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Phytoplasma Research Paper With Vectors
Phytoplasma Research Paper With Vectors
Abstract—The presence of Phytoplasma disease poses a signif- sugarcane, coconut, rice, grapes, etc. , are integral to the liveli-
icant threat to agriculture worldwide to various plants causing hood of millions of farmers. [5] Therefore, the implications of
reduced yield and economic losses. Although various traditional Phytoplasma disease are acutely felt, particularly in the state
methods have been used to detect the disease, they are not
always effective due to the pathogen’s complexity. Therefore, of Maharashtra, underscoring the urgent need for effective
this paper proposes a model that uses Convolutional Neural disease management strategies. [6]
Networks (CNNs) to detect the sympotoms of various Plants In this research, we acquired a comprehensive dataset com-
that are important to Indian economy.The model is specifically prising images of the mentioned plants exhibiting symptoms
designed to identify Phytoplasma infected plants from images, of Phytoplasma infection. With this dataset, we developed
achieving high accuracy in distinguishing between healthy and
infected plants. This model provides a promising tool for early a CNN-based model capable of accurately identifying and
detection and management of the disease in various plants. classifying Phytoplasma-infected plants from healthy ones.
Index Terms—Phytoplasma Disease, Indian Economy, Disease Our contribution lies in the application of cutting-edge deep
Vectors, Convolutional Neural Networks, Deep Learning, Disease learning techniques to address a critical agricultural challenge,
Detection. offering a novel approach to disease detection and manage-
ment in various plant cultivation.
I. I NTRODUCTION The main contributions of this research paper are:
Phytoplasma is a dangerous pathogen that poses a sig- • Understanding the pathogen and the vectors responsible
nificant threat to global agriculture, impacting various plant for transmission of this pathogen.
species. However, the complexity and variability of Phyto- • Development of a CNN-based model for automated dis-
plasma make it difficult to detect, and traditional methods ease detection in various plants.
often fail. [1] To address this issue, our research aims to • Acquisition and preprocessing of a diverse dataset for
develop an innovative solution by leveraging Convolutional model training and validation.
Neural Networks (CNNs) for automated disease detection in • Choosing the plants from the perspective of the Indian
various plants. [2] economy.
India is one of the largest contributors to the world’s plant The remaining sections of the paper are arranged as follows:
production, including sugarcane, coconut, rice, grapes, etc. II. Background of the Pathogen III. Related Work IV. Proposed
[3] Therefore, India faces significant risks from Phytoplasma Work/Methodology V. Future Scope VI. Conclusion.
disease outbreaks, exacerbating existing challenges in the
agricultural sector. [4] Through the deployment of CNNs, we II. BACKGROUND OF THE PATHOGEN
seek to revolutionize disease management practices by offering Phytoplasma, a type of cell-wall-less bacteria belonging to
farmers and agricultural stakeholders a powerful tool for early the class Mollicutes, are responsible for causing Phytoplasma
detection and prevention of the spreading of the disease. diseases in plants. [7] These diseases are caused by a unique
The impact of Phytoplasma disease on the global agriculture group of obligate, prokaryotic, pathoenic bacteria that lack
sector makes it a matter of international concern. Within India, cell walls. [4] Over 1000 plant disease have been associated
Fig. 1: Structure of Phytoplasma cell under microscope [7]
Fig. 2: Planthopper
with pythoplasma globally, affecting a wide range of crops,
including vegetables [8], fruits, oranmentals cereals, oil crops,
sugarcane and many more. [9]
Phytoplasma variants exhibit considerable genetic diversity,
leading to a variety of symptoms and host-specific interactions.
[10] The taxonomy of Phytoplasma is based on the analysis
of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences, which has revealed a
vast array of phylogenetic groups or ’Candidatus Phytoplasma’
species. [11] [12]
The transmission of Phytoplasma diseases often occurs
through insect vectors, primarily leafhoppers, planthoppers,
and psyllids. [13] These insects feed on plant phloem sap,
inadvertently acquiring and transmitting Phytoplasma as they
move between infected and healthy plants. The complex
relationship between Phytoplasma and their insect vectors
contributes to the challenges in disease management and
control. [7]
Understanding the anatomy and feeding behavior of Phyto-
plasma vectors is essential for implementing effective control
strategies, such as insecticide applications and habitat man- Fig. 3: Leafhopper
agement, to minimize the spread of Phytoplasma diseases in
agricultural ecosystems.
One of the most concerning aspects of Phytoplasma diseases
is their incurability once a plant is infected. [9]Unlike fungal
or bacterial infections that may be treatable with fungicides or
antibiotics, there are no effective chemical control measures
available for Phytoplasma diseases. Therefore, prevention and
early detection are crucial for minimizing the impact of these
diseases on agricultural productivity. [14]
Phytoplasma diseases first appeared in India in the late
1960s, with the identification of diseases such as ’little leaf’
in coconut palms and ’yellows’ in sugarcane. [15] Since
then, Phytoplasma infections have been documented in various
crops across the country, causing significant losses in yield
and quality. [16] [17]For example, in Maharashtra, outbreaks
of ’ratoon stunting disease’ in sugarcane have resulted in yield
losses of up to 40 percent, highlighting the devastating effects Fig. 4: Anatomy of Vector [7]
of Phytoplasma diseases on agriculture. [18]
Fig. 5: The Structural Framework of Faster R-CNN, YOLOv4,
SSD Mobilenet v2 [19]
Dataset Preprocessing
potential enhancements to increase accuracy and simplicity in
future iterations. [20] Collaborative efforts among researchers
may explore avenues for refining the CNN-based model,
incorporating additional data sources or advanced algorithms
Image Resizing, Normalization, Augmentation
to further improve disease detection capabilities. [19] By
continuously refining and optimizing the detection process, we
can strive towards achieving greater precision and reliability
in identifying Phytoplasma-infected plants.
CNN Architecture Design Moreover, as advancements in agricultural research and
biotechnology continue to unfold, the integration of our detec-
tion model with innovative solutions for disease management
holds promise for the future. In the event of discovering a
cure for Phytoplasma disease, researchers may leverage our
Training the CNN Model model as a foundational framework for developing integrated
systems capable of both detection and treatment. [14] This
could entail the deployment of autonomous systems such
as robots or drones equipped with sensing technology and
treatment mechanisms, allowing for real-time monitoring and
Model Evaluation and Hyperparameter Tuning intervention in agricultural settings. By combining detection
and cure capabilities, such integrated systems have the po-
tential to revolutionize plant disease management practices,
safeguarding crop yields and ensuring food security on a
global scale. [18]
Model Deployment
VI. C ONCLUSION
In conclusion, our study presents a robust solution for the
V. F UTURE S COPE automated detection of Phytoplasma disease in various plants
The scope of this project extends beyond its current imple- utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Through the
mentation, paving the way for future advancements and appli- development and training of a CNN-based model on a com-
cations in the field of plant disease detection and management. prehensive dataset, we have demonstrated the efficacy of deep
Initially focused on detecting Phytoplasma disease solely learning techniques in accurately identifying Phytoplasma-
through image analysis, our research lays the groundwork for infected plants from images. Across the epochs of training, our
model consistently exhibited high accuracy, with the validation [13] v A, Venkataravanappa V, Reddy L, Reddy CNL, Swaranalatha P,
accuracy reaching 91.7 % after the first epoch, showcasing Krishna Reddy M. Multigene characterization of a ’Candidatus Phy-
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The utilization of CNNs for disease detection offers several Development of field-applicable tests for rapid and sensitive detection of
Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae. Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2017
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learning, our model provides a promising tool for early disease toplasma trifolii’-related strain in Xerochrysum bracteatum showing a
leaf yellowing disease. Phytopathogenic Mollicutes. 2020 01;10:96.
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2019 03;103.
With further refinement and validation, our CNN-based [17] Mitra S, Kumar M, Vemana K, Saratbabu K, Anthony Johnson AM,
approach holds immense potential for broader application in Mishra S, et al. Multilocus sequence analysis of a ‘Candidatus
Phytoplasma australasia’-related strain associated with peanut little leaf
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advancements in machine learning and image processing, we [18] Kirdat K, Tiwarekar B, Thorat V, Narwade N, Dhotre D, Sathe S,
can empower farmers and stakeholders with the tools neces- et al. Draft Genome Sequences of Two Phytoplasma Strains associated
with Sugarcane Grassy Shoot (SCGS) and Bermuda Grass White Leaf
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evolving agricultural challenges. As we continue to refine and [19] Plata I, Panganiban E, Alado D, Taracatac A, Bartolome B, Labuanan F.
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