Harvard Style Guide June 2022

London Metropolitan University
Harvard Referencing Guide
Library Services
June 2022
londonmet.ac.uk/library
1
Contents Page
What is referencing? 6
What are in-text citations and reference lists? 6
Disclaimer 8
Basics of Harvard referencing
One author 9
Two or three authors/editors 9
Four or more authors/editors 9
Corporate author or organisation as author 10
No author 10
No author or title 10
Two or more works of an author published
in the same year 11
Author citing another author (secondary citing) 11
No date 11
Multiple sources 12
Referencing different types of sources

Books and journal articles, newspaper and magazine articles, academic posters:
Books, including printed, e-books, comic books
and graphic novels 12
Edited books 13
Book chapters in edited books 13
E-books downloaded to an e-book reader 14
Academic Journal articles – print and electronic 14
Newspaper or magazine articles 15
Academic or Conference poster 16
Lines within plays 16
Translated books 17
Theses, dissertations and conferences:
2
Theses and dissertations from the internet 17
Published conference papers/proceedings 17
Individual conference papers 18
Government and international organisation publications:

Acts of Parliament 19
Government Command Papers
(Green and White Papers) 19
Government Departmental publications 20
Guidelines from health, government
departments and organisations 21
Statistics 21
Publications from international organisations 22
Law Reports
Law Reports 22
(Not applicable for Law Degree references,
please use OSCOLA referencing style)
Business resources:
Company annual reports and financials 23
Company financial reports from databases 24
Company financial reports from a terminal
e.g., Bloomberg 24
Market research and industry reports
from a database 25
Country profiles/reports from a database 26
Statistics from Statista 26
Internet resources:
Web pages and websites 26
Blogs and vlogs 27
Videos on the internet 28
Emails and other personal communication 28
3
Emails/messages sent to a discussion list 29
Social Media
Facebook, Facebook Messenger, Instagram,
Twitter, WhatsApp, Snapchat etc. 29
Podcasts 30
Lectures and lecture materials:

Lectures, class handouts, PowerPoint presentations
in class in WebLearn or other VLEs 31
Online lectures, webinars, presentations or
videoconferences 31
Visual resources:
Book and article illustrations, diagrams, logos,
tables or graphs 32
Online illustrations, diagrams, logos, tables or
graphs 33
Installations or exhibits 33
Paintings or drawings 34
Photographs – prints or slides 35
Posters in an exhibition 36
Poster copy of an original artwork 36
Sculptures 36
Exhibition catalogues 37
Captions for images copied from print
sources 37
Captions for images copied from online
sources 38
Captions for images created by yourself 38
Interviews:
Interviews online 39
Television, film, video and radio resources:
4
Television programmes 40
Episode from television programmes 40
Television Programmes viewed via
streaming services 41
Films viewed via streaming services 41
Films reissued on DVD/Blu-ray 41
Online video sharing services 42
Radio programmes heard on the internet 42
Computer and digital resources:

Computer programs, desktop and web apps 43
Mobile Apps 43
Video and computer games 44
Index of different types of resources 45
5
What is referencing?
 Referencing is the process of acknowledging your sources. Sources include

anything you take information from, e.g., books, journals, magazines, newspa-
pers, websites, lectures, legislation, maps, television, and radio programmes,
works of art, etc.
 By referencing your sources, you are demonstrating to your tutors the breadth
of your research and reinforcing your own arguments. Using a wide range of
sources is excellent academic practice and is certainly not a sign of weak-
ness!
 Referencing enables your tutors and anyone else reading your work to check
your sources and follow up information for themselves.
 Failure to reference correctly, or worse still, not to reference at all, may lead to
accusations of plagiarism (using other people's ideas, words, and research as
if they were your own). Plagiarism is a serious offence at university and may
lead to disciplinary action.
What are in-text citations and reference lists?
Harvard referencing consists of two parts:
1. In-text citation
 The author - surname/family name only no initials - and year of publication ap-
pear in brackets immediately after the idea, information or quote you are referring
to in your work,
e.g.: Political reform is needed (Kruger, 2007).
 You need to include the page number in your text when you quote directly from a
source,
e.g.: For some, ‘going green’ is driven by the prospect of ‘pocketing substantial
government subsidies’ (Lawson, 2009, p. 118).
 Where the author’s name appears at the start of your essay, you do not need to
put the name in brackets.
e.g.: Luke (2008) highlights the importance of business-to-business pressure.
 When a page number is required use p. then the page number. If 2 or more
pages use pp. then the page numbers, e.g.: Swetnam (2004, p. 95) argues that
‘consistency’ is of the utmost importance in referencing.
6
2. A reference list
 This appears at the end of your assignment giving full publication details for all
the sources you used.
 Your sources should be one complete list, in alphabetical order by author/organ-

isation name in your reference list, e.g.:
Reference list example

Beresford, P. and Andrews, E. (2012) Caring for our future: what service users say.
Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/caring-our-future-what-service-users-say
(Accessed: 28 November 2021).
Bradshaw, J. (ed.) (2016) The well-being of children in the UK. 4th edn. Bristol:
Policy Press.
Carrabine, E., Cox, P., Fussey, P., Hobbs, D., South, N., Thiel, D. and Turton, J.
(2014) Criminology: a sociological introduction. 3rd edn. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Dalli, C. (2011) ‘A curriculum of open possibilities: a New Zealand kindergarten
teacher’s view of professional practice’, Early Years: an International Journal of Re-
search and Development, 31(3), pp. 229-243. doi: 10.1080/09575146.2011.604841.
Drake, J. (2014) Planning for children’s play and learning: meeting children’s needs
in the later stages of the EYFS. 4th edn. London: Routledge.
Humphrey, N. (2008) 'Including pupils with autistic spectrum disorders in mainstream
schools', Support for Learning, 23(1), pp. 41-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-
9604.2007.00367.x.
Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2021) UK poverty 2020/21: The leading independent
report. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/uk-poverty-2020-21 (Accessed: 10
October 2021).
Keung, A, (2016) ‘Education’ in Bradshaw, J. (ed.) The well-being of children in the
UK. 4th edn. Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 149-179.
Ministry of Justice and Youth Justice Board for England and Wales (2021) Youth
Justice statistics: 2019 to 2020. Available at:
https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/youth-justice-statistics-2019-to-2020 (Ac-
cessed: 2 November 2021).
Obama, B. (2017) ‘Barack Obama sheds tears as he says goodbye to White House’
[Speech]. 5News, 11 January. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=jjsdHt_BwI4 (Accessed: 20 April 2020).
Whitaker, P. (2007) ‘Provision for youngsters with autistic spectrum disorders in
mainstream schools: what parents say and what parents want’, British Journal of
Special Education, 34, pp. 70–178. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8578.2007.00473.x.
Notes:
(Accessed: date)
7
When using (Accessed: date) for some online sources, always write out the date in
full e.g.: 3 August 2021. Do not abbreviate e.g.: 3/8/21.
Acronyms:
Organisations, departments, international institutions’ acronyms are useful, as it
helps ease your word count.
 If you use the same organisational source multiple times in your work, it might be
useful to abbreviate the organisations name. Check that the abbreviation is ac-
ceptable and in common use – do not make it up.
 In your in-text citation, write the organisation’s name out in full then, in round
brackets, the initials e.g.: Department for Education (DfE), United Nations Human
Rights Office of the Commissioner (OHCHR), at the first mention of the source in
your work. For the second and subsequent mentions, you can use the acronyms/
initials only in your in-text citation e.g.: (DfE, 2021). In the reference list, write out
the full name and include the acronym in round brackets, regardless of how many
mentions of that organisation.
Disclaimer
There is no definitive version of the Harvard system of referencing. This guide
provides advice based on the style in the book: Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019)
Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 11th edn. London: Red Globe Press,
available in print and as an e-book. Check with your tutor to confirm the Harvard ref-
erencing requirements for your work.
8
Basics of Harvard Referencing
One author/editor
In-text citation example:

From a survey of twenty-four American museums, Chhabra (2009, p. 315) observes
that ‘almost all the marketing plans failed to emphasize the need to build relation-
ships with the local community with an objective to benefit them’.
Reference list example:
Chhabra, D. (2009) ‘Proposing a sustainable marketing framework for heritage tour-
ism’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(3), pp. 303-320. doi:
10.1080/09669580802495758
Two or three authors/editors

When translating legal texts, ambiguities in the language pose a key challenge
(Hjort-Pedersen and Faber, 2001).
Hjort-Pedersen, M. and Faber, D. (2001) ‘Lexical ambiguity and legal translation: A
discussion’, Multilingua, 20(4), pp. 379-392. doi: 10.1515/mult.2001.008.
Tips:
 List all authors in the in-text citation and reference list.
 Use and not & in your in-text citation and your reference list.
Four or more authors/editors

Macaro et al. (2014) show that …
Macaro, E., Nakatani, Y., Hayashi, Y. and Khabbazbashi, N. (2014) ‘Exploring the
value of bilingual language assistants with Japanese English as a foreign language
learners’, Language Learning Journal, 42(1), pp. 41-54. doi:
10.1080/09571736.2012.678275.
Tips:
 If you have four or more authors, list the first author’s surname followed by et al.
(this is Latin for ‘and others’) in the in-text citation.
 In the reference list, you must list all the authors’ names.
9
 Use and not & in your reference list
Corporate author or organisation as corporate author
In-text citation:
Poverty is defined as ‘when your resources are well below your minimum needs’
(Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2020).
Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2020) What is poverty? Available at:
https://www.jrf.org.uk/our-work/what-is-poverty (Accessed: 13 July 2020).
Tips:
 Sometimes an organisation or company is responsible for the work. Use the or-
ganisation as the author if there is not an individual author named – this is often
referred to as a corporate author.
 Look at the copyright information to find the name of the corporate author if ne-
cessary.
No author
Tips:
 If the author/editor is anonymous or cannot be identified, do not use the term
‘anon’. Instead, use the title of the work (or URL if a website) and date in your in-
text citation.
 You should carefully assess the credibility of any source which does not have
an identifiable author.
No author or title
Tips:
 If a resource has no identifiable author or title, you should be cautious about us-
ing it for your academic work as you must be able to trust the credibility of all
your sources.
 Check with your academic liaison librarian if you are unsure of the validity of your
source.
Two or more works by the same author published in the same year
To make the distinction between sources published by the same author in the same
year, use lowercase letters in alphabetical order after the year of publication.
10
Vighi and Feldner (2007a; 2007b) examine Zizek’s critique of Foucault’s discourse
analysis.
Vighi, F. and Feldner, H. (2007a) ‘Ideology critique or discourse analysis? Zizek
against Foucault’, European Journal of Political Theory, 6(2), pp. 141-159. doi:
10.1177/1474885107074347.
Vighi, F. and Feldner, H. (2007b) Zizek: beyond Foucault. Basingstoke: Palgrave
MacMillan.
Author citing another author (Secondary citing)

Children influence family purchases through ‘pester power’ (Evans and Toth, 2003,
cited in McCarthy and McCarthy, 2007, p.2).
McCarthy, M. and McCarthy, P. (2007) ‘Parents’ perceptions of pork sausages as a
meal solution’, Journal of Food Products Marketing, 13(4), pp. 1-22. doi: 10.1300/
J038v13n04_01.
Tips:
 If you have only read the work that cites the original author, you should only in-
clude these details in your reference list.
 If possible, find and read the cited work. If you have done so you should then cite
and reference both works fully.
No date
Tips:
 If there is no date, think about the reliability or any undated information you use
for your assignments.
 Search the source carefully for a year of publication. It is not always in the place
you expect it to be.
 As a very last resort, if there is no publication date then use the term ‘no date’ in-
stead of the year, e.g., (Smith, no date, p. 52). Check with your academic liaison
librarian regarding the credibility of using a source without a date.
Multiple sources in your in-text citation
11
Recent studies discussed the benefits and limitations of using social media within the
tourism industry (Teles da Mota and Pickering, 2020; Mele, Kerkhof and Cantoni,
2021).
Tips:
 These multiple in-text citations must only be for sources you have read and are
citing in your work. These are not to be used for secondary citing see section
Author citing another author (Secondary citing).
 Use the semi-colon; to clearly separate multiple sources in your in-text citation.
 Always list the sources in year order, with the earliest year first.
Referencing different types of sources
Books and journal articles, newspaper and magazine articles, academic posters
Books, including printed, e-books, comic books, and graphic novels
Information required for printed or e-book:

Author (Year) Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

The history of feminist film theory can be seen in the context of its relationship to the
wider theoretical fields of post-structuralism and psychoanalysis (McCabe, 2004).
McCabe, J. (2004) Feminist film studies: writing the woman into cinema. London:
Wallflower.
If a book has a later edition - Reference list example:
Stuart-Hamilton, I. (2012) The psychology of ageing: an introduction. 5th edn. Lon-
don: Jessica Kingsley.
Tips:
 To find the date of publication, the publisher and the place of publication, look on
the back of the main title page. You can also find this information on the library
catalogue.
 You only need to mention the edition if it is not the first edition. Abbreviate edition
to edn. For example, if the book is the second edition, write 2nd edn. after the
title in your reference list.
 E-books that are identical to printed books with the same publication details, edi-
tion and page numbers should be referenced in the same way as the printed
book. Do not include the e-book URL or doi.
12
 If more than one place of publication or, more than one publisher is listed, use the
UK publishers details. If item is not published in the UK, use the details of the first
on the list or the one that is highlighted.
Edited books
Information required:
Editor (ed.) (Year) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

Social control and social policy have varying effects on the disadvantaged in our so-
ciety (Harrison and Sanders, 2014).
Harrison, M. and Sanders, T. (eds.) (2014) Social policies and social control: new
perspectives on the ‘not-so-big society’. Bristol: Policy Press.
Book chapter in edited books
Chapter author (Year) ‘Title of chapter’, in Book editor (ed.) Title of book. Place of
publication: Publisher, page numbers.

Isaacs (2014, p. 46) points out that using ‘household income to measure poverty’ is
not the only way to identify poverty.
Isaacs, S. (2014) ‘Poverty’, in Isaacs, S., Blundell, D., Foley, A., Ginsberg, N., Mc-
Donough, B., Silverstone, D and Young, T. (eds.), Social problems in the UK. New
York: Routledge, pp.46-69.
Tips:
 When citing a chapter, use the publication date of the book.
 Remember to put in before the editor(s) details of the book the chapter is in.
 Remember to include the page numbers of the chapter in your reference list.
E-books downloaded to an e-book reader
E-books downloaded to personal e-book readers (e.g., Kindle, Kobo, Sony, smart-
phones and tablets) may not have the same pagination as the printed book, or pa-
gination may not be available. In your reference list you should provide details of
13
where you downloaded the e-book from and the download/access date and location
details if they are available.
Author (Year) Title of book. Edition (if not first). DOI (digital object identifier) or Avail-
able at: URL. (Accessed: date).

Goffman (1986) analyses the effects of stigmatisation on persons with physical dis-
abilities and those who are deemed societal outsiders.
Goffman, E. (1986) Stigma: notes on the management of spoilt identity. Available at:
http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks. (Accessed: 18 May 2020).
Tips:
 You should use the year the e-book version was published.
 If the e-book reader does not provide page numbers, to identify directly quoted
text use either loc., or %, chapter/page/paragraph, e.g.: (Goffman, 1986, loc 876)
or (Goffman, 1986, chapter 1, 7%).
Academic journal articles
All journal articles should be referenced in this format, whether in print or electronic
articles (from databases, Google Scholar, online collections, other e-formats etc). If a
DOI (digital object identifier) is available for an article you should include it at the end
of the reference. Including journal articles from your reading lists in WebLearn.
Author (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume(issue), page numbers. doi: (if
available).
Knight, O’Connell and Brannen (2018) reveal the multi-layered experiences of young
people facing food poverty.
Knight, A, O’Connell, R. and Brannen, J. (2018) ‘Eating with friends, family or not at
all: young people’s experiences of food poverty in the UK’, Children and Society,
32(3), pp. 185-194. doi: 10.1111/chso.12264.
Tips:
 The journal title must be in italics. Capitalise first letter of each word except link-
ing words, and, of for, the.
14
 Some journals use the month or season of publication, or just a number instead
of the volume and issue numbers. Enter these details after the journal title in your
reference list.
 Include the doi: if available. A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique string of
numbers and letters used to tag online journal articles. It enables the reference to
be found more easily but does not guarantee full text access to the article.
 Check to see if journal articles you find on the internet have been peer-reviewed,
or reviewed by academics or experts in the field, which will ensure they are
quality sources to use in your academic work.
 If an online article does not have a volume or part/issue number or page num-
bers, you can omit them from your reference.
Newspaper or Magazine articles
Author (year) ‘Title of article’. Title of Newspaper or Magazine, day and month of art-
icle, page numbers (if given). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Outsourcing is having an adverse effect on the services provided by the NHS
(Chand, 2014).
Chand, K. (2014) ‘Privatisation is ripping the NHS from our hands’, The Guardian, 4
August. Available at:
http://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2014/aug/06/privatisation-ripping-
nhs-from-our-hands (Accessed: 11 August 2020).
Coaston, J. (2019) ‘The intersectionality wars’, The Vox, 28 May. Available at:
https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/5/20/18542843/intersectionality-
conservatism-law-race-gender-discrimination (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
Tips:
 When citing a newspaper or magazine article, consider how you can evaluate
the article’s accuracy and academic value.
 Newspaper or magazine title must be in italics. Capitalise first letter of each word
except linking words, and, of, for, the.
 Where no author is given, use the format: Title of newspaper or magazine (Year)
‘Title of article’, day and month, page numbers.
 If the source is a printed newspaper omit Available at: and (Accessed: date).
Academic or Conference Poster

Author, (year) Title [Conference Poster]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
15
In-text citation: (Beattie and Patel, 2018).
Beattie, J and Patel, B. (2018) Visible-light-promoted synthesis of pyrrolo-
quinoxalines [Conference Poster]. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325428314_Visible-light-
promoted_synthesis_of_pyrroloquinoxalines (Accessed: 25 November 2021).
Tip:
 If not online add Exhibited at: location and date(s) of conference.
Lines within plays
Author (Year) Play title. Edition information. Place of publication: Publisher, Act.
Scene: line.
‘All lost, to prayers, to prayers! all lost!’ (Shakespeare, 1921, 1.1: 51).
Shakespeare, W. (1921) The Tempest. Edited by Quiller-Couch, A. and Wilson, J. D.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1.1: 51.
16
Translated books
Author (Year of translated publication) Title of book. Translated from original lan-
guage by translator name. Place of publication: Publisher.
In describing the language of narrative, Barthes (1994) …
Barthes, R. (1994) The semiotic challenge. Translated from the French by R.
Howard. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Tip:
 The year and publisher are the year/publisher of the translated text, not the ori-
ginal work.
Theses, dissertations and conference papers
Theses and dissertations from the internet
Author (Year) Title of thesis. Type of degree thesis. Awarding Institution. Available
at: URL (Accessed: date).
In-text citation:
Allison (2016) highlighted the challenging experiences of lone parents ...
Allison, H. (2016) ‘But you’ve done well, haven’t you’?: an exploration of the educa-
tional and social experiences of lone parent students in higher education. Doctoral
thesis. London Metropolitan University. Available at:
http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1250/ (Accessed: 11 August 2020).
Published conference papers/proceedings
Author/editor (Year) Title of conference/proceedings: subtitle. Location of confer-
ence, date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher.
17
The conference (Demeyer, Binkley and Ricca, 2014) …
Demeyer, S., Binkley, D. and Ricca, F. (eds.) (2014) Software evolution week: IEEE
conference on software maintenance, reengineering and reverse engineering: pro-
ceedings. Antwerp, Belgium, 3-6 February. doi: 10.1109/CSMR-WCRE32813.2014.
Tips:
 Some conference/proceeding papers do not have a place of publication, espe-
cially if in an e-book, this can be omitted if not available.
 If accessed online doi or Available at: URL (Accessed: date) can be used in-
stead of Place of publication and Publisher.
Individual conference papers
Author (Year) ‘Title of paper’, Title of conference proceedings, Location of confer-
ence, date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, page details of paper.
Roy, Zibran and Koschke (2014) highlighted the …
Roy, C. K., Zibran, M. F. and Koschke, R. (2014) ‘The vision of software clone man-
agement: past, present, and future (Keynote paper)’ Software evolution week: IEEE
conference on software maintenance, reengineering, and reverse engineering, pp.
18-33. doi: 10.1109/CSMR-WCRE.2014.6747168.
Tips:
 If available online use doi: or Available at: URL (Accessed: date), as in the ex-
ample
 Remember to add the pages details (if available), before the doi:
18
Government, international organisation publications and law reports:
Acts of Parliament
Title of Act in full including the year, chapter number. Available at: URL (Accessed:
date).
Recent legislation (Children and Families Act 2014) …
Children and Families Act 2014, c. 6. Available at:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/6/contents/enacted (Accessed: 12 August
2021).
If you are referring to a section of the Act, e.g., part 3 and section 19 written as 3(19)
In-text citation:
As set out in section 3(19) … (Children and Families Act 2014).
Tips:
 The in-text citation uses the title of the Act in italics
 Use a small c. to indicate chapter
 Since the year is already part of the title there is no need to include the year in
round brackets in the in-text citation or reference list.
 If you are referencing a document from more than one country, add the country/
jurisdiction in round brackets, after the title, followed by, Available at: URL (Ac-
cessed: date).
Government Command Papers including Green and White Papers
Department (year) Title of report or paper, (Command paper number). Place of pub-
lication: Publisher. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
The recent White paper on skills sets out to reinforce links between employers and
further education providers (Department for Education, 2021)
Reference list examples:
Department for Education (2021) Skills for jobs: lifelong learning for opportunity and
growth, (CP338). London: Department for Education. Available at:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/skills-for-jobs-lifelong-learning-for-
opportunity-and-growth (Accessed: 12 August 2021).
19
Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government (2018) Building a safer fu-
ture: independent review of the building regulations and fire safety: Final report, (Cm
9607). London: Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government Available
at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/
attachment_data/file/707798/Building_a_Safer_Future_-_print.pdf (Accessed: 30
April 2020).
Tip:
 Command Paper numbering: 'Cm 1' ran from November 1986 to 'Cm 9756'
December 2018). The current series, the seventh, began with 'CP 1' in January
2019.
 If document is available in print only, omit Available at: and (Accessed: date).
Government Departmental publications
Name of government department (year) Title. (Series, if applicable). Available at:
URL (Accessed: date).
Information on Apprenticeship reforms is outlined in a recent government report (De-
partment for Education, 2020) …
Department for Education (2020) Progress report on the Apprenticeships Reform
Programme. Available at:
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/
attachment_data/file/883065/
Progress_report_on_the_apprenticeships_reform_programme_2020.pdf (Accessed:
13 August 2020).
Tip:
 If document is available in print only replace Available at: and (Accessed: date),
with, Place of publication: Publisher.
20
Guidelines from health, government departments and organisations
Author (year) Title Series or document number (if available). Available at: (Accessed:
date).
In-text citation:
Recent guidance on endometriosis (NICE, 2017) gives clear instructions on the man-
agement and treatment of the condition.
NICE (2017) Endometriosis: diagnosis and management. NG73. Available at:
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng73. (Accessed: 27 November 2021).
Tip:
 If printed document, replace available at and Accessed: date with, Place of pub-
lication: Publisher.
Statistics
Author/Corporate author/Department (year) Title of statistics: subheading. Available
Recent research shows that obesity increased 13% between the ages 16-24
(Moody, 2020).
Moody, A. (2020) Health survey for England 2019: Overweight and obesity in adults
and children. Available at: https://files.digital.nhs.uk/9D/4195D5/HSE19-Overweight-
obesity-rep.pdf (Accessed: 30 November 2021).
Tips:
 If statistics from statistical package Statista replace URL details with,
Statista
 If statistics compiled or authored by named person use the named person
as author.
 If there is no named person, use corporate author/government department.
21
Publications from international organisations
Name of organisation or institution (Year) Title. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
This summary of the UNCRC sets out the four core principles governing the human
rights of every child under 18 years (United Nations Human Rights Office of the High
Commissioner, 1989).
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (1989) The United
Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Available at:
https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx (Accessed: 22 April
2020).
United Nations (2021) Demographic yearbook of the United Nations, 2021 vol.71.
Available at: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dybsets/
2020.pdf (Accessed: 30 November 2021).
Tip:
 If the publication is a printed copy omit Available at: and Accessed: date and re-
place with Place of publication: Publisher.
Law Reports
Law Reports (not applicable for Law Degree references, please use
OSCOLA referencing style)
Pre-2002: cases
‘Case name’ (year) Title of law report volume number, page numbers.
In-text citation:
‘R v Chalk (2002) …
‘R v Chalk’ (2002) All England Reporter (D) 509. Available at: LexisLibrary
(Accessed: 30 November 2021).
Post 2002: cases with neutral citations
‘Name of parties in case’ (year) Court and case number Database or website Avail-
able at: (Accessed: date).
22
In-text citation:
‘J v The Foundation Trust and others’ (2009) …
‘J v The Foundation Trust and others’ (2009) England and Wales High Court, 2972
(Fam). LexisNexis. Available at: LexisLibrary (Accessed: 30 November 2021).
Tip:
 For help with decoding Law reports see the British and Irish Legal Information In-
stitute (BAILII) http://www.bailii.org/bailii/citation.html
Business sources
Company annual reports and financials
Corporate author, company name or organisation (Year) Title of report. Available at:
In their recent annual report and financial statement, Tesco (2021) outlined their
business strategy for the next year.

Despite last year’s difficulties ‘customer perception of the brand improved’ and future
focus will be online based (Tesco, 2021, p.5).

Tesco Plc (2021) Tesco annual report and financial statements 2021. Available at:
https://www.tescoplc.com/investors/reports-results-and-presentations/annual-report-
2021/ (Accessed: 22 September 2021)
Tip:
 If you are citing a printed publication of the report, replace Available at: URL (Ac-
cessed: date) with: Place of publication: Publisher.
23
Company financial reports from databases
Publishing organisation (Year of publication/last update) Report title. Available at:
Greggs Plc’s net income for reporting year 2020 dropped 30% on the previous year
(Bureau Van Dijk, 2021).
Bureau van Dijk (2021) Greggs Plc company report. Available at:
https://fame.bvdinfo.com/version-2021825/fame/1/Companies/Report (Accessed: 22
September 2021).
Tip:
 BVD publishes ‘Financial Analysis Made Easy’ (FAME) database, accessed via
the library catalogue.
In text citation example:
Marks and Spencer increased their share of Ocado retail as a strategy to improve
their online grocery service in 2021 (Marketline, 2021).
Marketline Company Profile (2021) Marks and Spencer Group plc: company profile.
Available at: http://0-search.ebscohost.com.emu.londonmet.ac.uk (Accessed: 22
September 2021).
Tip:
 Marketline reports are available via Business Source Complete database ac-
cessed via the library catalogue.
Company financial reports from a terminal e.g., Bloomberg

Publishing organisation (Year) Title of report. Available at: database/terminal name.
(Accessed: date).
Apple Inc’s shares rose 19% in the last six months from April 2021 to September
2021 showing a return to form since early 2020 (Bloomberg, 2021)
Reference example:
Bloomberg (2021) Apple Inc share prices six months April to September 2021. Avail-
able at: Bloomberg (Accessed: 23 September 2021).
Tip:
24
 For data obtained from standalone databases not available online (such as
Bloomberg), use the database name rather than the URL in your reference.
Market research and industry reports from a database

Corporate author (Year) Title of report. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
The latest fashion consumer report from Mintel (2021) describes Gen X and older
consumers as having an increasing interest in ‘upcycling raw materials’ over the last
two years from 2020 to 2021.
Mintel Group (2021) Fashion and sustainability-UK. Available at: https://0-reports-
mintel-com.emu.londonmet.ac.uk/display/1097503/?highlight#hit1 (Accessed: 22
September 2021)

New companies producing health drinks such as fruit, iced teas and coffees are still
too small to be a threat to the large soft drinks’ producers in the UK (Marketline,
2020).
Marketline (2020) Carbonated Soft Drinks Industry Profile: United Kingdom, pp. 1–
36. Available at: http://0-search.ebscohost.com.emu.londonmet.ac.uk/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=bth&AN=142139415&site=ehost-live (Accessed: 18 August 2020).
Tips:
 The corporate author is the name of the organisation or company responsible
for the report. The corporate author is sometimes, but not always, the same as
the database name.
 Look at the copyright information to find the name of the corporate author.
25
Country profiles/reports from a database
Corporate author/organisation (Year) Title of profile/report. Available at: URL (Ac-
cessed: date).
Ghana needs to improve its transport infrastructure in order to increase trade, so the
government needs to find investment to increase road building over the next ten
years (Euromonitor, 2021).
Euromonitor (2021) Business Dynamics: Ghana, Country Report. Available at:
https://0-www-portal-euromonitor-com.emu.londonmet.ac.uk/portal/analysis/tab
(Accessed: 22 September 2021).
Statistics from Statista

Author/Corporate author/Department (year) Title of statistics: subheading. Available
at: Statista (Accessed: date).
The population of Islington is 248,115 (Office of National Statistics, 2021)
Office of National Statistics (2021) Population of London in 2020, by borough. Avail-
able at: Statista (Accessed: 30 November 2021).
Internet resources
Web pages and Websites
The sources referred to here are to websites and web pages from individuals and or-
ganisations. Sources are usually, but not always, substantial documents.
Be aware - information sources found on the web does not relate to authors or or-
ganisations academic credibility or trustworthiness. Always check and evaluate the
information you have found before you use it. Check on currency or how up to date
the information is. Also consider objectivity/subjectivity or bias and coverage.
For further information on evaluating websites see:
CILIP: Library and Information Association (2018) Evaluating the information that
you find using the CRAAP test. Available at:
https://infolit.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ResearchSmarter/Docs/CRAAP.pdf (Ac-
cessed: 12 August 2021).
26
Author (Year) Title of web page. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
New data protection requirements ‘strengthens your rights’ and gives more control
over the information that is held about you (Crown Prosecution Service, 2018).
Crown Prosecution Service (2018) Data protection and the CPS. Available at:
https://www.cps.gov.uk/data-protection-and-cps (Accessed: 12 August 2020).
Tips:
 The year of the web page is either the year of last update, or the year of copy-
right (whichever is most recent if they are different). The copyright statement can
usually be found at the bottom of the page. Use the most recent year if it is a date
range (e.g.: ©2007-2021, use the year 2021).
 If you are using an academic journal from the internet, reference it by using the
details for a journal article (see section Academic Journal articles – print and
electronic).
 Do not use the URL/web address in your in-text citation, unless it is the only in-
formation you have. However, before you do this, consider the reputation and
validity of your information source.
 When no date of copyright or update can be identified you should put (no date)
instead of the year. However, you should question the reliability of an undated
website as the information on it may be out of date.
 The author of the page can often be found in the copyright statement at the bot-
tom of the page or in the ‘About’ section.
 Use the ‘About Us’ to get a better idea of or to confirm the authenticity of the
source. Is the source just adding information in order to advertise their services?
 Sometimes an organisation or company is responsible for the web page. Use the
organisation as the author if there is not an individual author named – this is re-
ferred to as a corporate author.
 It is important that you include the date you accessed the page because web
pages can change and be updated regularly.
 You can shorten the URL address if the web page you are citing can be found
easily using the shortened URL.
Blogs and Vlogs
These are a source for current issues, interests and opinions from individuals and or-
ganisations. They might not provide academic discussion, always try to find trust-
worthy sources to support your work.
Author (Year site was published or updated) ‘Title of blog/vlog message’, Title of
website, day and month posted. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
27
Buck (2020) comments on the government’s recent obesity challenge announce-
ment.
Buck, D. (2020) ‘Obesity: time for action’, The King’s Fund blog, 14 July. Available
at: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/blog/2020/07/obesity-time-action (Accessed: 12 Au-
gust 2020).
Videos on the internet

See also Television, film, video, and radio resources section.
Author or organisation who put up the video (Year) Title of video. Day and month up-
loaded (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Gopnik discusses the mind and intelligence of babies … (TED Global, 2011).
TED Global (2011) What do babies think?: Alison Gopnik. July. Available at:
https://www.ted.com/talks/alison_gopnik_what_do_babies_think?language=en (Ac-
cessed: 14 February 2022).
Emails and other personal communication
Sender/speaker/author (Year) Type of personal communication to Recipient name,
day and month.
Smith (2020) points out that initial findings from his unpublished research indicate...
Smith, K. (2020) Google Meet conversation with Timothy Jones, 22 April.
Tips:
 It is good practice to obtain permission from the sender/speaker/author before cit-
ing his or her personal communication in your work.
 Personal communications including letters, face-to-face or telephone conversa-
tions, text messages or faxes can be referenced using the same format; in place
of ‘Email to ...’, state the medium of communication (e.g.: ‘Letter to ...’, ‘Conversa-
tion with ...’ ‘Text message to ...’, etc.).
28
 It is recommended that a copy of the original communication be put in your ap-
pendix, if possible.
Emails or messages sent to a discussion list
Author of message (Year) ‘Subject of message’, Email/discussion list name, day and
month sent. Available at: email list address.
Dawson (2021) compiled a list of recordings on race and LGBT rights …

Dawson, H. (2021) 'Box of broadcasts playlists - on race / LGBT rights', LIS-INFO-
LITERACY, 13 October. Available at: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?
A0=lis-infoliteracy.
Tip:
 If the author’s full name is available, use the surname and first initial. If only a
screen name is available, use the screen name for the author.
Social Media
Facebook, Facebook Messenger, Instagram, Twitter, WhatsApp,

Snapchat etc.
In this section only the text is being referenced.
If you are referencing photographs use example under: Book Illustrations, images
etc., see section visual sources. If you are referencing a personal conversation/com-
munication, see section: Email and other personal communications.
29
Author (if no author use page title) (Year page last updated/published) Title of page
[Name of social media source]. Day/month of posted message. Available at: URL
(Accessed: date).
The local council commends London Met’s catering service for helping vulnerable
people in the borough during the COVID-19 pandemic (Islington Council, 2020).
As no author is listed in this case the format is as follows:
Islington Council (2020) [Facebook]. 20 April. Available at:
https://www.facebook.com/IslingtonBC/photos/a.1741917769194054/330150402656
8746 (Accessed: 12 August 2020).
Obama (2014) took to social media to comment on the minimum wage.
Obama, B. (2014) Earning the minimum wage while raising a family shouldn't mean
living in poverty. It's time to #RaiseTheWage: http://ofa.bo/a0dR [Twitter]. 15 August.
Available at: http://twitter.com/BarackObama (Accessed: 13 August 2021).
Tips:
 The social media source needs to be identified and in [square brackets]. [What-
sApp] or [Snapchat] or [Twitter] or [Facebook] or [Facebook Messenger]
 Social media requires registration/login. It would be useful to add a copy of the
original message in your appendix for those who do not have access to social
media or, if the content is deleted, or site deactivated.
 If author details are not available, use the title
 WhatsApp and Snapchat do not require - Available at: URL and (Accessed:
date).
 With Twitter use the full text of tweet as the title. If very long, shorten, using el-
lipse, (i.e., 3 dots) …
Podcasts
Author/Presenter (Year that the podcast was published or last updated) Title of pod-
cast [Podcast]. Day and month of podcast. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
In-text citation:
Gunning (2019) discussed the benefits of creativity in early year’s education.
Gunning, C. (2019) Early Education pedagogy podcast: Creativity and critical think-
ing with Anni McTavish [Podcast]. Autumn. Available at:
30
https://soundcloud.com/user-380278062/early-education-pedpod-with-anni-mctavish
(Accessed: 20 January 2020).
Obama, M. (2020) The Michelle Obama podcast: What your mother never told you
about health with Dr. Sharon Malone [Podcast]. 12 August. Available at: Spotify (Ac-
cessed: 13 August 2020).
Tip:
 If listening to a podcast from a streaming service, e.g., Spotify, Apple Podcasts,
BBC Sounds, where there is no obvious URL/web address, put the name of the
streaming service in Available at:
Lectures and lecture materials
Lectures, class handouts, PowerPoint presentations in class in

WebLearn or other VLEs
You must check with your lecturer/tutor whether you are allowed, to refer to lectures
and handouts, in your assignments.
Also check with lecturers that the supporting class teaching materials, such as lec-
ture notes and tutor handouts in WebLearn can be cited in you work.
It is highly recommended that you to refer to published academic resources.
If you use book chapters, journal articles and other sources from your modules
held in the university’s Reading List system, WebLearn/Blackboard, PebblePad, or
other VLEs or eportfolios, always reference the original source.
Consult your academic liaison librarian for further guidance.
Online lectures, webinars, presentations and videoconferences
Author/Speaker (Year) Title of communication [Medium]. Available at: URL (Ac-
cessed: date).
Stepp (2013) outlines five key changes currently affecting the workplace …
Stepp, K. (2013) HR and the workplace of the future [Presentation]. Available at:
http://www.slideshare.net/thetalentproject/hr-the-workplace-of-the-future (Accessed:
27 November 2021).
Tips:
31
 Medium - [Presentation] or [Lectures] or [Seminars] or [PowerPoint]
 For sources in VLEs, such as WebLearn see information in section Lectures,
class handouts, PowerPoint presentations in class, in WeLearn or other
VLEs.
Visual resources:
Book and article illustrations figures, diagrams, tables, logos
Author (Year) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, page numbers, illus./fig./
logo/table/graph
In-text citation example in a book:
Secker and Coonan’s diagram (2013, p. xxii, fig.1) illustrates how information literacy
overlaps with other forms of literacies.
Secker, J. and Coonan, E. (eds.) (2013) Rethinking information literacy: a practical
framework for supporting learning. London: Facet publishing. p. xxii, fig.1.
Example in a journal article:
In-text citation:
Abel et al. (2019, p. e294, table 1). illustrates …
Reference list example in a journal article:
Abel, K., Hope, H., Swift, E., Parisi, R., Ashcroft, D. Kosidou, K., Osam, C., Dalman,
C. and Pierce, M. (2019) ‘Prevalence of maternal mental illness among children and
adolescents in the UK between 2005 and 2017: a national retrospective cohort ana-
lysis’, The Lancet Public Health 4(6), pp. e291-e300. doi: 10.1016/S2468-
2667(19)30059-3. p. e294, table 1.
Tips:
 Any work of art you have seen in a book should be referenced in this way as an
illustration
 Author (Year) Publication details for whole book or journal article.
 In your in-text citation give page number, caption number that will help identify
the illustration. Use the term illus./ fig./diagram/table/logo/image
 The reference listing will be for the whole book or article.
Online illustrations, diagrams, logos, tables or graphs
32
Author / Creator (Year) Title of work [Illustration/Figure/Logo/Table/Graph]. Available
The earring was procured by the museum in 1871 but its creator is unknown (Vic-
toria and Albert Museum, 2009)
Victoria and Albert Museum (2009) Earring [Image]. Available at:
https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O379903/earring-unknown/ (Accessed: 14 Decem-
ber 2021).
Tips:
 If no author or creator is available, then cite the title of the image (in italics) in-
stead.
 If no date can be found, then use (no date).
Installations or exhibits
Artist (Year) Title of installation/exhibit [Installation/Exhibit]. Gallery/Location,
(Viewed: Date seen).
In her work Travellers Collection, Upritchard (2003) reuses found objects …
Upritchard, F. (2003) Travellers Collection [Installation]. Saatchi Gallery (Viewed: 25
November 2013).
Tip:
 The year (in round brackets) is the year the installation was created, not the year
you saw it.
Or, to reference an entire exhibition:

Title of exhibition (Year) [Exhibition]. Location. Date(s) of exhibition.
BP Portrait Award (2014) [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. 26 June to
21 September 2014.
Paintings or drawings
33
Artist (Year) Title of work [Medium]. Institution or collection that houses the work,
City.
Klee’s (1922) watercolour ….
Klee, P. (1922) A young lady’s adventure [Watercolour on paper]. Tate Modern, Lon-
don.
Or, if viewed online,
Artist (Year) Title of work [Medium]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Geel's Paintings, Virtuoso (2015) are drawn on Acrylics on canvas.
Geels, S. (2015) Virtuoso [Acrylics on canvas]. Available at: https://0-www-jstor-
org.emu.londonmet.ac.uk/stable/pdf/j.ctt2005vqs.7.pdf?refreqid=excelsior
%3Af3662a9d9774b2719ec83d2eaee7e6d6 (Accessed: 24 Aug 2020).
Tips:
 To cite an image of a painting or a drawing you have seen in a book, see section
Book and article illustrations figures, diagrams, tables, logos.
 Use this method to cite an original work of art (or its online version) you have
seen.
34
Photographs - prints or slides
Photographer (Year) Title of photograph [Photograph]. Place of publication/Location:

Publisher (if available).
His photograph (Wall, 1993) …
Wall, J. (1993) A sudden gust of wind (after Hokusai) [Photograph]. Tate: London.
Or, if viewed online:
Photographer (Year) Title of photograph. Available at: URL (Accessed/Downloaded:
date).
Wall, J. (1993) A sudden gust of wind (after Hokusai) [Photograph]. Available at:
https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/wall-a-sudden-gust-of-wind-after-hokusai-t06951
(Accessed: 20 August 2021).
Tips:
 To cite an image of a photograph in a book, see: Book illustrations.
 To cite a photograph in an online collection or on a social media site (such as
Flickr or Tumblr), use the same format as above and use the URL where you
found the image, and last date you accessed online (Accessed: date).
 If you have taken a photograph yourself (rather than one from the internet):
Or, if you have taken the photograph yourself (rather than found one on the in-
ternet)
Your surname, initial (year) Title you have given the photograph [Photograph].
Smith, J. (2021) Skateboarders under the railway bridge [Photograph].
Poster in an exhibition
Artist (Year) Title [Poster]. Exhibited at City, Location. Date of exhibition. Dimensions
(if available).
The poster USSR (Zhukov and Klimashin, 1935) ….
Zhukov, N. and Klimashin, V. (1935) USSR [Poster]. Exhibited at London, GRAD:
Gallery for Russian Arts and Design. 7 June 2013 to 31 August 2013. 102.5cm x
71.5cm.
35
Poster copy of an original artwork
Artist (Year) Title of original artwork [Poster]. Dimensions (if relevant and available).
The image (van Gogh, no date) …
van Gogh, V. (no date) Vase of fifteen sunflowers [Poster]. 28cm x 36cm.
Sculptures
Sculptor (Year) Title of sculpture [Sculpture]. Gallery or Name of collection.
Hepworth’s Pelagos (1946) …
Hepworth, B. (1946) Pelagos [Sculpture]. Tate Britain.
Or, if viewed online:
Sculptor (Year) Title of sculpture [Sculpture]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
The giant Maman sculpture (Bourgeois, 1999) …
Bourgeois, L. (1999) Maman [Sculpture]. Available at:
http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/bourgeois-maman-t12625 (Accessed: 20 August
2021).
36
Exhibition catalogues
Author (Year) Title of exhibition. Exhibition held at Location and date [Exhibition cata-
logue].
In the Anri Sala exhibition catalogue (Rattee and Larner, 2011) …
Rattee, K and Larner, M. (eds.) (2011) Anri Sala. Exhibition held at the Serpentine
Gallery, London October to November 2011 [Exhibition catalogue].
Captions for images copied from print sources
Figure caption information required:

Fig number: Creator’s name (Year) Title of image [Medium] (Collection details) Sec-
ondary creator, e.g., photographed by. (Source Author, Year, page number).
Figure caption example:
Fig 1: Andre, C. (1959) Last Ladder [Wood] (Tate Gallery London) photographed by
Hollis Frampton. (Potts, 2000, p. 23).

...using salvaged materials, for example, Carl Andre’s Last Ladder (1959), see Fig 1.
Potts, A. (2000) The sculptural imagination: figurative, modernist, minimalist. Lon-
don: Yale University Press, p. 23, illus.
Tips:
 Any image used in your written or studio work should be carefully referenced,
cited and attributed.
 Copies of images must be numbered as Figures in the order they appear in your
work and must include a caption directly under or next to the image.
 Any image discussed in your work should be cited and attributed in your text with
the name of the artist, title of the work and year of the work and should refer to
the corresponding Figure number (e.g., see Fig 1).
 If you have taken your own photograph of the work, insert the words Author’s
own image before the creator’s name in the Figure caption.
 Your reference list should include the book or other print source from where you
copied the image, using the appropriate format (e.g., Book, Journal article, etc.).
The reference should also include illus. after the page number to indicate that
you are citing an illustration of the original artwork.
37
Captions for images copied from online sources
Figure caption information required:

Fig number: Creator’s name (Year) Title of image [Medium]. Available at: specific
URL of image (Accessed: date). (Author or Organisation, Year).
Fig 2: Day, L. (1965) Nova 3. [Textile]. Available at:
https://www.vads.ac.uk/digital/collection/DCSC/id/3970/rec/1 (Accessed: 23 August
2021). (VADS, 2008).
VADS (2008) Design Council Slide Collection and Manchester Metropolitan Univer-
sity. Available at: https://www.vads.ac.uk/digital/collection/DCSC/search (Accessed:
23 August 2021).
Tips:
 Right-click on the image or Control+click on a Mac to view the image properties
and image URL.
 Any image copied from the internet and used in your written or studio work
should be carefully referenced, cited and attributed.
 Images must be numbered as Figures in the order they appear in your work and
must include a caption directly under or next to the image.
 Any image discussed in your work should be cited and attributed in your text with
the name of the artist, title of the work and year of the work and should refer to
the corresponding Figure number (e.g., see Fig 2).
 Your reference list should include details of the website from where you copied
the image.
Captions for images created by yourself

Figure caption:
Figure number. Description (Source: your name).

Fig 3. My weaving practice piece (Source: John Smith).
Fig 4. A view over the city of Tallinn (Sources: John Smith)
From above, architecture from various eras in the city can be seen (Fig 4).
Tips:
38
 Before following this example, please check your course/module informa-
tion or ask your tutor to find out whether there is a specific format of in-
cluding your own images in your work which you should be following in or-
der to meet the requirements of your assignment. If no specific guidance is
offered, then this is one suggested way of doing it.
 Images of work created by yourself do not appear in your reference list; instead,
they should go into a separate List of Figures or List of Illustrations at the end of
your work. Again, please check with your tutor about how you are expected to
format this list.
 To cite photographs that you have taken yourself of a piece of someone else’s
work i.e., a piece of artwork in a gallery, see Captions for images copied from
print sources
Interviews:
Interviews online
Name of interviewee (Year) ‘Title of interview’ if any. Interview with Interviewee
name. Interviewed by Interviewer’s name for Title of publication or broadcast, Chan-
nel if television, day and month. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Heather Barr (2012) of Human Rights Watch criticised the government’s plan for
withdrawal from Afghanistan.
Barr, H. (2012) Interview with Heather Barr and Rory Stewart. Interviewed by Jeremy
Paxman for Newsnight, BBC Two Television, 2 October. Available at:
https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/02D20B9D?
bcast=90697105 (Accessed: 23 August 2021).
in-text citation example:
Morrison (2012) discusses her book …
Morrison, T. (2012) ‘Toni Morrison – Beloved’. Interview with Toni Morrison. Inter-
viewed by Harriett Gilbert for BBC World Book Club, 8 April. Available at:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00qbnhs (Accessed: 23 August 2021).
Tips:
 If there are several people in the interview and you wish to focus on something
said/or quoted by one person, use their name in your in-text citation see Barr, H.
example above.
39
 If the interview is in printed newspaper omit Available at: and Accessed; date and
add day and month, page numbers after the title of the publication.
Television, film, video and, radio resources:

Television programmes
Title of programme (year of transmission) Transmission channel, day month, time of
broadcast.
Newsnight (2020) discussed the government U-turn regarding the A level results for
England & Wales.
Newsnight (2020) BBC Two, 17 August, 22:45.
Tip:
 To reference a quote by a character or presenter, add them first as the author/
presenter e.g., Goodall, L. (2020) Newsnight BBC Two, 17 August, 22:45.
Episode from a television programme
‘Title of episode’ (Year of broadcast) Title of programme, Series number, episode
number. Name of channel, day and month, time of broadcast.
In-text citation:
The Doctor time-travels to the Whitehouse to help President Nixon in the sixth series
of Doctor Who (‘The impossible astronaut’, 2011).
‘The impossible astronaut’ (2011) Doctor Who, Series 6, episode 1. BBC One Televi-
sion, 23 April, 19:00.
Television programmes viewed via streaming services
e.g., Catch up TV, Box of Broadcasts, BBC iPlayer, ITVHUB, All 4, My5, Netflix,
Amazon Prime, NOW TV, BritBox, YouTube Movies.
40
Title of programme (Year of original broadcast) Name of transmitting channel, day
and month of broadcast, time of broadcast. Available at: Name of streaming service
(Accessed: date).
In-text citation:
This programme details systemic racism within the NHS and the effects on preg-
nancy and childbirth in black women (Dispatches: The Black Maternity Scandal,
2021).
Dispatches: The Black Maternity Scandal (2021) Channel 4, 29 March, 20:00. Avail-
able at: Box of Broadcasts (Accessed:9 March 2022).
Films viewed via streaming services
Title of film (Year of distribution) Directed by. Available at: Name of streaming ser-
vice (Accessed: date).
In-text citation:
Parasite (2019) is an Oscar winning dark comic thriller about two very different famil-
ies in South Korea.
Parasite (2019) Directed by Bong Joon-Ho. Available at: All 4 (Accessed: 28 Novem-
ber 2021).
Films reissued on DVD/Blu-ray
Title of film (Year of original distribution) Directed by. [DVD or Blu-ray, catalogue
number]. Reissued. Place of distribution: Distribution company, Year of reissue.
41
In-text citation:
Welles explored a range of innovative visual and narrative techniques in his film Cit-
izen Kane (1941).
Citizen Kane (1941) Directed by O. Welles. [Blu-ray, 1000619673]. Reissued. Burb-
ank, Calif: Warner Bros., 2016.
Tip:
 You should use the distribution place and company of the DVD or Blu-ray, not
those of the original film.
Online video sharing services

e.g., IGTV, YouTube, TED
Name of person or organisation posting the video (Year posted) Title of film or pro-
gramme. Day and month uploaded (if available). Available at: URL or Name of
streaming service or app (Accessed: date).
In-text citation:
Crenshaw (TED Women, 2016) a civil rights activist, spearheaded the work on Crit-
ical Race Theory and Intersectionality.
TED Women (2016) The urgency of intersectionality: Kimberlé Crenshaw. October.
Available at:
https://www.ted.com/talks/kimberle_crenshaw_the_urgency_of_intersectionality?
language=en#t-119442 (Accessed: 5 October 2021).
Radio programmes heard on the internet
Title of programme (Year of original transmission) Name of channel, day and month
of original transmission. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Mme Ramotswe in the Afternoon Play: The No 1 Ladies Detective Agency (2008) ex-
tols the virtues of traditional Botswana.
42
Afternoon Play: The No 1 Ladies Detective Agency (2008) BBC Radio 4, 1 January.
Available at: https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/0078B172?
bcast=29390933 (Accessed: 12 Aug 2020)
Tips:
 If you listen live omit Available at: and Accessed: date.
 If you are referring to a specific section of the transmission add the time code to
your in-text citation following a comma after the year, in the format minutes:
seconds.
 Time code is written as a 24 hour clock.
Computer and digital resources
Computer programs
Author (Year) Title of Program – Capitalise initial letters. (Version) [Computer pro-
gram]. Availability (that is distributor, address, order number – if given).
If accessed online replace Availability with Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Final Cut Pro X (Apple, 2019) is powerful video editing software in post-production.
Apple (2019) Final Cut Pro X. (Version 10.4.8) [Computer program]. Available at:
https://www.apple.com/final-cut-pro (Accessed: 12 August 2020).
Mobile Apps
Use this for referencing apps for smartphones and tablets.
Developer (Year of release/update) Title of App -Capitalise initial letters (Edition and
or version) [Mobile app]. (Accessed: date).
Adobe Photoshop Sketch (Adobe, 2020) allows the user to create ‘expressive paint-
ings with multiple brush and layers’.
43
Adobe (2020) Adobe Photoshop Sketch (Version 2.2.321) [Mobile app]. (Accessed:
12 August 2020).
Video and computer games

These include platforms such as Xbox, PlayStation as well as other smart mobile
devices.
Company/developer/author (release year/update) Title of Game/Program - Capital-
ise first letter of each word including edition if relevant [Video game]. Publisher.
Many video games are available for Xbox, PlayStation, PC and mobile gaming, such
as Call of Duty Warzone (Activision, 2020).

Activision (2020) Call of Duty Warzone [Video game] Activision Publishing Inc.
Tip
 If downloaded from the internet add: Available at: and accessed date, e.g., Avail-
able at: https://www.callofduty.com/home (Accessed: 12 August 2020).
44
Index of different types of resources
Academic or Conference poster 16
Articles (academic journals) 14
Articles (magazines) 15
Articles (newspapers) 15
Acts of Parliament 19
Apps (mobile) 43
Annual reports 23
Blogs 27
Bloomberg data 24
Books (including e-books) 12
Books (chapters in edited books) 13
Books (edited books) 13
Books (translated books) 17
Book illustrations, diagrams, logos,

tables or graphs 32
45
Captions for images created by yourself 38
Captions for images from online sources 38
Captions for images from print sources 37
Company annual reports 23
Company reports from a database 24
Computer programs 43
Computer games 43
Conference papers (single) 18
Conference proceedings (published) 17
Country profiles/reports 26
Diagrams (online) 33
Diagrams (in print) 32
Discussion list messages/emails 29
Dissertations (online) 17
Drawings 34
E-books 12
46
E-books (downloaded to an e-reader) 14
Emails 28
Exhibits and exhibitions 33
Exhibition catalogues 37
Facebook 29
Facebook Messenger 29
Films (via streaming services) 41
Films on DVD/Blu-ray (reissued) 41
Films on YouTube 41
Financial reports 23
Government (Acts of Parliament) 19
Government Command Papers

(Green and White Papers) 19
Government Departmental publications 20
Graphs (online) 33
Graphs (in print) 32
Green Papers 19
47
Handouts in class 31
Handouts in WebLearn 31
Illustrations (online) 33
Illustrations (in print) 32
Installations 33
International organisation publications 22
Instagram (social media) 29
Instagram television (IGTV) 42
Interviews (online) 39
Interviews you have conducted – see Emails and other

personal communications
Journal articles 14
Lecture notes or handouts in WebLearn 31
Lectures 31
(classroom and recordings in WebLearn)
Lectures (online) 31
Logos (online) 33
48
Logos (in print) 32
Magazine articles 15
Market research reports 25
Messenger (Facebook) 29
Mobile apps 43
Movies – see Films
Newspaper articles (online) 15
Online video sharing services 42
Paintings 34
Personal communications 28
Photographs (prints or slides) 35
Photographs taken by yourself 35
Plays (lines within plays) 16
Podcasts 30
Posters (Academic or Conference) 16
Posters (exhibition) 36
49
Posters (copy of original work) 36
Presentations (online) 31
Radio programmes online 42
Sculptures 36
Snapchat 29
Social media 29
Statista (statistics database) 26
Statistics (Statista database) 26
Streaming services 41
Tables (online) 33
Tables (in print) 32
Television programmes (single episode) 40
(via streaming services)
Theses (online) 17
Twitter 29
50
Video games 44
Videoconferences 31
Vlogs 27
WhatsApp 29
Web pages 26
Websites 26
Webinars 31
White Papers 19
YouTube 42
YouTube movies 41
51

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Harvard Referencing Guide

Referencing different types of sources

Theses, dissertations and conferences:

Government and international organisation publications:

Lectures and lecture materials:

Television, film, video and radio resources:

Computer and digital resources:

Index of different types of resources 45

 Referencing is the process of acknowledging your sources. Sources include

What are in-text citations and reference lists?

Harvard referencing consists of two parts:

 Your sources should be one complete list, in alphabetical order by author/organ-

Reference list example

In-text citation example:

Two or three authors/editors

In-text citation example:

Four or more authors/editors

In-text citation example:

Corporate author or organisation as corporate author

Author citing another author (Secondary citing)

In-text citation example:

Multiple sources in your in-text citation

In-text citation example:

Referencing different types of sources

Books, including printed, e-books, comic books, and graphic novels

Information required for printed or e-book:

In-text citation example:

In-text citation example:

Book chapter in edited books

In-text citation example:

E-books downloaded to an e-book reader

In-text citation example:

Academic journal articles

Newspaper or Magazine articles

Academic or Conference Poster

Lines within plays

Theses, dissertations and conference papers

Theses and dissertations from the internet

Published conference papers/proceedings

Individual conference papers

Government Command Papers including Green and White Papers

Government Departmental publications

Company annual reports and financials

In-text citation example:

Reference list example:

Company financial reports from a terminal e.g., Bloomberg

Market research and industry reports from a database

In-text citation example:

Statistics from Statista

Web pages and Websites

Blogs and Vlogs

Videos on the internet

Emails and other personal communication

Emails or messages sent to a discussion list

Reference list example:

Facebook, Facebook Messenger, Instagram, Twitter, WhatsApp,

Lectures and lecture materials

Lectures, class handouts, PowerPoint presentations in class in

Online lectures, webinars, presentations and videoconferences

Book and article illustrations figures, diagrams, tables, logos

Online illustrations, diagrams, logos, tables or graphs

Or, to reference an entire exhibition:

Photographer (Year) Title of photograph [Photograph]. Place of publication/Location: