Developing Multimodal Skills

UNIT IV TITLE:

Presentation Skills
TITLE OF THE LESSON:

1.5 Hours
Duration:

Introduction

Aside from the skills discussed previously, Presentation Skill, known also as one of the
multimodal skills is highlighted in this chapter. The presentation skills are the skills needed in
delivering effective and engaging presentations to a variety of audiences. These skills include
component criteria: the structure of the presentation, the design of slides, the tone of voice,
and the body language being conveyed. In most organizations, day-to-day business entails
teamwork presenting to the team or on behalf of the team. Career growth necessitates
presenting ideas to others. If one wants to be promoted, s/he needs to train others to handle
old jobs. If s/he wants to fast track a career, s/he must volunteer to work on projects and
deliver more presentations. Providing better products and services is no guarantee that the
business is doing well. The company needs to sell products with effective presentation skills.
Presenting involves the following process: study the consumers, choose a subject, set the goals
of the presentation, make ready the major part of the presentation, prepare the beginning and
end, and rehearse to make the presentation effective.

Objectives/Competencies:

1. Explain the importance of presentation skills.

2. Prepare visual aids.

3. Describe the steps in making presentations.

4. Discuss some tips to improve presentation skills.

5. Apply presentation skills in presenting ideas.

6. Utilize graphs, pies, and charts to organizer and present ideas.

Pretest:

1) When giving a presentation in front of an audience you should do all the following
except for:
A. Speak loud and clear
 B. Provide hand-outs if needed

C. Dress professionally

D. Look at your screen and not the audience

2) To whom should a presentation be aimed?

A. The highest authority in the room
 B. The people in the closest rows

C. The entire audience

D. Your best friend in the room

3) Why should you keep text to a minimum on slides?

A. So the focus is on you as the speaker

B. So the picture are easier to see

C. To help make your presentation longer

D. To make sure the audience can read everything you have to tell them

4) _______ is a good font size for headers

A. 18

B. 16

C. 11

D. 32

5) It is a good idea to read to your audience when presenting.

A. False

B. True

6) You should use a lot of animations and sound in your presentation to keep your
audience engaged.
A. True

B. False

7) What is the last Rule of Thumb when creating an effective

presentation? A) Organize your information
B) Keep it simple
 C) Spellcheck your presentation
D) Minimize texts on slides

8) When presenting, you should show enthusiasm for your topic or creation

A. True

B. False

9) When presenting , your poise should be

A. Nervous and angry

 B. Annoyed

C. Confident and relaxed

D. Shy

10) When presenting, it is important to articulate and use a loud, clear voice.

A. True

B. False

ACTIVITY

The use of Visual Aids

Using visual aids to represent the speaker’s ideas is a great way to engage the audience with
the presentation. Thoughts and examples might get lost in a sea of text where they might
have a challenging time what to remember or take note. The speaker should take some time
to challenge himself with using visual aids such as images, videos, and illustrations (Hentz,
2006).

In designing the presentation, the following should be considered:

(Source: Knight and Knight et al., (2000).

* Empty Space: Use white space to allow a focus or an appreciation of central element.

* Contrast: Use design elements that are clearly different to draw viewer's attention. (e.g.
Near/ Far, Empty/Filled, dark, light, serif/sans serif)

* Repetition: Subtly repeat a common design element in order to make the visual more
unified. (e.g. repeat slide background, consistent use of font)

* Proximity: Group related items together to provide the viewer with visual organization.
* Alignment: Connect elements on a slide visually. Use grid lines to ensure good alignment.

Examples of Visuals

graphs charts maps photos objects

drawings images models video/film

 Visual Media Tools

transparencies/slides Power Point© slides10

video projection/projector/handouts

Note: ​Providing pamphlets, outlines, list of important terms, references, and images the
speaker planned to utilize is considered ideal. Attendees are able to bring these materials at
home, and prevents them from spending much time in note-taking.

Instruction: ​Using the data below, design 3 different types of charts/graphs to effectively
display​ ​data from this table. Which is most effective and why?

City Media Home Cost Median Household Income Unemployment Rate

Richmond, Virginia $218, 900 $38, 266 6.90 %

Asheville, North Carolina $ 201, 300 $39, 408 8.50 %

Durango, Colorado $ 302, 400 $53, 882 7.00 %

ANALYSIS:

Examine visually the comic strips on the next page. Write your answer in “The Big Question
Map” below. Based on the map, write a narrative with a minimum of 7 sentences.
What?

When ? Who ?

Why ?
Where?

How ?
Instruction: ​Using your imagination and critical thinking, write the possible conversation
inside​ ​each speech balloon.

ABSTRACTION:

Preparing for a Presentation

The techniques explained in the following procedure are designed to allow you to analyze a big
task into little, but doable activities.

Step 1: Scrutinize the members of your audience.

The initial move in making presentations emphasizes the need to get to know the members of
the audience better before whom you will deliver a presentation. Getting the necessary details
on the backgrounds, values, and interests of the audience is to understand what the audience
members might expect from the presentation.

Step 2: Select your topic.

Next, if it is possible, select a topic of interest not only to you but also to the audience. As the
members of the audience make sense of the significance and enjoyment your presentation
brings to them, delivering a talk can become effortless. Thus, the speaker and the audience can
benefit from one another.

Step 3: Set the goals of your presentation

After choosing your subject, explain the goal of your talk in few but concise words. Once the
presenter has selected a topic, write the objective of the presentation in a single concise
statement. The objective needs to specify exactly what s/he wants the audience to learn from
the presentation. S/he should base the objective and the level of the content on the amount of
time for the presentation and the background knowledge of the audience. S/he should use this
statement to help keep one focused as s/he researches and develops the presentation.

Step 4: Make ready the major part of your presentation

After defining the objective of the presentation, determine how much information can be
presented in the amount of time allowed. Also, use knowledge about the audience to prepare a
presentation with the right level of detail.

Presentation should not be too basic or too advanced. The body of the presentation is where
ideas are presented. To present ideas convincingly, the presenter needs to illustrate and
support them. Strategies to help him include the following:
Present data and facts

● Read quotes from experts

● Relate personal experiences
● Provide vivid descriptions

The body of your talk should have different kinds of ideas which are unified in developing your
topic. In planning the body of the presentation, it is important to provide variety. The audience
finds it boring if your presentation is peppered with a lot of concepts like listening to stories
after stories.

Step 5: Develop the beginning and end of your presentation.

After preparing the body of the presentation, the presenter decides how s/he will begin and
end the talk. S/he should make sure that the introduction captures the attention of the
audience and the conclusion summarizes and reiterates important points. In other words, "Tell
the audience what you're going to tell them and then, tell them what you told them."

During the opening of the presentation, it is important to attract the audience's attention and
build their interest. If the speaker does not, listeners will turn their attention elsewhere and it
will be difficult for the speaker to get them back. Strategies of help to stay them focus include
the following:

● Consider the objectives, morals, and necessities of your audience.

● Allow your audience to think by asking a stimulating question.

● Relate your personal experiences in life.

● Start the talk with a good sense of humor.

● Show eye-catching images to your audience.

● Inspire your audience by sharing encouraging words.

● Exhibit a distinctive delivery of your talk before your audience.

During the opening, the presenter would want to clearly present the topic and the purpose of
the presentation. By clearly articulating the topic and purpose, the listeners focus on and easily
follow the main ideas.
During the conclusion of the presentation, the presenter needs to reinforce the main ideas
communicated. S/he should remember that listeners will not remember speaker’s entire
presentation, only the main ideas. By reinforcing and reviewing the main ideas, the speaker
helps the audience remember them.
Step 6: Rehearse your presentation to make it more effective.

Lots of speakers prepare a lot for their talk, but they spend little time rehearsing it. In
practicing, the presenter can reduce the number of times s/he utters words and phrases like,
"um," "well," and "you know." These habits can easily diminish a speaker's credibility. Instead,
s/he can also fine-tune content to be sure of the most important points in the allotted time.

In addition to planning the content of the presentation, the presenter needs to give advanced
thought to how s/he wants to deliver it. The speaker to commit the presentation to memory
may use cards, read from a script or use a combination of methods.

The four strategies explained below aid the presenter to prepare for his or her presentation.

Speaking from memory

A distinct advantage of speaking from memory is the presenter’s ability to speak to the
audience without relying on notes or a script. This allows the flexibility to move away from the
podium and to maintain eye contact with the audience. However, speaking from memory has
disadvantages, too. Presentations from memory often sound rehearsed and prevent the
possibility to forget an important point, present information that's inaccurate, or completely
lose train of thought. If one decides to deliver presentation from memory, s/he should have
notes handy to remember key points just in case.

Using notes to communicate ideas

Lots of speakers find it ideal to use notes written on cards or pieces of paper because these
contain the major ideas and pieces of information following an outline. In cases where
electronic gadgets are utilized, the speaker usually places the notes in the slides or on the
screen. The benefit of delivering a presentation from notes is to sound natural rather than
rehearsed and still maintain relatively good eye contact with the audience. The down side is
that there is the tendency not to express key ideas and thoughts in the words exactly planned.

Speaking from Text

Explaining the ideas is done by projecting the text consisting of words, phrases, and sentences
among the presentation slides. Doing this enables the speaker to become prepared for what he
or she is going to say and how he or she is going to say them. As to the disadvantage, using this
style is making the presentation appear to the audience to be stiff or rehearsed. There is a need
make frequent eye contact and speak with expression to maintain the audience's interest.
 Tips to Improve Presentation Skills:

A. Research on the Audience

Knowing the needs of the audience can help the speaker tailor the presentation to target their
interests. If it is possible, the speaker can send questionnaire to a handful of participants to
know (prior to the presentation) their needs the speaker starts preparing for the presentation.
The speaker should research on the audience beforehand of what their interest is during the
event.

Audience pre -assessment is important to identify the characteristics, knowledge and needs of
the audience so that the speaker delivers the 'right' presentation to the 'right' audience. It is
better to know who the audience is, what they want/need to know and what their background
is. This step is done before or throughout the presentation.

B. Structuring the Presentation

The classic format of any presentation is to tell the audience what the topic will be, present,
and then summarize the speech. One structure being advice is to start off with the benefits of
what the listeners would get from listening to the speaker and then present and review.
Structure is important because a well-organized presentation creates an impression that the
speaker knows what s/he talking about to gain the audience's attention and trust (Cyphert,
2007). A structure provides a logical flow provided for the audience to follow during the
speaker’s presentation. The structure helps the listeners become attentive and the speaker
become more at ease. There is a natural structure in presenting which formalizes the
presentation process. Purpose is also considered in preparing for a presentation. To determine
the purpose, consider the main points to drive at and the focus of the speech to clearly see
what the audience will gain after the presentation. Thinking of how to start the presentation is
also a challenge to the speaker. The opening or the ‘bridge’, also known as the hook, is
designed to grab the audience's attention to provide them a reason to be interested in the
presentation.

Before the presentation, the speaker writes out the main argument or conclusion (just like any
writing activity), writes out the main points as headings and bullet points on a series of index
cards or on a sheet of paper. These will prompt memory. The speaker may visit the room and
try out the technology. This will increase confidence on the day. S/he may practice to find out
the time to be consumed and may cut it back if the speech is too long. She should have a clear
opening and closing line that refers directly to the main issue.
C. Major Part of the Presentation

Speakers call this part the body of their presentation. This should be in direct connection to the
presentation’s goal. Cover enough points to achieve the speaker’s purpose (no more) and be
sure to support the points clearly and concisely. The speaker must stick to the three most
important points. It is more important to engage the audience than to tell them everything the
speaker knows. S/he will need to leave some information out, but it is likely that what s/he
does not cover in the presentation will come up when questions are taken. The speaker should
bear in mind that s/he does not simply memorize the presentation word for word. Outcome of
the presentation must be included and doing this is to keep going back to the main points and
working toward the desired outcome. The body must present both sides of an issue. In this
way, the speaker becomes more credible. S/he should explain both sides to make the argument
stronger.

D. Closing the Presentation

The closing should be as important as the beginning. This is the final impression that the
speaker leaves the audience. This closing should be a strong one and connected back to the
purpose. The audience should clearly see where the speaker has been at the start by leaving
the audience a clear understanding of the speaker’s points. The end of the presentation is the
last opportunity the speaker has to give the audience something they will remember. One
advice to do this is to go back to the opening and end for a call to action.

E. Practice, Practice, and Practice

There is a need for every speaker to practice and have more time to practice, not to memorize.
Remember, practice makes perfect. Find time to practice weeks or even months before the
presentation. One can talk to the mirror or wall, or ask a family member to listen. One can also
videotape her/himself to know how s/he comes off to people until s/he sees her/himself.
Recording oneself is the best way to target the areas where one can improve. Or, still some
people volunteer to speak at events for practice speaking in public. Whatever works for the
speaker must be tried for him to make sure practicing out loud so that s/he can get a sense of
timing. Naturally, the speaker would want to rehearse the presentation several times. Although
this can be challenging to speakers who are very busy, it is essential to deliver a rousing
presentation.

Presenters should practice in delivering a speech just like doing some acting strategies when
practicing the talk using different movements such as standing, sitting, showing open arms, and
the like because these can add variety and the more comfortable the speakers feel with the
speech (Kim, 2018). S/he should do a practice run for a friend or colleague, or consider filming
the talk so later on he or she can improve the presentation. Listening to recordings of one’s
past talks can clue him/her in to bad habits which the speaker may be unaware of.

Rehearsing does not mean memorizing. Delivering a memorized speech can make one sound
mechanical and over-rehearsed (One is not an actor to memorize the script). One should not
memorize a presentation for perfection. When an individual is too polished, it makes the
audience think of the possible inaccessible opportunity to have rapport with the speaker and
the audience.

In improving presentation skills, Braithwaite (2020) explained the following:

Verbal Delivery

Be Brief. ​Audience attention span is only short. Make the subject very specific. More so, the
speaker should not dwell on specific subject too long.

Ask questions to keep the audience engaged. It is done through a pause for a while and from
time to time to ask if the audience understands everything being discussed before moving on.

Speak to your demographic. ​Match the semantics of the audience and your speech as closely
as possible. The speaker should use the audience’s language or tone. It is suggested in
Evolutionary Psychology that listeners are attracted to both modulated male and bright female
voices. Improving the tone of the voice does not happen overnight, but a speaker can allow his
or her voice to develop a pleasing sound through practice.

Speak loudly. ​The speaker should avoid speaking softly or other speech patterns that seems
unconfident. S/he should avoid ending sentences in an escalating tone that suggests every
sentence one speaks in a question.

Avoid gap fillers or don’t expressions. ​The speaker should avoid umm, uh, or well. or using
fill-word habit, or the audience starts counting. Speaker should also avoid questions like,
“Don’t’ you think…Don’t you understand… Instead, s/he should tell the audience on what to
do. Or, never be over confident by saying, “I’m sure you are going to enjoy this presentation”.

Here are tips on how to improve Presentation Skills: ​Questions​ (Source: Kessler 2010).

Credibility to the audience is when the speaker is ready to answer questions. The ability to
respond correctly to questions asked by the members of the audience is considered as one of
the most important elements of a presentation. The speaker may ask questions before the
presentation or beforehand so that s/he can include whatever queries the audience would
have. It is recommended that taking questions before the end of the presentation to let the
audience know that they have to wait for the time when they can ask their questions before
they start packing up their things. The audience will have all their questions answered in their
mind and nothing left unanswered before leaving the event. But, the speaker should also
remember that he or she does not need to answer every question. The speaker does not have
to pretend that he or she knows everything. The speaker can have a graceful exit line like, 'I
admit that I cannot provide you the answer now, but I would be more than willing to give it to
you as soon as I find that information.’
Aside from the above suggestions, Kim, 2018 recommends best tips to improve general
presentation skills.

A. Be enthusiastic.

Research studies show that enthusiasm is better than eloquence because the former would
lead to effective presentation on stage. People would have different reactions when it comes to
stimulants such as caffeine overload. One should know his or her own body before guzzling
into those drinks. It may sound strange, but speakers resort to something to transform
nervousness into positive feeling. These pump up presenters helping them to turn jitters into
focused enthusiasm.

B. Attend other presentations.

If a presenter is about to participate in a talk in a conference, he or she must try to consider the
previous presentations of other speakers in order to get some useful insights. This shows
respect for fellow presenters while also giving a chance to feel out the audience. What's the
mood of the crowd? Are folks in the mood to laugh or are they a bit more serious? Did the
previous talks exhibit more techniques and technical aspects? Another speaker may also say
something that could be played off of later during own presentation. A presenter can surely
learn from the talk he or she attended and take advantage of those useful ideas learned during
the event.

C. Adjust to the surroundings.

It is suggested for the speaker to arrive early to have plenty of time to settle in before the talk.
Extra time ensures one of not being late and get adapted to the presentation space. The more
adjusted one is to the environment, the more comfortable one feels. The presenter should
make sure to spend some time in the room where the speech delivery will take place. If
possible, he or she should practice with the microphone and lighting to become familiar with
the venue and the possible challenges to be encountered such as the noisy street near the
building where the presentation is held. Coming early also gives the presenter to meet and
greet co-presenters and the audience. Talking with audiences makes one seems more likeable
and approachable. S/he may also ask event attendees questions and take in their responses.
They may even give some inspiration to weave into the speaker’s talk.

D. Use Positive Visualization.

Experts agree to the power of useful visualization. When one imagines a positive outcome to a
scenario in mind, it is more likely what is going to happen as envisioned. One can become
pessimistic of his or her presentation because there is a tendency to fail. But this negativity
disappears if the speaker imagines getting tons of laughs while presenting with enthusiasm,
charm and poise. Positive thoughts can be incredibly effective and presenters should give them
a shot.

E. Bear in mind that you are before a sympathetic audience.

One of the greatest fears the speaker finds difficult to deal with is the thought that members of
the audience are just waiting for some blunders and they are ready to laugh at the mistakes
committed by the presenter. Fortunately, this is not the case in the majority of presentations.
The audience wants presenters to succeed. In fact, many people have a fear of public speaking,
so even if the audience seems indifferent, the chances are pretty good that most people are
listening to the presentations. If one starts to feel nervous, presenters must remind themselves
that the audience can relate to their nerve-wrecking speech experiences.

F. Work on the pauses.

When a presenter is nervous, it is easy to speed up presentation and end up talking too fast,
which in turn causes to run out of breath, get more nervous, and panic. When nervous, muscles
tighten, catching to hold breath. Instead, have smile as an alternative. A simple smile can
stimulate the endorphins in the pituitary gland, removing nervous feelings by replacing it with
calmness to make the presenter feel good about himself or herself. Smiling also exhibits
confidence and enthusiasm to the crowd. Presenters should not be afraid to slow down and use
pauses in the speech. Pausing can be used to emphasize certain points and to help talk feel
more conversational. If one is losing control of the spacing, s/he should just take a nice pause
and keep cool.

G. Don’t try to cover too much material.

Every presenter’s goal is to present a full of useful, insightful, and actionable information, but
that does not mean condensing a vast and complex topic into a 15- minute presentation (Kim,
2014). Successful presentation is determined by the ability to include and exclude things.
Presentation involves a rigorous editing process. If it feels too off-topic, or is only marginally
relevant to the speaker’s main points, they may be left out. The left outs can be always use as
the excess material in another presentation.

H. Allow the members of the audience to participate.

Human nature tells us that each person prefers to be heard, but presentations appear to be
partial. This should not be the case. Allowing the members of the audience to participate by
asking questions, listening to their opinions, and joining other relevant activities which
encourage active involvement is very effective. This strategy encourages them to become an
important part of the talk. It also makes the presenter seem much more relatable. Consider
starting with a poll or survey. S/he does not put off by unexpected questions. Instead, see them
as an opportunity to give audience what they want.
I. Be Entertaining

Even if the presentation is packed with useful information, if the delivery bores the audience,
that is not considered to be an effective presentation. Using humor and interesting PowerPoint
slides aid not only the presenter but the audience as well to feel more comfortable, especially
when presenting them with a great deal of information. However, it is important to maintain a
balance. After all, presentation is not only performing a stand-up routine, but people do not
attend to the presentation with the sole intention of being entertained. In other words, a
presenter must not be afraid to inject a little humor into the talk. If one is not sure about
whether a presentation is “too much,” run through it for a couple of friends and have their
feedbacks.

J. Use a Power Stance

Showcasing smart gestures or bodily gestures empowers the presentation. When the body is
physically demonstrating confidence, the mind will follow suit. Researchers have attested to
the effectiveness of good posture a few moments before the presentation (or going to an
important interview) enables the speaker to become self-assured. Whatever one does, sitting is
passive. Standing or walking a bit will help harness those stomach bats. So, before one gets on
the stage, presenters must strike the best ‘Power Ranger’ stance and hold head high.

K. Don't Fight the Fear

Presenters must accept fear rather than trying to fight it. Getting oneself worked up by
wondering if people will notice the speaker’s nervousness will only intensify his anxiety.
Remember, those feelings are not all bad. Nervous energy could be transformed it into positive
‘golden’ enthusiasm.

The 10 - 20 - 30 and 6x6 Rule of the Powerpoint Presentation

Kawasaki in 2017 suggested a concise but great presentation following the 10 - 20 - 30 Rule of
PowerPoint Presentations.

10 Slides

Having a limit of 10 slides, the speaker will manage the cognitive load for his audiences. These
spectators can have a better grasp of the presentations done. It also challenges the speaker to
design the presentations well; to choose between the important items to include and delete
the unnecessary ones.
20 Minutes

Limiting the presentation to 20 minutes is giving the speaker’s self. The challenge is put into the
speaker on how his points and message to convey in a very limited time of 20 minutes by
leaving out unnecessary details and focus on the important details of the message. Even if the
session allots for more than that time, the speaker can devote the remaining minutes to
discussions, questions or any technique that involving the audiences with the speaker’s
presentation.

30-size Font

Depending on the room and screen size, most audiences will be able to see texts that are at
least 30- size font. When designing the presentation, the speaker should keep in mind that
anything he shows must be visible to everybody in attendance, especially those at the back.
Thinking of putting much information in a single slide is not advisable due to the fact that clarity
is better than length. In other words, the audience must visibly see the message through the
PowerPoint presentation.

Presentations are important as the communicators’ skills in preparing for the event. They
should keep in mind that these rules are very subjective and each situation is unique. They need
to apply the ‘rule’ for great presentations. Other circumstances may come and the speaker
needs to be flexible. However, s/he must have visible and concise presentations.

The 6 x 6 Rule

Following the 6 x 6 rule, the speaker limits any text to 6 words per line and 6 lines per slide.
Similar to the 10 - 20 - 30 rule, it focuses on readability and conciseness. When used effectively,
text can be useful in conveying ideas in presentations. Too much text though can look
monotonous and tiring for audiences to read. The speaker is reminded to distil his thoughts
into short lines using his presence to expand into more detail. Audiences are there to listen and
watch not to read the slides the speaker prepares. This slide is very text heavy using a
small-sized font. Slides visually less cluttered allow audiences to see the main ideas
immediately.

Graphs, Charts, Tables for Presentation Skills

Using a graph or table can be very useful in presenting ideas to make them stronger than
simply describing the data in the presentation. On the other hand, they can ruin the
presentation though they can be powerful methods if they convey the wrong messages or they
confuse the audience. Therefore, before presenting ,examine carefully the graphs or tables to
be used. They must be appropriate to enhance the message one is about to deliver.
GRAPH

It shows a visual presentation of different groups of related data.

Graph Types

There are the five (5) basic types of graphs that are used most frequently. They are enumerated
below:

1. Area - This explains the connection of various parts to a whole during a specified time.

2. Column - This visual aid presents individual values which are arranged vertically,
showing their variations among time intervals and groups of data.

3. Bar – Horizontally presented, it shows the variations among individual values.

4. Line - This serves to show values connected through various time intervals.

5. Pie – Showing proportion of each part of a whole, this can merely handle a set of data in
series.

By selecting the appropriate graph type, you can help make the message clearer to the
audience.

Important Elements of a Graph

Colors – Distinguish between colors in relation to the groups of data which can be easily seen
by the members of the audience. The colors of the slides must be based on the consistency of
appearance of the overall presentation to make it sure that the graph does not look
inappropriate.

Depth – This pertains to the dimensions such as 2-D or 3-D in which the latter has almost
without value.

Axes – With the exemption of pie graph, the previous graphs explained all have 2 axes each.
These are for the data values and time scale.

Data Labels – These are used if there is a need for clear and specific data values shown in the
graph, and usually they are found inside the text boxes.

Title – Its emphasis is for interpreting the data although it is not the data referred to.
Legend – According to research, this bothers the audience for it distracts their attention to the
data found in the graph. This prevents them from fully understanding the graph. To solve this
problem, the presenter may put text explanations in the graph by means of text boxes.

Creating the Graph

Modern software tools are capable of creating graphs. They are proven very useful among the
presenters because these packages are user-friendly and they satisfy the needs of the ones
who are making presentations. Microsoft Office is an example of this software package.

TABLES

The table shows only the data that makes it less effective , unlike the graph which contains
an interpretation of data which makes it easier for the audience to understand. When one is
presenting the table there is a need to provide an interpretation of data for the audience. To
make the presentation stronger, the presenter needs to emphasize the important parts when
using a graph or a table. To keep the amount of information at a reasonable level, there should
be no more than (6) six columns or (6) six rows. One can enhance visual elements that enhance
message by properly using graphs or tables.
CHART

The chart is used to display data and invite further exploration of a topic. If the table will not
adequately demonstrate important relationships or patterns between data points, charts are
being used. Consider the pieces of information that you like your data to present and the result
you want to achieve in making your chart. Charts must be simple otherwise they can make the
audience confused uncertain Remove unnecessary elements that could distract them from your
main point.

Using visual representations help the audience understand the data easily. Clarity and authority
can be gained when the reporter use an effective graph or chart when highlighting a trend or
comparing figures.

APPLICATION:

Using pieces of bond paper, create your own presentation about community quarantines
implemented in the country based on the steps enumerated above. You may draw pictures and
use all possible writing, drawing and measuring tools to create the images and texts.

Reflection/Learning Insights:

Learning the different presentation skills enhances critical, organizational, analytical, and
drawing skills. In this global society where people meet virtually and work from home due to
the pandemic, learners, as well as all kinds of employees, need to deliver effective and
engaging presentations to different audiences for effective communication.
Post-Test:

Below are images of graph and charts. Analyze visually each of the images below and write
a paragraph describing the data presented.

A. GRAPH

Paragraph:
B. PIE
Paragraph:
Other Parts:
Suggested Readings and Links:

Common core speaking and listening. Retrieved from

http://images.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/SC/Georgetown/GeorgetownMiddle/Uploads/

DocumentsCategories/Documents/

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