Instant notes for Chemistry 9th (S1 & S2)

CHAPTER NO.5: PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER

TEST YOURSELF: 5.1

1. Why the rate of diffusion of gases is rapid than that of liquids?

Ans. The rate of diffusion of gases is inversely proportional to the density and intermolecular forces of a
substance. Gases have low density and weak intermolecular forces than liquids. So they have high rate
of diffusion than liquids.

2. Why are the gases compressible?

Ans. Gases are highly compressible due to large empty spaces present between their molecules. When
pressure is increased, the molecules of gases come closer to each other. As a result, volume is
reduced and gas is compressed.

3. What do you mean by Pascal? How many Pascal’s are equal to 1 atm?
Ans. It is the force in newton that is applied on an area of one meter square. Mathematically;
 One Pascal (Pa) = 1 Nm-2
 101325 Pa = 101325 Nm-2
 101325 Pa = 1 atm

4. Why the density of a gas increases on cooling?

Ans. When gas is cooled or its temperature is decreased, the attractive forces among gas molecules are
increased. As a result, volume is decreased and density of a gas is increased.

5. Why is the density of gas measured in g dm-3 while that of a liquid in g cm-3?
Ans. Because;
 Gases occupy larger volume due to weak intermolecular forces, so they have very less density, and
it is more convenient to express their densities in g dm-3.
 Liquids are 1000 times denser than gases so their densities are expressed in g cm-3.

6. Convert the following

a. 70 cm Hg to atm
b. 3.5 atm to torr
c. 1.5 atm to Pa
Ans.
a. Conversion of 70 cm Hg to atm
As 760 mm of Hg = 1 atm
76 cm of Hg = 1 atm
1 cm of Hg = 1/76 atm
70 cm of Hg = (1/76) x70 atm = 0.92 atm

b. Conversion of 3.5 atm to torr

As 1 atm = 760 torr
3.5 atm = 3.5x760 torr
3.5 atm = 2660 torr

c. Conversion of 1.5 atm to Pa

As 1 atm = 101325Pa
1.5 atm = 101325 x 1.5 Pa
1.5 atm = 151987.5 Pa

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Instant notes for Chemistry 9th (S1 & S2)

TEST YOURSELF: 5.2

1. Is the Boyle’s law applicable to liquids?

Ans. No, Boyle’s law is not applicable to liquids because these are not compressible.

2. Is the Boyle’s law valid at very high temperature?

Ans. Yes, Boyle’s law is valid at high temperature because temperature is kept constant in this law.

3. What will happen if the pressure on a sample of gas is raised three times and its temperature is
kept constant?
Ans. According to Boyle’s law, at constant temperature when pressure on a gas is raised three times its
volume will be reduced to three times.

TEST YOURSELF: 5.3

1. Which variables are kept constant in Charles’s law?

Ans. The mass of a gas and pressure are kept constant in Charles’s law.

2. Why volume of a gas decreases with increase of pressure?

Ans. There are large empty spaces among gas molecules. When pressure is applied attractive forces are
developed. The empty spaces are reduced and gas occupies less volume.

3. What is absolute zero?

Ans. The temperature i.e. -273 °C or 0 K at which an ideal gas would have zero volume is called absolute
zero.( 0 K equal to -273 °C and 273 K is equal to 0 °C )

4. Does Kelvin scale show a negative temperature?

Ans. No, Kelvin scale does not show a negative temperature. As 0 K is lowest temperature on this scale.

5. When a gas is allowed to expand, what will be its effect on its temperature?
Ans. When a compressed gas is allowed to expand into the region of lower pressure, its temperature is
decreased. Because the energy of gas molecules is consumed for expansion.

6. Can you cool a gas by increasing its volume?

Ans. No, it is not possible to cool a gas by increasing of its volume. A gas can be cooled by decreasing its
temperature.
 Why there is no degree in Kelvin?
Each unit on this scale is called a Kelvin rather than a degree, and each kelvin is equal to a degree on the
Celsius scale. For this reason, just K, not the degree symbol, is used when reporting temperatures in
Kelvin. There are no negative numbers on the Kelvin scale, as the lowest number is 0 K.

TEST YOURSELF: 5.4

1. Why does evaporation increase with the increase of temperature?

Ans. Because with the increase in temperature, kinetic energy of the molecules is increased so high that
they overcome the intermolecular forces and evaporate from liquid surface rapidly.

2. What do you mean by condensation?

Ans. Condensation is a process of conversion of vapours or the gas into liquid state.

3. Why is vapour pressure higher at high temperature?

Ans. Because at higher or elevated temperature, the kinetic energy of the molecules increases enough to
enable them to vaporize, so more and more vapours are formed which exert more pressure on the
surface of liquid.

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Instant notes for Chemistry 9th (S1 & S2)

4. Why is the boiling point of water higher than that of alcohol?

Ans. Boiling point of water (100 °C) is higher than that of alcohol (78 °C) because of stronger hydrogen
bonding is present in water than in alcohol.

5. What do you mean by dynamic equilibrium?

Ans. When the rate of evaporation and the rate of condensation are equal to each other but taking place in
opposite direction, it is called dynamic equilibrium state.

6. Why are the rates of diffusion in liquids slower than that of gases?
Ans. Stronger the intermolecular forces slower will be the rate of diffusion. Rate of diffusion in liquids is
slower than that of gases because they have very strong intermolecular forces as compared to gases.

7. Why does rate of diffusion increase with increase of temperature?

Ans. Because at higher temperature, kinetic energy of the molecules is very high and intermolecular forces
become weak enough. Thus molecules can move and diffuse rapidly.

8. Why are the liquids mobile?

Ans. The molecules of liquids have weak intermolecular forces as compared to solids. So molecules are in
constant state of motion. Due to this reason, liquids are mobile.

TEST YOURSELF: 5.5

1. Which form of Sulphur exists at room temperature?

Ans. Transition temperature of Sulphur is 96 OC, above this temperature monoclinic Sulphur is stable and
below this temperature rhombic Sulphur is stable. As room temperature i.e. 25 oC is lower than
transition temperature i.e. 96 oC, so rhombic Sulphur exists at room temperature.

2. Why is white tin available at room temperature?

Ans. Transition temperature of tin is 13.2 OC, above this temperature white tin is stable and below this
temperature grey tin is stable. As room temperature i.e. 25 oC is higher than transition temperature of tin
i.e. 13.2 OC, so white tin exists at room temperature.

3. Why the melting point of a solid is considered its ‘identification’ characteristic?

Ans. The melting point of a solid is considered its identification characteristic because each pure solid
melts at a definite and unique value of temperature called melting point.

4. Why amorphous solids do not have sharp melting points while crystalline solids do have?
Ans. Solids in which the particles are not regularly arranged or their regular shapes are destroyed are
called amorphous solids. Due to this, they do not have sharp melting points. Whereas the solids in
which particles are arranged in a definite three-dimensional pattern are called crystalline solids. Due to
their regular shapes, they have sharp melting points.

5. Which is lighter one; aluminium or gold?

Ans. The density of aluminium is 2.70 g cm-3 that is less than the density of gold that is 19.3 g cm-3, so
aluminium is lighter than gold.

6. Write the molecular formula of a sulphur molecule?

Ans. The molecular formula of sulphur is S8.

7. Which allotropic form of carbon is stable at room temperature (25 °C)?

Ans. The most stable allotropic form of carbon is graphite.

8. State whether allotropy is shown by elements or compounds or both?

Ans. Allotropy is only shown by the elements not by the compounds. Compounds may show isomerism.

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Instant notes for Chemistry 9th (S1 & S2)

EXERCISE SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is diffusion, explain with an example?

Ans. “The spontaneous mixing up of molecules by random motion and collisions to form a homogeneous
mixture is called diffusion.” For example, when a few drops of ink are added in a beaker of water, ink
molecules move around and after a while spread in whole of the beaker due to diffusion.

2. Define standard atmospheric pressure. What are its units? How it is related to Pascal?
Ans. It is defined as the pressure exerted by a mercury column of 760 mm height at sea level.
1atm = 760mm Hg = 760 torr (1mm of Hg = one torr)
1atm = 101325 Nm-2 = 101325 Pa (1 Nm-2 = one Pascal)

3. Why are the densities of gases lower than that of liquids?

Ans. Gases have low density than liquids and solids. It is due to light mass and more volume occupied by
the gas molecules.

4. What do you mean by evaporation how it is affected by surface area?

Ans. The process of changing of a liquid into a gas phase is called evaporation.
Effect of Surface area: Greater is surface area, greater is the evaporation and vice versa. For
example, sometimes a saucer is used if tea is to be cooled quickly. This is because evaporation from
the larger surface area of saucer is more than that from the smaller surface area of a tea cup.

5. Define the term allotropy with examples?

Ans. “The existence of an element in more than one crystalline form in same physical state is called
allotropy.” Allotropes of oxygen are oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3), Sulphur has two allotropic forms
rhombic and monoclinic.

6. In which form Sulphur exists at 100 °C?

Ans. Transition temperature of Sulphur is 96 °C. Below this temperature rhombic form is stable. If rhombic
form is heated above 96 °C, its molecules rearrange themselves to give monoclinic form. So at 100 °C
monoclinic form exists.

7. What is the relationship between evaporation and boiling point of a liquid?

Ans.
 If boiling point of a liquid is high, its evaporation is slow, because intermolecular forces are stronger in
the liquids which have high boiling points.
 If boiling point of a liquid is low, its evaporation is high, because intermolecular forces are weaker in the
liquids which have low boiling points.

NUMERICALS
8. 1. Convert the following units:
(a) 850 mm Hg to atm (b) 205000 Pa to atm (c) 560 torr to cm Hg (d) 1.25 atm to Pa
2. Convert the following units:
(a) 750 °C to K (b) 150 °C to K (c) 100K to°C (d) 172K to°C.
Ans.
1. Convert the following units:
(a)

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Instant notes for Chemistry 9th (S1 & S2)

(b)

(c) 560 torr to cm Hg

(d) 1.25 atm to Pa

2. Convert the following units:

( )

(b)

(c)

(d)

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Instant notes for Chemistry 9th (S1 & S2)

EXERCISES MCQs KEYS:

Chapter No. 1 Chapter No. 3

1 (c) 8 (a) 1 (b) 6 (d)
2 (a) 9 (a) 2 (d) 7 (a)
3 (a) 10 (a) 3 (b) 8 (b)
4 (a) 11 (b) 4 (b) 9 (c)
5 (d) 12 (c) 5 (c) 10 (c)
6 (b) 13 (a) Chapter No. 4
7 (a) 1 (c) 10 (c)
Chapter No. 2 2 (c) 11 (c)
1 (b) 6 (b) 3 (c) 12 (d)
2 (c) 7 (c) 4 (d) 13 (b)
3 (c) 8 (b) 5 (b) 14 (c)
4 (d) 9 (d) 6 (b) 15 (a)
5 (b) 10 (a) 7 (a) 16 (b)
8 (b) 17 (d)
Chapter No. 5 9 (b) 18 (c)
1 (b) 7 (c)
2 (c) 8 (a)
3 (c) 9 (d)
4 (b) 10 (b)
5 (d) 11 (b)
6 (a)

Prepared and Composed by:

Feroz Akhtar
M.phil Chemistry
Lecturer in Chemistry
Email:ferozakhtar88@gmail.com

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