≈ 32% Ultimate
C3A > C3S > C4AF > C2S strength
C3A (Celite) 8-12% ≈ 11.5% Flash set
• Decreasing order of Rate of Hydration
C4AF (Felite) 6-10% ≈ 9% Poorest
C4AF > C3A > C3S > C2S cementing
value
There are two methods : Wet
Criteria Dry Process
Process
1. Dry Process
Fuel Consumption Less More
2. Wet Process Quality Inferior Superior

Cost of Production High Low

Overall Cost Costly Cheaper

Physical State Raw Mix Slurry

 IS Code (269 : 2015) 269 269 269

Characteristic OPC 33 OPC 43 OPC 53

Fineness, Minnimum 225m2/kg 225m2/kg 225m2/kg

Setting Time
Initial Setting Time , Min 30 min 30 min 30 min
Final Setting Time, Max 10 Hours 10 Hours 10 Hours
Le-Characteristic Expansion , Max 10mm 10mm 10mm

Autoclave Expansion, Max 0.8% 0.8% 0.8%

Minimum Compressive Strength

3 Day 16MPa 23MPa 27MPa
7 Day 22MPa 33MPa 37MPa
28 Day 33MPa 43MPa 53MPa
Maximum Compressive Strength
28 Day 48MPa 58MPa ------
Cement Type Setting time Use
Initial Final
Rapid Hardening 30 Min. 10 Hrs. Bridge, road maintenance or repairing
(IS:8041) work
High Alumina Cement 30 Min 5 Hrs. Precast structure, refractory bricks,
(IS: 6452) used Where chemical attacks are more
Quick Setting Cement 5 Min. 30 Min. Foundation basement, under water
structure, mass concrete raft
foundation
Low Heat Cement 60 Min. 600 Min. Mass conc. work such as Dam
IS: 12600)
Portland Pozzolana 30 Min. 600 Min. Running water structure foundation,
Cement IS:1489 P-) basement
Cement Type Setting time Use
Initial Final
Super Sulphate Portland 30 Min. 600 Min. Rcc Pipes, where Sulphate attack is
Cement IS: 6909) more, Hydraulic Structure
Sulphate Resisting Cement 30 Min. 600 Min. Sea Water Works, Sewers, Lining of
IS:12330) Canals
Portland Slag Cement (IS: 30 Min. 600 Min. Mass Concreting used as OPC
455-1989)
White Cement Coloured … … Plaster, Ceiling Ornamental works
Cement (IS:8042 Terrazzo floor
Hydrophobic Cement … … Watertight Structure in Basement
(IS:8043)
 Cement type Surface area cm2/gm Scale Whiteness (Not less than)
OPC 2250 Hunter’s 90
RHC 3250
ISI 70
PPC 3000
SRC 2250
LHC 3200
HAC 2250
SSC 4000
Hydrophobic cement 3500
 Initial
0.85P
Final Setting Time Test
Soundness test 0.78P
Compressive strength test
𝑃
After 3 days - 16 N/mm2 + 3.5 %
4
After 7 days - 22 N/mm2
Tensile strength test 𝑃
After 3 days - 2 N/mm2 + 2.5 %
5
After 7 days - 2.5 N/mm2

Required Consistency for Various Cement test at (27 ± 2°C)

1. Sieve Test

Characteristic OPC 33 OPC 43 OPC 53

Fineness , (Maximum) 10% 10% 10%

1. Unsoundness Due to Lime (Le-Chatlier’s Apparatus)
• Prepare a paste by adding 0.78 times the cement required
to give a paste of standard consistency.

• Diameter = 30mm
Characteristic OPC 33 OPC 43 OPC 53
• Height = 30mm
Le-Characteristic Expansion , Max 10mm 10mm 10mm
• Legs = 165mm

• Initial Gap = 0.5mm

 OPC 33,
Characteristic
43, 53

Autoclave Expansion, Max 0.8%

2. Unsoundness Due to Magnesia (AutoClave Apparatus)

• This test is sensitive to both lime and magnesia.

• In order to perform this test mould of size 25mm × 25 mm

× 250 mm

• Steam pressure = 21 kg/cm²

• Asbestos molecules are strongly bound together
only in one direction, whereas the lateral bond
with adjacent molecules is quite weak.

• It has very high tensile strength along the fibers.

• Average Tensile Strength = 3000 N/mm2
• Low Heat Conductivity
• Low Electric Conductivity
• High Resistance to Alkalis
• Poor Resistance to Acids
• Asbestos is used to make :
1. Sheets (A.C. sheets)
2. Boards for Roofing
3. False – Ceilings
4. Paneling, Partitions
5. Wall Linings, Door Panels
6. Sign Boards
7. Wardrobes
8. Pipes
9. Paints
Pozzolana may be defined as a siliceous material which
while itself possessing no cementitious properties.

In finely divided form, it reacts in the presence of water with lime at

normal temperatures to form compounds of low solubility having
cementitious properties.

Puzzolanas may be Natural OR Artificial

Before the advent of cement these were used with lime to make
concrete.
Currently its principal use is to replace a proportion in cement when
making concrete.
• The advantages gained are
• Economy
• Improvement in workability of concrete mix
• Reduction of bleeding
• Reduction of segregation
• Greater Imperviousness to freezing and thawing
• Greater Resistance to attack by sulphates and natural
waters.
• Reduction in Heat of Hydration

Mainly The COST is Reduced.

• Natural Pozzolana :
• Clays
• Shales

• Artificial Pozzolana :
• Fly Ash
• Ground Blast Furnace Slag
• Silica Fume
• Surkhi
• Rice Husk Ash
 Silica + Free Lime = Calcium-Silica Hydrate
(Pozzolana) (produced during (Pozzolanic Action)
Hydration of Cement)

• This contributes to development of strength.

• C-S-H is formed is a binder and fills up the space gives
• Im-Permeability
• Durability
• Increased Strength
Pozzolanic action can proceed only in the presence of water.

The optimum amount of pozzolana as

replacement for cement may normally range
10-30% .
1. Effect on Heat of Hydration
The heat of hydration of a pozzolana is same as that of low heat
cement.

2. Shrinkage
Similar to OPC Cement.

3. Strength of Concrete
Short Time : Strength Gain may be less than OPC Cement.
Long Time(3 or more months) : Similar to OPC Cement.
1. Mass Concreting
2. Dams
3. Retaining Walls
4. Masonry Mortars
5. Plasters
6. Foundation Concrete
Building mortars are mixtures used for the jointing of bricks,
stones, blocks, etc.

Mortar may be defined as a paste (capable of setting and

hardening) obtained by adding water to a mixture of fine
aggregates(Sand) and Binding Material(Cement).

Mortar
Some of the important uses of mortars are as follows:
1. Brick Masonry
2. Stone Masonry
 Type Density Aggregate
(kg/m3)
Heavy Weight > 1500 Heavy Quartz,
Sand
Light Weight < 1500 Pumice, Tuffa,
Slag
• Prepared by Cement + Sand + Water in Required
Proportions.
• Main Property :
1. High Strength
2. High Water Retention
3. But Expensive
• Cement for Walls (Brick, Stones) : OPC Cement,
Blast Furnace Slag Cement.
• Used For :
1. Plastering
2. Waterlogged Areas
3. Damp Proof Courses
• Prepared by Lime + Sand + Water in Required
Proportions.
• Main Property :
1. High Plasticity
2. Good Cohesion
3. Little Shrinkage
4. Cheaper than Cement Mortar
• Used For :
1. Plastering
2. Lightly Loaded Super Structure Building
Not Suitable for Waterlogged Areas & Damp
Locations
• Prepared by Cement + Lime + Sand + Water in
Required Proportions.
• Main Property :
1. Increased Water Retentivity
2. Workability
3. Bonding Properties
4. Frost Resistance
5. Provides Smooth Finish (Cheap)
• Used For :
1. Building – Plastering Work
• Prepared by Cement + MUD + Sand + Water in
Required Proportions.
• Main Property :
1. Improved Resistance to Water
2. Cheap
• Used For (Low Cost Strucures):
1. Plastering Work
The raw material for the manufacture of lime (CaO) is
Calcium Carbonate which is obtained by the calcination of
limestone.

The varieties of limestone commonly used in the

construction industry are
1. Tufa
2. Limestone Boulders
3. Kankar
Coral lime is claimed to be the purest source of lime.

Pure Limestone Pure lime

Dolomite Magnesia lime
Kankar Hydraulic lime
Chalk Pure lime
Gypsum Pure lime
Calcined Limestone Quick lime
Calcined Dolomite Non-hydraulic lime
Stone
Shale Pure lime
 Classification of lime as Per B.I.S. (IS :712)

1. Class A 2. Class B 3. Class C 4. Class D 5. Class E

• Eminently Hydraulic lime • Semi-hydraulic lime
• Fat lime • Magnesium Lime or • Kankar lime
• Used in Hydraulic • Use in masonry • Use in Plaster Dolomite lime • Use in masonry
Structure work and lime- work • Use in white mortar and lime-
• Compressive strength of concrete washing and concrete
28 days -28kg/cm2 • Compressive Finishing or
• Initial setting time 2 hour strength of 28 days- Plastering
• Final setting time 48 hours 17.5 kg/cm2
• Purity < 70%
• Clay Impurities > 30% in the form of Iron Oxide, Alumina, Silica
• Obtained by : Dolomite Stone
• Uses : Less Important Works
• Colour : Muddy White
• Purity = (70 – 95)%
• Clay Impurities = (5 – 30)% in the form of Iron Oxide, Alumina, Silica
• Obtained by : Kankar Stone
• Uses : Brick Masonry Works
• Colour : off - White
Item Feebly Hydraulic Moderate Eminently
description lime Hydraulic lime Hydraulic Lime
% impurities 05 to 10% 11 to 20% 21 to 30%
Slacking action Few minutes 1 or 2 hours 1 day or more
Setting action 3 week or more 1 week or more 1 days or more
Hydraulicity Feebly Moderate Eminently
Use Used for ordinary For superior Use in very
masonry work type of masonry damp places
work
• Purity > 95%
• Clay Impurities < 5 % in the form of Iron Oxide, Alumina, Silica
• Obtained by : Seashells
• Uses : White Washing, Colour Washing
• Colour : Pure White
• Glass is an amorphous substance having homogeneous
texture.

• It is a
• Hard
• Brittle
• Transparent / Translucent Material

• It is the Most Common Material glazed into

• Frames for Doors
• Windows
• The raw materials used in manufacturing glass are :
1. Sand (Silica)
2. Lime (chalks)
3. Soda or Potash
which are fused over 1000° C.

• Addition of _____ can Modify Hardness, Brilliance & Colour :

1. Iron oxide
2. Lead Oxide
3. Borax
Type Use Properties

Soda Lime Glass, Doors , Windows

Soda Ash Glass, Soda
Glass, Soft Glass
(Window Glass)
Potash Lead Glass Electric Bulb, Lenses,
(Flint Glass) Ornamental Glass Work
Bottle Glass Bottles
(Common Glass)
Borosilicate Glass Lab Equipment's, Glass Heat Resisting Glass
(Pyrex Glass) Utensils
 | SSC JE | Technical का पूरा Coverage |

Q : Which type of glass is used in the manufacture of

artificial gems, bulbs, lenses, etc?
a) Soda-lime glass Type Use
b) Special glass
c) Potash-lead glass Soda Lime Glass, Soda Ash Doors , Windows
d) Common glass Glass, Soda Glass, Soft Glass
(Window Glass)
Potash Lead Glass Electric Bulb, Lenses
(Flint Glass)
Bottle Glass Bottles
(Common Glass)
Borosilicate Glass Lab Equipment's, Glass Utensils
(Pyrex Glass)
Laminated Glass / Safety Glass
It is made by sandwiching a layer of Polyvinyl Butyral between
two or more layers of Plate or Sheet Glass.

The examples are :

1. Heat Proof Glass
2. Soundproof Glass
3. Bullet Proof Glass
Laminated Glass / Safety Glass
Heat Proof Glass
Two or more glass plates are sandwiched by a tinted plastic
inner layer.
Bullet Proof Glass
It is produced by placing Vinyl Plastic and Glass in several
alternate layers and pressing them with outer layers of glass.
Laminated Glass / Safety Glass
Insulating Glass
Reduce the heat transmission by (30–60)%
Heat Absorbing Glass
1. It is Bluish Green in Color
2. It cuts Ultraviolet Rays of sun.
3. Used in :
1. Railway Carriages
2. Factories
3. Hospitals
4. Health Clubs
5. Kitchens.
• Tiles are thin slabs of low melting clays used for various
purposes in engineering constructions.
• These give :
• Very Pleasing Appearance
• Good Service Properties
• Roofing Tiles
• Flooring Tiles
• Wall Tiles
• Partition Tiles
• Manufacturing Same as Bricks.
• Lighter & Thinner than Bricks.
• Burning Tempurature : About 1300 °C.
• Continuous Klins are Used.
• Highly Plastic Clay is Used.
 Symbol
Hand Moulded – H
1. Flat Terracing Tiles Machine Moulded - M
2. Clay Ridge & Ceiling Tiles (Mangalore Pattern)
The clay ridge and ceiling tiles are grouped as :
1. Class AA
2. Class A Tile Class AA Class A
Max. Water 18 20
Absorption (%)
It is a finely divided residue that results from the
combustion of ground or pulverized coal and is
transported from boilers by flue gases and collected by
cyclone separation or electrostatic precipitation.
The fineness of fly ash should be as high as possible.
Particle Size: (1 - 150)micron

Fly-Ash from Electrostatic Preceptor is finer than obtained

from cyclone Precipitator.

Curing Temperature = 38°C (Contributes to acceleration of

Strength in Concrete
Pulverized Fuel Ash
Ash generated by burning of ground or pulverized or
crushed coal or lignite fired boilers.
It can be :
Calcareous Fuel Ash
Pulverized Fuel Ash with reactive Calcium Oxide > 10% by
mass
Produced from : Lignite
Properties: Pozzolanic & Hydraulic Properties.
Siliceous Fuel Ash
Pulverized Fuel Ash with reactive Calcium Oxide < 10% by
mass
Produced from : Bituminous Coal
Properties: Pozzolanic Properties.
Pulverized Fuel Ash
1. Fly Ash
Pulverized fuel ash extracted from flue gases by any suitable
process such as by :
1. Cyclone Separator
2. Electro-Static Precipitator
Pulverized Fuel Ash
2. Bottom Ash
Pulverized fuel ash collected from the bottom of boilers by
any suitable process.

3. Pond Ash
Fly ash or bottom ash or both mixed in any proportion and
conveyed in the form of water slurry and deposited in pond or
lagoon.
Pulverized Fuel Ash
4. Mound Ash
Fly ash or bottom ash or both mixed in any proportion and
conveyed or carried in dry form and deposited dry.
A commercial Form of wood

Green Timber
Freshly felled timber which has not lost much of its
moisture or timber which still contains free water in its cell
cavities.
Trees are according to the mode of growth :

.
Conifers (Exogeneous Tress)
• They are Evergreen Trees
• They have pointed needle like leaves
Properties:
• Light in Colour
• Resinous
• Light Weight
• Soft Wood
Example: Deodar, Chir, Fir, Pine, etc
Deciduous (Exogeneous Tress)
• They are Evergreen Trees
• They have broad leaves
Properties:
• Dark in Colour
• Not Resinous
• Heavy Weight
• Hard Wood
Example: Shisham, Oak, Teak etc
Based on Its Position

Timber Position
Standing Living Tree
Rough A Part of a Felled Tree
Converted Logs of timber converted in
different forms.
Based on Its Modulus of Elasticity

Group Modulus of Elasticity (E)

A > 12.5 KN/m2
B ( 9.8 - 12.5 ) KN/m2
C ( 5.6 - 9.8 ) KN/m2
Based on Its Availability

Class Availability (per Year)

X Most Common (more than 1415m3 per
year)
Y Common (335m3 - 1415m3 per year)

Z Less Common (less than 355m3 per year)

Based on Its Availability

Durability Life ( in Months)

High > 120

Medium 60 – 120

Low < 60
Based on Its Seasoning

Refractory Class Properties

High A Slow & Difficult to Season-Free from
Defects
Medium B may be Seasoned free from Surface
Defects
Low C Rapidly Seasoned free from Defects
Based on Its Treatability of Heartwood

Class Properties
A Easily Treatable
B Treatable, but complete penetration of
preservative not always obtained
C Only Partially Treatable
D Refractory to Treatment
E Heartwood Very Refractory to Treatment
Medulla (Pith) The innermost part or core of the stem of a
tree
Heart wood Death portion of the tree
Sap wood Outer layers of a log of Wood
Cambiunm To growth wood cells
Bark Protect the wood against mechanical damage

Transverse septa The vascular tissue which Encloses the pith

(Medullary rays)
Annual rings A cellular tissue and woody fibre arranged in
distinct concentric circle
Seasoning of Timber
The objects of seasoning wood are as follows:
1. Reduce the shrinkage and warping.
2. Increase Strength
3. Increased Durability
4. Increased Workability
5. Reduce its tendency Decay
6. Suitable for Painting
7. Reduce its weight
Methods of Seasoning
1. Natural / Air Seasoning
The log of wood is sawn into planks of convenient sizes and
stacked under a covered shed in cross-wise direction in
alternate layers so as to permit free circulation of air.
Methods of Seasoning
2. Artificial Seasoning
There are many methods to do so :
a) Water Seasoning
b) Boiling
c) Klin Seasoning
d) Chemical Seasoning
e) Electric Seasoning
Sawing of Timber
1. Flat Sawing
2. Quarter Sawing
3. Tangential Sawing
4. Radial Sawing
Preservation of Timber
• The durability of wood is decidedly variable property. If well-
seasoned and kept in a dry place, if immersed in water, or if
buried in ground, wood often lasts for centuries.
• If Unprotected , wood can easily decay by
• Swelling (when it gets wet)
• Fungi
• Insects
• Fire, etc.
• One of the basic approaches to protect it is to create
Favorable conditions.
Examples of Preservative
Examples of Preservative

1. Water Soluble (Inside Location)

1. Zinc Chloride (Fungi)
2. Boric Acid (Borax) (Fungi)

2. Water In-Soluble
1. D.D.T (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloro-ethane)
2. Penta-Chloro-Phenol
The Timber can be further painted, polished.
Methods of Application of Preservative
Due to Abnormal Growth :
1. Checks
2. Shakes
3. Rind gall
4. Knots
5. Twisted Fibres
6. Foxiness
Checks Longitudinal cracks which normal to the annual
rings
Shakes Longitudinal separation between the Annual rings.

Star shake Wide at outside and diminish inside

Heart shake Wide at center and diminish out side

Cup shake Caused due to rupture of tissue in circular

direction. It is developed due to non uniform
growth
Ring shake When cup shake cover the entire Ring
Radial shake When timber is exposed to sun for seasoning after
being felled down
Knots These are the base of branches which are broken or
cut-off from the trees.
Rind Galls Abnormal growth swellings on the body of tree or
curved
Due to Abnormal Growth :
2. Shake
They are longitudinal separations in the wood between the
annual rings
Due to Abnormal Growth :
3. Rind Gall
• Indicates abnormal growth.
• They develop at points from where
branches are improperly cut off or
removed.
Due to Abnormal Growth :
5. Foxiness
It is sign of decay in Overmatured tree by
discoloration into reddish or yellow colour..
Due to Fungi :
1. Dry Rot
They make food by converting timber into dry powder form.
This occurs mainly when there is No ventilation of Air
Due to Fungi :
2. Wet Rot
Wet rot is caused by fungi that decompose the timber and convert it
into a grayish-brown powder form
Guava Scientific instruments
Babool Agricultural instruments
Mulberry Sports Goods
Jackfruit Musical instruments
Benteak Boa
Plywood Teak
 Stones

Geological Physical Chemical

Igneous Sedimentary Stratified Unstratified Calcareous Silicious

Metamorphic Foliated Argillaceous

Igneous Rocks Sedimentry Rocks Metamorphic
Basalt Sandstone Gneiss
Dolerite Limestone Quartzite
Trap Laterite Marble
Granite Dolomite Slate
Syenite Gypsum Schist
Gabbro Shale
Chalk
It is based upon the mode of classification:

1. Igneous / Eruptive Rocks

They are of volcanic origin and are formed as a result of
solidification of molten mass lying below or above the earth’s
surface.
They are further classified as :
It is based upon the mode of classification:

1. Igneous / Eruptive Rocks

Volcanic Rocks
These are the Rocks formed due to cooling down of magma
on the surface of the earth.
Structure : Fine Grained
Colour : Light
Example : Basalt, Trap, Pumice, Obsidian, etc.
It is based upon the mode of classification:

1. Igneous / Eruptive Rocks

Hypabyssal Rocks
These are the Rocks formed due to cooling down of magma
at shallow depth beneath the surface of the earth.
Structure : Fine Grained
Colour : Light
Example : Dolerite
It is based upon the mode of classification:

1. Igneous / Eruptive Rocks

Plutonic Rocks
These are the Rocks formed due to cooling down of magma
at Coniderable depth beneath the surface of the earth.
Structure : Coarse Grained
Colour : Dark
Example : Granite, Syenite, Gabbro, Diorite, etc.
It is based upon the mode of classification:

3. Metamorphic Rocks Original Rock Metamorphic form

Granite Gneiss
Syenite Gneiss
Sand Stone Quartzite
Lime Stone Marble
Marl Marble
Dolomite Marble
Shale Slate
Mud Stone Slate
Dolerite/Basalt Schist
Stratified Rocks Un-Stratified Rocks Foliated Rocks
Sandstone Granite Slate
Limestone Basalt Schist Non-Foliated Metamorphic
Rocks
Shale Trap Gneiss Marble

Gypsum Diorite Quartzite

Slate Dolerite
Gabbro
Syenite
Calcereous Rocks Silicious Rocks Argillaceous Rocks
Marble Granite Slate
Limestone Basalt Laterite
Dolomite Gneiss Schist
Gypsum Syenite
Trap
Sandstone
Syenite
The process of obtaining stones for Engineering activities is called
Quarrying.
Methods of Quarrying:
1. Excavation : Stones buried in earth or under loose overburden are
excavation..
2. Wedging : This method of quarrying is suitable for costly, soft and
stratified rocks such as sandstone, limestone, laterite, marble and
slate.
3. Heating : It is most suitable for quarrying small, thin and regular
blocks of stones from rocks, such as granite and gneiss.
4. Blasting : Explosives such as blasting powder, blasting cotton,
dynamite and cordite are used.
The process of obtaining stones for Engineering activities is called
Quarrying.

Blasting Powder (Gun Powder)

Composition : Sulphur (15%), Saltpetre (65%), Charcoal (20%)
Characteristics : Cheap, Great Lifting Power, Easily Ignited.
Suitable : Quarrying of Stones

Dynamite
Composition : Nitro-Glycerine (95%), Sandy Earth (25%)
Characteristics : Most Powerful Explosive, Unsuitable for Cold
Climates, Sensitive to Shocks.
Suitable : Bore Holes, Quarrying of Stones
The process of giving a proper size, shape and finish to the roughly
broken stones as obtained from the quarry.

Objective :
1. Reduced Size
2. Proper Shape
3. Better Appearance
4. Increased Resistant to Weathering
A freshly cut stone carries some natural moisture known as quarry
sap making it soft and workable.

The stone becomes :

1. Harder
2. Compact
3. Weather Resistant
Time Required : 6 to 12 months
Type of Test Determine for
Abrasion Test (By Dorry Testing Machine) Wearing Resistance
Attrition Test (By Deval Testing Machine) Rate of wearing resistance
Crushing Strength Test (By C.T.M) Compressive strength
Smith's Test Soluble Matter / Muddy matter
Brard's Test Frost resistance
Acid Test Weather resistance
Crystallization Test Durability
Hardness Test (Moh's Scale) Hardness
Impact Test Toughness
Water Absorption Test 5% for good stone
 Friction Factor Type of Rock
Dorry Testing Machine Test- 0-14 Soft rock
14-17 Medium hard
> 17 Hard rock

Toughness coefficient Toughnes

Impact Test- 19 or More Very tough
16t o 17 Moderate tough
16 or below Poor tough

Friction Co-efficient Quality of Stones

2% Good
Attrision Test-
3% Medium
5% or More Useless
 Talc 1 Scratched
Hardness Test Gypsum 2 by the finger nail
This test is performed by scratching a Calcite 3 Scratched
stone with a knife. Fluorite 4 by
Apatite 5 knife
Feldspar 6 Scarcely scratched
Quartz 7 by knife
Topaz 8 Not scratched
Corundum 9 by
Diamond 10 Knife
 Name of Rock Use
Granite Railway ballast, Roofing,
Abutment, Pier and Sea walls
Marble Ornamental work
Lime-Stone Manufacture of cement
Slate Flooring, roofing
Quartzite Retaining wall
Basalt Marine work, Rubble masonry
Kankar Manufacture of Hydraulic lime
The Different ingredients of paint are:
Constituents Example Role
Base White Lead, Red Bulk of Paint,
Lead, Lithophone Opaqueness
Vehcile/ Carrier / Poppy Oil, Tung Oil, Keeps Constituents
Binder Linseed Oil, Nut Oil, in Suspension
Stand Oil

Pigment Zinc Oxide, Coper Provides Colour

Sulphate
Solvent / Thinner Turpentine , Naptha, Spreading in larger
Benzene Area
Drier Litharge Drying the Paint
Quickly.
Types of paints Base Vehicle Use
Aluminium Aluminum Sprit or Oil Painting in
Paint powder Varnish Poles, Tower,
Metal Roofs

Asbestos / Asbestos - Stopping

Fire proof paint minerals leakage in
sloppy roofs,
painting of
gutters etc.
Types of paints Base Vehicle Use
Bituminous Natural Asphalt Mineral High Water
Paint or Residual spirit or Resistance
Bitumen Neptha
Plastic Paint Plastic powder Water Interiors Of
auditorium
Showrooms and
offices.
Cellulose Paint Methyl or Petrolium Painting cars, ships
Ethyl Cellulose And aeroplanes
Types of Base Vehicle Use
paints
Cement Paint White or Water Exterior
[IS:5410] Colored surface of
cement Building

Enamel Paint White Zinc, Varnish Acid

White Lead resistance,
alkalis & water
proof
The Different ingredients of paint are:

Vehcile :
Linseed Oil : Most Common , Clear, Transparent, Odourless
Stand Oil : Dries Slowly, Provides Durable & Shining Surface
Tung Oil : Superior Quality Paints
Poppy Oil : Provides Long Last Colour
Nut Oil : Ordinary Works
The Different ingredients of paint are:

Vehicle :
Litharge: Lead Oxide is Commonly used
Red Lead : Best for Prime Coat over Steel & Metals
Varnish is a nearly homogeneous solution of resin in oil, alcohol
or turpentine.
Varnishes provide a protected coating and gloss to the surface
and intensify the wood grains.

The objects of varnishing are :

1. Brighten the appearance of the Gains
2. Render brilliancy
3. Batter Resistance to atmospheric actions
 Type of Resin Used Solvent Use & Property
Varnish
Oil Varnish Amber, Copal Boiled Linseed Oil Interior & Exterior Works Both
Most Durable
Spirit Varnish Lac, Shellac Methylated Spirit (Alcohol) Easily affected by Weathering
Action
Only used for Interior Works
(French Polish)
Not Durable
Water Varnish Shellac Hot water Map & Pictures

Asphalt Asphalt Linseed Oil (with some Fabricated Steel Works

Varnish Turpentine )
Bitumen is a Non-Crystalline solid or viscous material derived
from petroleum, by natural or refinery process and substantially
soluble in Carbon Di-Sulphide

Solid Form – Asphalt

Semi Fluid Form – Mineral Tar

Color - Black or Brown

 Bitumen Tar

It is a hydrocarbon which is It is obtained from natural

manufactured from the organic material such as wood
fractional distillation of and coal by destructive
petroleum. distillation.

It is soluble in CS2 and

It is soluble in toluene
CCl4

It is more resistant to water It has less water resistant.

It has less temperature It is more susceptible to

susceptibility. temperature.
Less free carbon content More free carbon content
1
2

3
4
Bitumen Emulsion Use: Tack coat for bituminous
pavements.

Blown Bitumen : It is obtained by passing air under pressure

at a higher temperature through the bitumen.
Use:
1. Heat Insulating Materials
2. Damp Proofing Work
Cut - Back Bitumen :
• It is obtained by fluxing asphaltic bitumen in presence of
some suitable liquid distillates of coal tar or petroleum.
• Use:
1. Road construction
2. Soil Stabilization (2-4%).
Plastic Bitumen :
• It consists of bitumen, thinner and a suitable inert filler.
• The amount of inert filler is about 40 to 45 per cent.
• Use :
1. Filling Cracks in masonry structures
2. For Stopping Leakage
It is dark viscous liquid produced by destructive distillation of
organic material such as :

• Depending upon the source of origin it is classified as

1. Coal Tar
2. Wood Tar
WOOD TAR
• It is obtained by the destructive distillation of resinous wood
(pine, etc.).
Grade of TAR USE
Surface Painting in
RT-1
Aggressive Conditions
Surface Painting in
RT-2
Normal Conditions
RT-3 Renewal of Coats
RT-4 Base Courses
RT-5 Grouting